Nuclear power. Presentation "nuclear energy in Russia and the world" Development of nuclear energy in the world presentation
slide 1
slide 2
slide 3
slide 4
slide 5
slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
slide 11
slide 12
slide 13
Slide 14
slide 15
slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
slide 21
slide 22
slide 23
slide 24
The presentation on the topic "Nuclear Energy" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Physics. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 24 slide(s).
Presentation slides
slide 1
Nuclear energy
School No. 625 N.M. Turlakova
slide 2
§66. Fission of uranium nuclei. §67. Chain reaction. §68. Nuclear reactor. §69. Nuclear power. §70. The biological effect of radiation. §71. Production and application of radioactive isotopes. §72. thermonuclear reaction. §73. Elementary particles. Antiparticles.
Nuclear power
slide 3
§66. Fission of uranium nuclei
Who and when discovered the fission of uranium nuclei? What is the mechanism of nuclear fission? What forces act in the nucleus? What happens during nuclear fission? What happens to energy when a uranium nucleus fissions? How does the ambient temperature change during the fission of uranium nuclei? How big is the released energy?
slide 4
In contrast to the radioactive decay of nuclei, accompanied by the emission of α- or β-particles, fission reactions are a process in which an unstable nucleus is divided into two large fragments of comparable masses. In 1939, the German scientists O. Hahn and F. Strassmann discovered the fission of uranium nuclei. Continuing the research begun by Fermi, they found that when uranium is bombarded with neutrons, elements of the middle part of the periodic system arise - radioactive isotopes of barium (Z = 56), krypton (Z = 36), etc. Uranium occurs in nature in the form of two isotopes: uranium- 238 and uranium-235 (99.3%) and (0.7%). When bombarded by neutrons, the nuclei of both isotopes can split into two fragments. In this case, the fission reaction of uranium-235 proceeds most intensively with slow (thermal) neutrons, while uranium-238 nuclei enter into a fission reaction only with fast neutrons with an energy of about 1 MeV.
Fission of heavy nuclei.
slide 5
The main interest for nuclear energy is the nuclear fission reaction of uranium-235. Currently, about 100 different isotopes with mass numbers from about 90 to 145 are known, arising from the fission of this nucleus. Two typical fission reactions of this nucleus are: Note that as a result of nuclear fission initiated by a neutron, new neutrons are produced that can cause fission reactions of other nuclei. The fission products of uranium-235 nuclei can also be other isotopes of barium, xenon, strontium, rubidium, etc.
Chain reaction
slide 6
The scheme for the development of a chain reaction of fission of uranium nuclei is shown in the figure
In the fission of a uranium-235 nucleus, which is caused by a collision with a neutron, 2 or 3 neutrons are released. Under favorable conditions, these neutrons can hit other uranium nuclei and cause them to fission. At this stage, from 4 to 9 neutrons will already appear, capable of causing new decays of uranium nuclei, etc. Such an avalanche-like process is called a chain reaction
Slide 7
For a chain reaction to occur, the so-called neutron multiplication factor must be greater than unity. In other words, there should be more neutrons in each subsequent generation than in the previous one. The multiplication factor is determined not only by the number of neutrons produced in each elementary event, but also by the conditions under which the reaction proceeds - some of the neutrons can be absorbed by other nuclei or leave the reaction zone. Neutrons released during the fission of uranium-235 nuclei can only cause fission of the nuclei of the same uranium, which accounts for only 0.7% of natural uranium.
multiplication factor
Slide 8
The smallest mass of uranium at which a chain reaction is possible is called the critical mass. Ways to reduce neutron loss: Using a reflective shell (made of beryllium), Reducing the amount of impurities, Using a neutron moderator (graphite, heavy water), For uranium-235 - M cr = 50 kg (r = 9 cm).
Critical mass
Slide 9
Slide 10
In the active zone of a nuclear reactor, a controlled nuclear reaction takes place with the release of a large amount of energy.
The first nuclear reactor was built in 1942 in the USA under the leadership of E. Fermi. In our country, the first reactor was built in 1946 under the leadership of I. V. Kurchatov
slide 11
§66. Fission of uranium nuclei. §67. Chain reaction. §68. Nuclear reactor. Answer the questions. Draw a diagram of the reactor. What substances and how are used in a nuclear reactor? (in writing)
Homework
slide 12
Fusion reactions of light nuclei are called thermonuclear reactions, since they can only take place at very high temperatures.
thermonuclear reactions.
slide 13
The second way to release nuclear energy is associated with fusion reactions. During the fusion of light nuclei and the formation of a new nucleus, a large amount of energy should be released.
Of particular great practical importance is the fact that during a thermonuclear reaction, much more energy is released per nucleon than during a nuclear reaction, for example, during the synthesis of a helium nucleus from hydrogen nuclei, an energy equal to 6 MeV is released, and when a uranium nucleus is fissioned, one nucleon accounts for " 0.9 MeV.
Slide 14
In order for two nuclei to enter into a fusion reaction, they must approach at a distance of action of nuclear forces of the order of 2 10–15 m, overcoming the electrical repulsion of their positive charges. For this, the average kinetic energy of the thermal motion of molecules must exceed the potential energy of the Coulomb interaction. The calculation of the required temperature T for this leads to a value of the order of 108–109 K. This is an extremely high temperature. At this temperature, the substance is in a fully ionized state, which is called plasma.
Conditions for a thermonuclear reaction
slide 15
energetically favorable reaction. However, it can only occur at very high temperatures (on the order of several hundred million degrees). At a high density of matter, such a temperature can be achieved by creating powerful electron discharges in the plasma. In this case, a problem arises - it is difficult to keep the plasma.
Controlled thermonuclear reaction
Self-sustaining thermonuclear reactions occur in stars
slide 16
became a real threat to humanity. In this regard, scientists have proposed extracting an isotope of heavy hydrogen - deuterium - from sea water and subjecting it to nuclear melt reactions at temperatures of about 100 million degrees Celsius. With a nuclear meltdown, deuterium obtained from one kilogram of sea water will be able to produce as much energy as is released when burning 300 liters of gasoline ___
energy crisis
TOKAMAK (toroidal magnetic chamber with current)
Slide 17
Slide 18
this is an electrophysical device, the main purpose of which is the formation of plasma. The plasma is held not by the walls of the chamber, which are not able to withstand its temperature, but by a specially created magnetic field, which is possible at temperatures of about 100 million degrees, and its preservation for a sufficiently long time in a given volume. The possibility of obtaining plasma at ultrahigh temperatures makes it possible to carry out a thermonuclear fusion reaction of helium nuclei from the feedstock, hydrogen isotopes (ytritium deuterium
TOKAMAK (TOROIDAL CAMERA WITH MAGNETIC COILS)
Slide 20
M.A. Leontovich near "Tokamak
slide 21
The foundations of the theory of controlled thermonuclear fusion were laid in 1950 by I. E. Tamm and A. D. Sakharov, who proposed to hold hot plasma formed as a result of reactions by a magnetic field. This idea led to the creation of thermonuclear reactors - tokamaks. With a high density of matter, the required high temperature of hundreds of millions of degrees can be achieved by creating powerful electron discharges in the plasma. Problem: Plasma is difficult to hold onto. Modern tokamak installations are not thermonuclear reactors, but research installations in which the existence and preservation of plasma is possible only for a while.
Controlled thermonuclear reactions
The atomic age has a long prehistory. The beginning was laid by W. Roentgen's work "On a New Kind of Rays" published in December 1895. He called them X - rays, later they were called x-rays. In 1896, A. Becquerel discovered that uranium ore emits invisible rays with great penetrating power. This phenomenon was later called radioactivity. In 1919, a group of scientists led by E. Rutherford, bombarding nitrogen with alpha particles, obtained an oxygen isotope - this is how the world's first artificial nuclear reaction was carried out. In 1942, under the stands of the football stadium at the University of Chicago (USA), the first nuclear reactor in history was launched. Nuclear energy is a very important part of the life of a modern person, because at the moment it is one of the most progressive and developing branches of science. The development of nuclear energy opens up new opportunities for mankind. But like everything new, it also has its opponents, who argue that nuclear energy has more disadvantages than advantages. First you need to find out - how did nuclear energy originate?
Europe was on the eve of World War II, and the potential possession of such a powerful weapon pushed for its fastest creation. The physicists of Germany, England, the USA, and Japan worked on the creation of atomic weapons. Realizing that it was impossible to work without a sufficient amount of uranium ore, in September 1940 the United States purchased a large amount of the required ore, which allowed them to work on the creation of nuclear weapons in full swing.
The United States government decided to create an atomic bomb as soon as possible. This project went down in history as the "Manhattan Project". Led by Leslie Groves. In 1942, an American nuclear center was established on the territory of the United States. Under his leadership, the best minds of that time were gathered not only from the USA and England, but from almost all of Western Europe. On July 16, 1945, at 5:29:45 local time, a bright flash lit up the sky over the plateau in the Jemez Mountains north of New Mexico. A characteristic cloud of radioactive dust, resembling a mushroom, rose to 30,000 feet. All that remains at the site of the explosion are fragments of green radioactive glass, which the sand has turned into.
In the twentieth century, society developed rapidly, people began to consume an increasing amount of energy resources. A new source of energy was needed. Great hopes were attached to the use of nuclear power plants (NPPs) to provide the bulk of the world's energy needs. The world's first experimental nuclear power plant with a capacity of 5 MW was launched in the USSR on June 27, 1954 in Obninsk. Prior to this, the energy of the atomic nucleus was used mainly for military purposes. The launch of the first nuclear power plant marked the opening of a new direction in energy, which was recognized at the 1st International Scientific and Technical Conference on the Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy (August 1955, Geneva). Abroad, the first nuclear power plant for industrial purposes with a capacity of 46 MW was put into operation in 1956 at Calder Hall (England). A year later, a 60 MW nuclear power plant was put into operation in Shippingport (USA). At the beginning of the 1900s 435 operating nuclear power plants generated about 7% of the energy produced in the world.
People who do not understand the design and operation of nuclear power plants believe that these very nuclear power plants are dangerous and are afraid of building new enterprises, afraid to go to work for these enterprises and generally have a negative attitude towards this phenomenon. The protesters claim that they are not against nuclear technology, but against nuclear energy as such, because they consider it dangerous. As an argument, they cite the events that occurred not so long ago at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and at the Fukushima station. The accident at the Japanese nuclear power plant "Fukushima" has changed the attitude of people to nuclear energy around the world. This trend is clearly demonstrated by a survey conducted by the international company Ipsos in 24 countries, where about 60 percent of the world's population is concentrated. In 21 out of 24 states, the majority of respondents were in favor of closing nuclear power plants. Only in India, the US and Poland, according to Ipsos, the majority of citizens are still in favor of the continued use of nuclear energy.
There are 2 ways to develop nuclear energy According to experts' forecasts, the share of nuclear energy will grow and make up a significant part of the global energy balance. People will achieve a secure future in the field of nuclear energy Shutdown of operating nuclear power plants, search for a new alternative way to generate electricity
Pros: Every year, nuclear power plants in Europe prevent the emission of 700 million tons of CO 2. Operating nuclear power plants in Russia annually prevent the emission of 210 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere; low and sustainable (in relation to the cost of fuel) electricity prices; Contrary to prevailing public opinion, nuclear power plants are recognized by experts around the world as the safest and most environmentally friendly compared to other traditional methods of energy production. In addition, a new generation of nuclear reactors has already been developed and is being installed, for which complete operational safety is a priority. Against: The main environmental problems of nuclear energy are the management of SNF (spent nuclear fuel). So most of the Russian SNF is currently stored in temporary storage facilities at nuclear power plants; The problem of eliminating nuclear power plants: a nuclear reactor cannot simply be stopped, closed and left. It will have to be taken out of service for many years, only partially reducing the maintenance staff. No matter how much it would be desirable for supporters or opponents of the development of nuclear energy, it is too early to put an end to the discussion of the future of the nuclear industry in the world as a whole. One thing is indisputable: it is unacceptable to rely only on nuclear specialists who are in love with their work and officials in charge of the nuclear industry. The consequences of the decisions they make are too heavy for the whole society to be held responsible only for them. The public, and especially civil society organizations, must play an important, if not key, role in the discussion and adoption of meaningful decisions.
The accident at the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant is a major radiation accident that occurred on March 11, 2011 as a result of a strong earthquake in Japan and the tsunami that followed. The earthquake and the tsunami hit disabled external power supplies and backup diesel power plants, which caused the inoperability of all normal and emergency cooling systems and led to the melting of the reactor core at power units 1, 2 and 3 in the first days of the accident.
The earthquake hit the prefectures of Miyagi, Iwate and Fukushima. As a result of tremors at 55 nuclear reactors, safety systems worked normally. As a result of the earthquake, 11 existing power units in Japan were automatically shut down. After an 8.4-magnitude earthquake at the Oginawa station, all three reactors were shut down in the normal mode, but later (two days later, on March 13), a fire broke out in the engine room of the first power unit, which was quickly localized and extinguished. As a result of the fire, one of the turbines was destroyed, and no radioactive emissions into the atmosphere followed. It was the water that brought the main destruction to the Fukushima-1 station: the backup diesel generators were drowned out by water, which provided electricity to the power units at the nuclear power plant after the earthquake. The power outage, necessary for the operation of the control and protection systems of the reactor, led to tragic events in the future.
The fact that the presence of radioactive iodine and cesium released from the active zone of the Fukushima nuclear power plant reactor was recorded in Russia (including Moscow) soon after the accident is true. The presence of these isotopes is recorded by instruments, however, not only in Primorye or Moscow, but throughout the globe, as experts predicted from the very beginning of the development of the accident in Japan. However, the amounts of these isotopes are so insignificant that they cannot have any effect on human health. Therefore, there is no need for Muscovites and guests of the capital to stock up on iodine-containing drugs, not to mention the prospects for any kind of evacuation. The head of the Hydrometeorological Center of Primorye, Boris Kubay, confirmed that the concentration of iodine -131 is 100 times lower than the permissible values, so there is no threat to human health.
According to available data, the volume of radioactive releases from the accident at the Fukushima-I nuclear power plant is 7 times lower than that observed during the Chernobyl accident. Much higher in the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and the liquidation of its consequences was the number of victims, which reached 4,000 people according to the WHO. However, one should not forget that the accident at the Fukushima-I nuclear power plant has a character that is fundamentally different from the nature of the Chernobyl disaster. In Chernobyl, the main danger to human health was the release of radioactive elements directly at the time of the accident. Subsequently, the radioactive contamination of the territories adjacent to the NPP only decreased as a result of a natural decrease in the radioactivity of unstable elements and their gradual erosion in the environment. The Fukushima-I nuclear power plant is located on the coast of the ocean, due to which a significant part of the radiation contamination enters the ocean water. On the one hand, this caused a much less intense contamination of adjacent territories (besides, unlike Chernobyl, there was no reactor explosion at Fukushima as such, which means there was no massive spread of radioactive particles through the air), but on the other hand, a leak of contaminated water into the ocean from the damaged Fukushima reactors continues, and it will be much more difficult to eliminate it.
Among those who insist on the need to continue the search for safe and economical ways to develop nuclear energy, two main directions can be distinguished. Supporters of the first believe that all efforts should be focused on eliminating public distrust in the safety of nuclear technology. To do this, it is necessary to develop new reactors that are safer than existing light water reactors. Here, two types of p reactors are of interest: a “technologically extremely safe” reactor and a “modular” high-temperature gas-cooled p reactor. The prototype of the modular gas-cooled reactor was developed in Germany, as well as in the USA and Japan. Unlike a light water reactor, the design of a modular gas-cooled reactor is such that the safety of its operation is ensured passively - without direct actions of operators or an electrical or mechanical protection system. In technologically extremely safe p acto p ah, a passive protection system is also used. Such a reactor, the idea of which was proposed in Sweden, does not appear to have progressed beyond the design stage. But it has received strong support in the US, among those who see its potential advantages over a modular gas-cooled reactor. But the future of both options is uncertain due to their uncertain cost, development difficulties, and the uncertain future of nuclear power itself.
1. Thorium Thorium can be used as a fuel in the nuclear cycle as an alternative to uranium, and the technology for this process has been in existence since 1990. Many scientists and others have called for the use of this element, arguing that it has many advantages over the current uranium fuel cycle used in mining plants. this world. 2. Solar energy Solar energy is rich, inexhaustible and perhaps the best known of alternative and energy sources. The most popular method of using this energy is to use solar panels to convert solar energy into electrical energy, which is then delivered to the final consumer. 3. Hydrogen Another alternative source of energy is hydrogen, which can be used together with a fuel cell for transportation needs. Hydrogen is low toxic when burned, can be produced domestically and be three times more efficient than a typical gasoline engine. Hydrogen can be obtained from a variety of processes, including fossil fuels, biomass and electrolyzed water. To get the most out of hydrogen as a fuel source, the best method is to use renewable and energy sources for its production.
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
Description of the slide:
2 slide
Description of the slide:
Nuclear power in Russia Nuclear power, which accounts for 16% of electricity generation, is a relatively young branch of the Russian industry. What is 6 decades in terms of history? But this short and eventful period of time played an important role in the development of the electric power industry.
3 slide
Description of the slide:
History The date of August 20, 1945 can be considered the official start of the "atomic project" of the Soviet Union. On this day, a resolution of the State Defense Committee of the USSR was signed. In 1954, the very first nuclear power plant was launched in Obninsk - the first not only in our country, but throughout the world. The station had a capacity of only 5 MW, worked for 50 years in an accident-free mode and was closed only in 2002.
4 slide
Description of the slide:
Within the framework of the federal target program "Development of the nuclear power industry complex of Russia for 2007-2010 and for the future up to 2015", it is planned to build three power units at the Balakovo, Volgodonsk and Kalinin nuclear power plants. In general, 40 power units should be built before 2030. At the same time, the capacity of Russian nuclear power plants should increase annually by 2 GW from 2012, and by 3 GW from 2014, and the total capacity of Russian nuclear power plants by 2020 should reach 40 GW.
6 slide
Description of the slide:
7 slide
Description of the slide:
Beloyarsk NPP Located in the city of Zarechny, in the Sverdlovsk region, the second industrial nuclear power plant in the country (after the Siberian one). Three power units were built at the station: two with thermal neutron reactors and one with a fast neutron reactor. At present, the only operating power unit is the 3rd power unit with a BN-600 reactor with an electric power of 600 MW, put into operation in April 1980 - the world's first industrial-scale power unit with a fast neutron reactor. It is also the largest fast neutron reactor in the world.
8 slide
Description of the slide:
9 slide
Description of the slide:
Smolensk NPP Smolensk NPP is the largest enterprise in the North-West region of Russia. The nuclear power plant generates eight times more electricity than other power plants in the region combined. Commissioned in 1976
10 slide
Description of the slide:
Smolensk NPP It is located near the city of Desnogorsk, Smolensk Region. The station consists of three power units, with RBMK-1000 type reactors, which were put into operation in 1982, 1985 and 1990. Each power unit includes: one reactor with a thermal power of 3200 MW and two turbogenerators with an electric power of 500 MW each.
11 slide
Description of the slide:
12 slide
Description of the slide:
13 slide
Description of the slide:
Novovoronezh NPP Novovoronezh NPP is located on the banks of the Don, 5 km from Novovoronezh, a city of power engineers, and 45 km south of Voronezh. The station provides 85% of the needs of the Voronezh region in electricity, and also provides heat for half of Novovoronezh. Commissioned in 1957.
14 slide
Description of the slide:
Leningrad NPP Leningrad NPP is located 80 km west of St. Petersburg. On the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, it supplies electricity to about half of the Leningrad region. Commissioned in 1967.
15 slide
Description of the slide:
NPPs under construction 1 Baltic NPP 2 Beloyarsk NPP-2 3 Leningrad NPP-2 4 Novovoronezh NPP-2 5 Rostov NPP 6 Akademik Lomonosov floating NPP 7 Other
16 slide
Description of the slide:
Bashkir Nuclear Power Plant Bashkir Nuclear Power Plant is an unfinished nuclear power plant located near the town of Agidel in Bashkortostan at the confluence of the Belaya and Kama rivers. In 1990, under public pressure, after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the construction of the Bashkir nuclear power plant was stopped. She repeated the fate of the unfinished Tatar and Crimean nuclear power plants of the same type.
17 slide
Description of the slide:
History At the end of 1991, there were 28 power units operating in the Russian Federation with a total nominal capacity of 20,242 MW. Since 1991, 5 new power units with a total nominal capacity of 5,000 MW have been connected to the grid. As of the end of 2012, 8 more power units are under construction, not counting the units of the Low Power Floating Nuclear Power Plant. In 2007, the federal authorities initiated the creation of a single state holding "Atomenergoprom" uniting the companies Rosenergoatom, TVEL, Techsnabexport and Atomstroyexport. 100% of JSC Atomenergoprom's shares were transferred to the simultaneously established State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom.
18 slide
Description of the slide:
Electricity generation In 2012, Russian nuclear power plants generated 177.3 billion kWh, which accounted for 17.1% of the total generation in the Unified Energy System of Russia. The volume of supplied electricity amounted to 165.727 billion kWh. The share of nuclear generation in the total energy balance of Russia is about 18%. Nuclear energy is of high importance in the European part of Russia and especially in the north-west, where the output at nuclear power plants reaches 42%. After the launch of the second power unit of the Volgodonsk NPP in 2010, Prime Minister of Russia V.V. Putin announced plans to increase nuclear generation in the total energy balance of Russia from 16% to 20-30% electricity at nuclear power plants by 4 times.
19 slide
Description of the slide:
Nuclear power in the world In today's rapidly developing world, the issue of energy consumption is very acute. The non-renewability of such resources as oil, gas, coal makes us think about alternative sources of electricity, the most realistic of which today is nuclear energy. Its share in world electricity generation is 16%. More than half of these 16% are in the USA (103 power units), France and Japan (59 and 54 power units, respectively). In total (as of the end of 2006) there are 439 nuclear power units in the world, 29 more are in various stages of construction.
20 slide
Description of the slide:
Nuclear power in the world According to TsNIATOMINFORM, by the end of 2030, about 570 GW of nuclear power plants will be put into operation in the world (in the first months of 2007, this figure was about 367 GW). At the moment, the leader in the construction of new units is China, which is building 6 power units. It is followed by India with 5 new blocks. Russia closes the top three - 3 blocks. Intentions to build new power units are also expressed by other countries, including those from the former USSR and the socialist bloc: Ukraine, Poland, Belarus. This is understandable, because one nuclear power unit will save such an amount of gas in a year, the cost of which is equivalent to 350 million US dollars.
21 slide
Description of the slide:
22 slide
Description of the slide:
23 slide
Description of the slide:
24 slide
Description of the slide:
Lessons from Chernobyl What happened at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant 20 years ago? Due to the actions of the employees of the nuclear power plant, the reactor of the 4th power unit got out of control. His power increased dramatically. The graphite masonry was white-hot and deformed. The rods of the control and protection system could not enter the reactor and stop the temperature rise. The cooling channels collapsed, water pouring out of them onto the red-hot graphite. The pressure in the reactor increased and led to the destruction of the reactor and the building of the power unit. Upon contact with air, hundreds of tons of red-hot graphite caught fire. The rods, which contained fuel and radioactive waste, melted, and radioactive substances poured into the atmosphere.
25 slide
Description of the slide:
Lessons from Chernobyl. Putting out the reactor itself was not at all easy. This could not be done by conventional means. Due to high radiation and terrible destruction, it was impossible to even get close to the reactor. A multi-ton graphite masonry was burning. The nuclear fuel continued to release heat, and the cooling system was completely destroyed by the explosion. The temperature of the fuel after the explosion reached 1500 degrees or more. The materials from which the reactor was made were sintered with concrete and nuclear fuel at this temperature, forming previously unknown minerals. It was necessary to stop the nuclear reaction, lower the temperature of the debris and stop the release of radioactive substances into the environment. To do this, the reactor shaft was bombarded with heat-removing and filtering materials from helicopters. This began to be done on the second day after the explosion, April 27th. Only 10 days later, on May 6, it was possible to significantly reduce, but not completely stop radioactive emissions.
26 slide
Description of the slide:
Lessons from Chernobyl During this time, a huge amount of radioactive substances ejected from the reactor was carried by winds many hundreds and thousands of kilometers from Chernobyl. Where radioactive substances fell to the surface of the earth, zones of radioactive contamination were formed. People received large doses of radiation, got sick and died. Firefighters were the first to die from acute radiation sickness. Helicopters suffered and died. Residents of neighboring villages and even remote areas, where the wind brought radiation, were forced to leave their homes and become refugees. Vast areas became unsuitable for habitation and agriculture. The forest, the river, the field, everything became radioactive, everything hid an invisible danger.
slide 1
* ATOMCON-2008 06/26/2008 Strategy for the development of nuclear energy in Russia until 2050 Rachkov V.I., Director of the Department of Scientific Policy of the State Corporation "Rosatom", Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professorslide 2
* World forecasts for the development of nuclear energy Equalization of specific energy consumption in developed and developing countries will require a threefold increase in demand for energy resources by 2050. A significant share of the increase in world demand for fuel and energy can be taken over by nuclear power, which meets the safety and economic requirements of large-scale energy. WETO - "World Energy Technology Outlook - 2050", European Commission, 2006 "The Future of Energy", Massachusetts Institute of Nuclear Technology, 2003
slide 3
* Status and immediate prospects for the development of the world's nuclear power industry 12 countries are building 30 nuclear power units with a total capacity of 23.4 GW(e). about 40 countries have officially announced their intention to create a nuclear sector in their national energy. By the end of 2007, 439 nuclear power reactors with a total installed capacity of 372.2 GW(el) were operating in 30 countries (where two-thirds of the world's population lives). The nuclear share in the electrical generation in the world amounted to 17%. Country Number of reactors, pcs. Power, MW Share of AE in prod. e/e, % France 59 63260 76.9 Lithuania 1 1185 64.4 Slovakia 5 2034 54.3 Belgium 7 5824 54.1 Ukraine 15 13107 48.1 Sweden 10 9014 46.1 Armenia 1 376 43.5 Slovenia 1 666 41.6 Switzerland 5 3220 40.0 Hungary 4 1829 36.8 Korea, South. 20 17451 35.3 Bulgaria 2 1906 32.3 Czech Republic 6 3619 30.3 Finland 4 2696 28.9 Japan 55 47587 27.5 Germany 17 20470 27.3 Country Number of reactors, pcs. Power, MW Share of AE in prod. e/e, % USA 104 100582 19.4 Taiwan (China) 6 4921 19.3 Spain 8 7450 17.4 Russia 31 21743 16.0 UK 19 10222 15.1 Canada 18 12589 14.7 Romania 2 1300 13.0 Argentina 2 935 6.2 South Africa 2 1800 5.5 Mexico 2 1360 4.6 Netherlands 1 482 4.1 Brazil 2 1795 2.8 India 17 3782 2.5 Pakistan 2 425 2.3 China 11 8572 1.9 Total 439 372202 17.0
slide 4
* Two-stage development of nuclear power engineering Power generation at thermal reactors and the accumulation of plutonium in them for the launch and parallel development of fast reactors. Development of a large-scale AE based on fast reactors, gradually replacing traditional power generation based on fossil fuels. The strategic goal of the development of nuclear power was to master the inexhaustible resources of cheap fuel - uranium and, possibly, thorium, on the basis of fast reactors. The tactical task of the development of AE was the use of thermal reactors on U-235 (mastered for the production of weapons-grade materials, plutonium and tritium, and for nuclear submarines) in order to produce energy and radioisotopes for the national economy and to accumulate power-grade plutonium for fast reactors.
slide 5
* Russian nuclear industry Currently, the industry includes: Nuclear weapons complex (NWC). Nuclear and Radiation Safety Complex (NRS). Nuclear Energy Complex (NEC): nuclear fuel cycle; nuclear power. Scientific and technical complex (NTC). The ROSATOM State Corporation is called upon to ensure the unity of the management system in order to synchronize the industry development programs with the system of external and internal priorities of Russia. The main objective of JSC Atomenergoprom is to form a global company that successfully competes in key markets.
slide 6
* In 2008, there are 10 nuclear power plants (31 power units) with a capacity of 23.2 GW. In 2007, nuclear power plants produced 158.3 billion kWh of electricity. The share of nuclear power plants: in the total electricity production - 15.9% (in the European part - 29.9%); in the total installed capacity - 11.0%. Russian NPPs in 2008
Slide 7
Slide 8
* Disadvantages of modern nuclear power The open nuclear fuel cycle of thermal reactors is a limited fuel resource and the problem of SNF handling. Large capital costs for the construction of nuclear power plants. Orientation to power units of large unit capacity with reference to power grid nodes and large power consumers. Low ability of NPP to power maneuver. Currently, the world does not have a specific strategy for the management of SNF from thermal reactors (by 2010, more than 300,000 tons of SNF will be accumulated, with an annual increase of 11,000-12,000 tons of SNF). Russia has accumulated 14,000 tons of SNF with a total radioactivity of 4.6 billion Ci, with an annual increase of 850 tons of SNF. It is necessary to switch to a dry method of SNF storage. It is expedient to postpone the reprocessing of the bulk of the irradiated nuclear fuel until the start of serial construction of new generation fast reactors.
Slide 9
* Problems of RW and SNF management A thermal reactor with a capacity of 1 GW produces 800 tons of low- and medium-level radioactive waste and 30 tons of high-level SNF per year. High-level waste, occupying less than 1% by volume, occupies 99% by total activity. None of the countries has switched to the use of technologies that allow solving the problem of handling irradiated nuclear fuel and radioactive waste. A thermal reactor with an electric power of 1 GW produces 200 kg of plutonium annually. The rate of accumulation of plutonium in the world is ~70 t/year. The main international document regulating the use of plutonium is the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). To strengthen the nonproliferation regime, its technological support is needed.
slide 10
* Directions of the strategy in the field of nuclear engineering Completion of the production of critical elements of the nuclear power plant technology at Russian enterprises that are wholly or partially included in the structure of the State Atomic Energy Corporation ROSATOM. Creation of alternative suppliers of basic equipment to the current monopolists. For each type of equipment, it is supposed to form at least two possible manufacturers. It is necessary to form tactical and strategic alliances between ROSATOM State Corporation and the main market participants.
slide 11
* Requirements for large-scale energy technologies Large-scale energy technology should not be subject to natural uncertainties associated with the extraction of fossil fuels. The process of "burning" fuel must be safe. The waste to be contained must be physically and chemically no more active than the original fuel feedstock. With a moderate increase in the installed nuclear power capacity, nuclear power will develop mainly on thermal reactors with an insignificant share of fast reactors. In the case of intensive development of nuclear power, fast reactors will play a decisive role in it.
slide 12
* Nuclear power and the risk of nuclear proliferation Elements of nuclear power that determine the risk of nuclear proliferation: New nuclear technology should not lead to the opening of new channels for obtaining weapons-grade materials and using it for such purposes. The development of nuclear energy based on fast reactors with an appropriately built fuel cycle creates conditions for a gradual reduction in the risk of nuclear proliferation. Separation of uranium isotopes (enrichment). Separation of plutonium and/or U-233 from irradiated fuel. Long-term storage of irradiated fuel. Storage of separated plutonium.
slide 13
* Development of nuclear power in Russia until 2020 Conclusion: 3.7 GW Kalinin 4 completion of NVNPP-2 1 Rostov 2 completion of NVNPP-2 2 Rostov 3 Rostov 4 LNPP-2 1 LNPP-2 2 LNPP-2 3 Beloyarka 4 BN-800 Kola 2 NVNPP 3 LNPP-2 4 Kola 1 LNPP 2 LNPP 1 NVNPP 4 Severskaya 1 Nizhny Novgorod 1 Nizhny Novgorod 2 Kola-2 1 Kola-2 2 mandatory additional program program Commissioning: 32.1 GW (mandatory program) Plus 6.9 GW (additional program) the red line limits the number of power units with guaranteed (FTP) financing the blue line indicates the mandatory program for the commissioning of power units Note 1 Note 2 Kursk 5 NVNPP-2 3 Tsentralnaya 4 Nizhny Novgorod 4 NVNPP-2 4 Tsentralnaya 2 Tsentralnaya 3 Operating units - 58 Stopped units - 10 person/MW.
slide 14
* Transition to a new technological platform A key element of the scientific and technical progress is the development of the NSPP technology with a fast neutron reactor. The BEST concept with nitride fuel, equilibrium HF, and heavy metal coolant is the most promising choice for creating the basis of a new nuclear power technology. The insuring project is a commercially developed sodium-cooled fast reactor (BN). Due to problems with scaling, this project is less promising than BEST, it is supposed to develop new types of fuel and elements of a closed nuclear fuel cycle on its basis. The principle of inherent safety: deterministic exclusion of severe reactor accidents and accidents at nuclear fuel cycle enterprises; transmutation closed nuclear fuel cycle with fractionation of SNF processing products; technological support for the nonproliferation regime.
slide 15
* Possible structure of power generation by 2050 The share of nuclear power in the fuel and energy complex in terms of generation - 40% The share of nuclear power in the fuel and energy complex in terms of generation - 35%
slide 16
* Periods of development of nuclear technologies in the 21st century Mobilization period: modernization and increase in the efficiency of using installed capacities, completion of power units, evolutionary development of reactors and fuel cycle technologies with their introduction into commercial operation, development and trial operation of innovative technologies for nuclear power plants and the fuel cycle. Transitional period: expanding the scale of nuclear energy and mastering innovative technologies of reactors and fuel cycles (fast reactors, high-temperature reactors, reactors for regional energy, closed uranium-plutonium and thorium-uranium cycles, use of useful and burning dangerous radionuclides, long-term geological isolation of waste, hydrogen production, water desalination). Period of development: deployment of innovative nuclear technologies, formation of multicomponent nuclear and atomic hydrogen energy.
slide 17
* Short-term tasks (2009-2015) Formation of a technical base for solving the problem of energy supply to the country on the basis of mastered reactor technologies with the unconditional development of innovative technologies: Increasing efficiency, upgrading, extending the service life of existing reactors, completion of power units. Substantiation of the operation of reactors in the maneuverability mode and development of systems for maintaining the operation of nuclear power plants in the base mode. Construction of next generation power units, including NPP with BN-800 with simultaneous creation of pilot production of MOX fuel. Development of programs for regional nuclear power supply based on NPPs of small and medium power. Deployment of a work program to close the nuclear fuel cycle for uranium and plutonium to solve the problem of unlimited fuel supply and management of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel. Deployment of a program for the use of nuclear energy sources to expand sales markets (cogeneration, heat supply, energy production, seawater desalination). Construction of power units in accordance with the General Scheme.
slide 18
* Medium-term objectives (2015-2030) Expansion of the scale of nuclear energy and development of innovative reactor and fuel cycle technologies: Construction of power units in accordance with the General Scheme. Development and implementation of an innovative project of the third generation VVER. Decommissioning and disposal of power units of the first and second generations and their replacement with third generation units. Formation of the technological base for the transition to large-scale nuclear power. Development of radiochemical production for fuel processing. Pilot operation of a demonstration unit of a nuclear power plant with a fast reactor and fuel cycle facilities with inherent safety. Trial operation of the GT-MGR prototype unit and production of fuel for it (within the framework of an international project). Construction of small-scale energy facilities, including stationary and floating power and desalination stations. Development of high-temperature reactors for the production of hydrogen from water.
slide 19
* Long-term tasks (2030-2050) Deployment of innovative nuclear technologies, formation of multicomponent nuclear and atomic hydrogen energy: Creation of infrastructure for large-scale nuclear energy on a new technological platform. Construction of a demonstration block of a nuclear power plant with a thermal reactor with a thorium-uranium cycle and its pilot operation. The transition to large-scale nuclear power requires extensive international cooperation at the state level. There is a need for joint developments focused on the needs of both national and world energy.
slide 20
slide 21
Up to 3032 billion kWh in 2020, Atomic energy: pros and cons Benefits nuclear power plants (NPP) before thermal (CHP) and ... said in prophecy? After all, wormwood in Ukrainian is Chernobyl ... Atomic energy- one of the most promising ways to satisfy the energy hunger of mankind in...
Atomic energy Kharchenko Yuliya Nafisovna Teacher of physics MOU Bakcharskaya secondary school The purpose of the NPP is the generation of electricity NPP Power unit Nuclear reactor " atomic boiler ... which worked out fundamental technical solutions for a large nuclear energy. Three power units were built at the station: two with...
Nuclear power as a basis for long-term...
... : General layout of electric power facilities until 2020 Atomic energy and economic growth in 2007 - 23.2 GW... -1.8 Source: Study of the Tomsk Polytechnic University Atomic energy SWOT analysis Strengths Opportunities Comparable level of economic...
Nuclear energy and its environmental...
In the city of Obninsk. From this moment the story begins atomic energy. Pros and cons of nuclear power plants What are the pros and cons of... working, bringing with it a terrible slow death. Atomic icebreaker "Lenin" Peaceful atom must live Atomic energy having experienced the hard lessons of Chernobyl and other accidents...
Russian nuclear power industry in a changing...
Energy market Society's demand for accelerated development atomic energy Demonstration of the developing consumer properties of nuclear power plants: ● guaranteed ... by cooling: meeting the system requirements of a large-scale atomic energy on fuel use, handling of minor actinides ...
Hundreds of times more powerful. Obninsk Institute atomic energy Nuclear Reactors Industrial nuclear reactors were originally developed in... and developed most intensively - in the USA. prospects atomic energy. Two types of reactors are of interest here: “technologically...
nuclear power plants, many people began to be extremely distrustful of atomic energy. Some fear radiation pollution around power plants. Use ... the surface of the seas and oceans is the result of an action not atomic energy. The radiation pollution of nuclear power plants does not exceed the natural background ...