Garcia Lorca Federico - biography, facts from life, photos, background information. Federico garcia lorca: biography, briefly about the life and work of F garcia lorca
GARCIA LORCA, FEDERICO(Garcia Lorka, Federico) (1898-1936) - Spanish poet and playwright.
Born June 5, 1898 in the village of Fuente Vaqueros near Granada in the family of an Andalusian landowner. From childhood he was fond of painting, studied music. As a teenager, he began to write poetry and recited them in local cafes.
Studied law at the University of Granada. In 1918 he published a book of prose based on impressions from a trip to Castile. In 1919 he transferred to the University of Madrid in the Department of Literature. He organized theatrical performances, performed with public readings of his poems. At this time, his name was associated with the Generation 27 group, which also included Salvador Dali, Luis Bunuel, and the poet Rafael Alberti.
In 1921 the first Book of poems (Libro de poemas), in which the influence of Dario and Jimenez is felt, while Lorca's poetry is distinguished by its closeness to folk culture and the special musicality of the verse. Second poetry collection Songs(Canciones, 1927) conveys the dramatic vision of life inherent in Andalusian folk songs. At this time, he was fond of the ancient traditional Andalusian "deep singing" (cante jondo), participated in the organization of festivals. He was engaged in painting - in 1927 his exhibition was held in Barcelona.
From 1929 he headed the student theater troupe booth(La Barraca). Its participants tried to revive interest in classical national dramaturgy - they traveled around the villages with productions of Spanish classics - Lope de Vega, Calderon, Cervantes. Lorca's first theatrical success was associated with the production of a play Mariana Pineda(Mariana Pineda, 1929) with decorations by Salvador Dali - a historical poem in verse about the death of a Granada resident tortured for participating in secret activities against the tyrant Ferdinand VII.
The greatest fame of Lorca the poet in Spain and abroad was brought by poetry collections Gypsy ballads(Romancero gitano, 1928) and Poem about cante hondo (El Poema del cante jondo, 1931), after which the glory of the "gypsy poet" was established for him. They most fully manifested the characteristic features of Lorca's talent - he perceives life fatally, as a fateful destiny, lyricism is full of great emotional intensity.
Compositions: Garcia Lorca F. Fav. works: In 2 vols. M., 1986; Selected works in 2 volumes. Per. from Spanish M., artist. lit., 1986; Garcia-Lorca F. Favorites. M., Children's literature, 1983; Letters from Lorca. Per. letters, foreword and comment. Malinovskaya N. – In the world, book M., 1987, No. 2.
Irina Ermakova
Garcia Lorca, Federico(Garcia Lorka, Federico) (1898-1936) - Spanish poet and playwright.
Born June 5, 1898 in the village of Fuente Vaqueros near Granada in the family of an Andalusian landowner. From childhood he was fond of painting, studied music. As a teenager, he began to write poetry and recited them in local cafes.
Studied law at the University of Granada. In 1918 he published a book of prose based on impressions from a trip to Castile. In 1919 he transferred to the University of Madrid in the Department of Literature. He organized theatrical performances, performed with public readings of his poems. At that time, his name was associated with the Generation 27 group, which also included Salvador Dali, Luis Bunuel, and the poet Rafael Alberti.
In 1921, the first Book of Poems (Libro de poemas) was published, in which the influence of Dario and Jimenez is felt, while Lorca's poetry is distinguished by its closeness to folk culture and the special musicality of the verse. The second poetry collection, Songs (Canciones, 1927), conveys the dramatic vision of life inherent in Andalusian folk songs. At this time, he was fond of the ancient traditional Andalusian "deep singing" (cante jondo), participated in the organization of festivals. He was engaged in painting - in 1927 his exhibition was held in Barcelona.
From 1929 he headed the student theater troupe Balagan (La Barraca). Its participants tried to revive interest in classical national drama - they traveled around the villages with productions of Spanish classics - Lope de Vega, Calderon, Cervantes. The first theatrical success of Lorca was associated with the production of the play Mariana Pineda (Mariana Pineda, 1929) with the scenery of Salvador Dali - a historical poem in verse about the death of a resident of Granada tortured for participating in secret activities against the tyrant Ferdinand VII.
The most famous poet Lorca in Spain and abroad brought poetry collections Gypsy ballads (Romancero gitano, 1928) and Poema del cante jondo (El Poema del cante jondo, 1931), after which the glory of "gypsy poet" was established for him. They most fully manifested the characteristic features of Lorca's talent - he perceives life fatally, as a fateful destiny, lyricism is full of great emotional intensity.
In 1929 he traveled to New York to study English at Columbia University. I got acquainted with local amateur and professional theater groups. Here was written the poetry collection Poet in New York (Poeta en Nueva York), published after the death of the author, in 1940.
Upon his return to Spain in 1931, he organized his own theater company. He tried his hand at dramaturgy - wrote popular farces - The Magic Shoemaker (La Zapatera prodigiosa, 1930) and Love of Don Perlimplin (Amor de Don Perlimplin con Belisa en su jardin, 1933). In 1933 he traveled to Buenos Aires, where he directed the production of his plays.
In March 1933, the premiere of the tragedy Bloody Wedding (Bodas de sangre, 1933) took place in Madrid. She was a huge success and since then has not left the stage of the Spanish theaters. The plot was taken from a newspaper article about a bride who ran away on her wedding night with her lover. The play was the first part of a planned trilogy dedicated to the "Spanish universe", each part of which was based on the tragedy of a woman who caused a bloody feud.
In the tragedy of Yerma (Yerma, 1934), the second part of the Spanish trilogy, we are talking about a woman who yearns for motherhood, whose husband is unable to make her a mother. Not wanting to fulfill her desire with another person or, violating traditions, to leave her husband, she decides to kill her husband. Despite the strong tragic sound, Ierma did not enjoy such success as the Blood Wedding - conservative critics accused the playwright of encroaching on traditional Spanish values.
The unfinished tragedy House of Bernarda Alba (La Casa de Bernarda Alba, 1935) is considered the third part of the Spanish trilogy. It is based on the story of five daughters of a despotic mother who demands strict compliance with strict moral precepts. But daughters want to love and try to find their own ways to leave the mother's house. The youngest, learning that her lover was a victim of her ruthless mother, commits suicide. The role of Bernarda was specially written for the great tragic actress Margherita Xirgu. And although during the life of Lorca the play was not staged, it is considered his highest achievement in dramaturgy.
He himself valued more his dramatic surrealist experiments, which destroyed the norms of theatrical realism, - When five years pass and the audience.
The last poetic work refers to 1935 - Lament for Ignacio Sanchez Mehias (Llanto por Ignacio Sanchez Mehias) was written in memory of his deceased friend, the famous bullfighter.
In the summer of 1936, before a planned trip to Mexico, he went home. Civil war began in Spain, and on the fourth day of his stay in Granada, a military mutiny broke out in southern Spain. The city garrison joined the rebels, the new owners of the city began to carry out mass arrests and executions of "leftists" and supporters of the Republicans. Lorca did not belong to any political party, although he was considered leftist. On August 19, 1936, on the orders of the Francoist center in Seville, together with a school teacher and two matadors, he was shot in the Visnar ravine in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada.
Two months before his death, he finished the first part of the House of Bernard Alba and believed that he was just starting his main works. Under the Francoists, Lorca's works were outlawed and burned in Granada.
Lorca's multifaceted work is based on archaic layers of folk consciousness. In his poetry, motifs are heard that are close in mood to cante jondo - the atmosphere of night, non-existence, twilight is conveyed. Lorca wrote: “The gypsy sigiriya begins with a terrible cry that divides the world into two ideal hemispheres, this is the cry of bygone generations, an acute longing for the disappeared eras, a passionate memory of love under a different moon and a different wind…”. Lorca is one of the most beloved poets in Spain, a playwright known all over the world, including in Russia.
Compositions: Garcia Lorca F. Selected. works: In 2 vols. M., 1986; Selected works in 2 volumes. Per. from Spanish M., artist. lit., 1986; Garcia-Lorca F. Favorites. M., Children's literature, 1983; Letters from Lorca. Per. letters, foreword and comment. Malinovskaya N. - In the world of Prince. M., 1987, No. 2.
Irina Ermakova
THIS IS A PROLOGUE
In this book all the soul
I would like to leave.
This book is with me.
looked at the landscapes
and lived the holy hours.
How painful for the books!
They give us hands
and roses and stars
and slowly go away.
How painful to see
those sufferings and torments,
by which the heart
decorates his altar!
See the ghosts of life
that pass - and melt,
naked heart
on a wingless Pegasus;
see life, see death,
see the synthesis of the universe:
meeting in space
they merge together.
Poetry book -
it is dead autumn;
poems are black leaves
wind blow:
he immerses poetry
into the chest of people, as into space.
The poet is a tree
with the fruits of sorrow:
it cries over what it loves,
and the leaves have withered.
The poet is a medium
nature and life,
their greatness he reveals
with the help of words.
The poet understands
everything that is not clear
and hatred of contradictions
he calls friendship.
He knows: all paths
equally impossible
and so at night over them
he walks calmly.
From books of poetry
among the bloody roses,
sadly pass
eternal caravans;
they gave birth to a poet,
and he cries in the evenings
surrounded by creatures
own inventions.
Poetry is bitterness
heavenly honey - it splashes
from invisible hives,
where souls work.
She is an impossibility
which is suddenly possible.
This is a harp, but the strings -
flames and hearts.
She is the life
we go with sadness
hoping the helmsman
our ship will navigate without a rudder.
Poetry books -
these are the stars that are in strict
the silence floats by
through the land of the void
and write in the sky
silver their lines.
Oh deep grief -
and forever, without outcome!
singing poets!
I would like to leave
LOVE SONG
Any song -
Star blue -
I feel,
as in the veins
melting the heart with red-hot passion,
current of crimson fire flows.
So turn it off
woman, fire
After all, if everything in it burns to the ground,
one ashes will rise to the ashes,
Downcast eyes, but soaring thought,
I wandered and wandered...
And along the path of time
my life rushed about, wanting desires.
The gray road was dusty, but one day
I saw a flowering meadow
filled with life and shimmer
You, pink woman, are like a rose:
after all, her girlish body was married
with your subtlest smell of separation,
with an indescribable longing for sadness.
GARDEN SMUGLYANO
(Fragments)
Into silver drums
fountain jets.
Weave cloths of the wind
leaves and vines,
tint with fragrance
wild roses.
And they're fine with it
turns the moon
into a star.
Maria - Assuage my sorrows,
I happened to see you
in the lemon grove where the jets sang
source of tears.
You are the best of roses!
Maria - Assuage my sorrows,
I happened to see you.
Your eyes are crystal clearer
mists of braids.
You are the best of roses!
Maria - Assuage my sorrows,
I happened to see you.
Where is that moonlit glove
and the first grew?
You are the best of roses!
LEMON GROVE
Lemon grove.
my baby dreams.
Lemon rosa.
in nests
amber breasts
your air.
Lemon grove.
you nurse the sea breezes.
Lemon grove.
Orange garden.
Without feelings,
broken by disease
and bloodless.
Lemon grove.
I saw how with a wave of my hand
my love was crushed.
Lemon grove.
My children's love, heart longing
without roses and without a road.
SUITE OF WATER
In black, black water
trees are buried
daisies
On the road scorched by the sun
three oxen go.
And the nightingale flies through the air -
tree heart.
I would keep in mind
as a silver souvenir
a particle of a lump of dew.
Among the treeless plains
transparent pond brightens,
extinct spring.
Who cut down the long stem
(We left the underwater roots.)
How easy could we cut
snow-white corollas
acacia eternal!
Again with a bouquet of iris
I leave you, saying goodbye.
Love of my night!
And the widow of starlight
I find you by meeting...
Lord of the gloomy
I'm walking on my own path.
In a thousand years
you will see me.
Love of my night!
Along the blue path
ruler of the gloomy
I will follow my path.
Until it fits into my heart
Universe.
We lived in honeycombs
glass
hive, air hive!
We kissed
through glass.
wonderful prison,
the gates of which
cold stars
hang over the roads.
Pass people and animals
along smoky wooded paths.
And the huts sigh quietly,
when the dawn breaks.
There is a squawk
Mountains, forests, farms
shake like tanks.
Under the ulars
reflection.
One can say
anything:
orange or star
riverbed or sky.
Oh arrow
it's a golden arrow
wandering above the wind.
fragrance range,
falling
(ensemble of halftones).
Gamma moonlight,
increasing
SUITE OF MIRRORS
by the mirror.
in each hand.
Trembling his face
and multiplies.
And black eyes
his heart
fill up.
HUGE MIRROR
under a huge mirror.
Man is a living azure!
Donya Luna.
(Maybe mercury spilled?)
Unlikely.
What a boy lit up
her flashlight?
A moth flickers
and everything will be plunged into darkness.
Be silent... silence!
After all, this firefly -
Everything around is an open fan.
Brother, open your arms.
God is just a dot ahead.
The bird sings
from loneliness.
The air is multiplying.
We don't hear with our ears
but mirrors.
We all walk
by the mirror
blind
on glass
transparent.
If irises grew
petals down,
if the roses bloomed
petals down,
if you could see the roots
stars and sky
and the deceased was sleeping
with open eyes
"we would all show - swans.
FANTASY
Behind the mirror surface -
extinguished stars
and rainbow girl
sleeping soundly.
Behind the mirror surface -
peace is endless
calm nesting
wingless and eternal.
Mirror surface -
it's a water mummy
you close at midnight
shell of light.
Mirror surface -
primordial dews,
fallen into the evening
an open book and an echo that has become
SHINTOISM
Golden bells.
Pagoda is a dragon.
ding, ding, ding
over the rice fields.
original spring,
source of truth.
And somewhere far away -
pink herons
and a wilted volcano.
They have so many paths
wide open.
There are two crossroads
shady and damp.
Death is a frequent visitor
from these secret fields.
(Cuts by a gardener
tear poppies.)
In the pupils of horizons
you will never find.
In the eyes we wander
as in the virgin selva.
And in the castle "You will enter,
and don't go back"
we go through
iris.
Oh loveless boy
may god save you
from thickets of red ivy.
Elena, you embroider ties,
but beware of the stranger.
Adam and Eve.
Through the efforts of the serpent
broken mirror
a hundred pieces.
there was an apple.
LULLABY TO A SLEEPING MIRROR
restless looks.
Baiushki bye.
Sleep will not be disturbed
night butterfly,
word or phrase
or beam-through
from padlock silk.
Baiushki bye.
You look like
to my heart.
My garden is where love is
Looking forward to meeting with me.
Sleep calmly
wake up if
will die on my lips
last kiss.
Burdened by rainbows
breaks over the leaves
mirrors in the stars.
CONFUSION
Is my heart
is this your heart?
Who reflects my thoughts?
Who gives me this passion
groundless
Why is my outfit
changes colors?
Everything is a crossroads in the world.
Why do you see in the sky
so many stars?
brother it's you
And whose hands are these?
so cold?
I see myself in the fires of lightning,
and human anthill
swirls in my heart.
tired of thinking
glasses wipes
with a sigh
rolling head over heels downhill,
shooting stars
And the owl, huffing, beats its wings
HOPELESS SONG
rivers flow,
herbs are twisted.
scattered by the winds.
The annunciation will enter
to the house of the betrothed,
and the girls will get up in the morning
and embroider their hearts
green silk.
ETERNAL ANGLE
Earth and sky
eternal corner
(and the bisector
let the wind be).
Road and sky
giant corner
(and the bisector
POPLAR AND TOWER
Shadow of Living Splendor
and the shadow of centuries.
The shadow is melodious green
and a shadow, betrothed to the earth.
Stone and wind look like enemies
It's time to say goodbye to the monotonous heart,
with a melody more flawless than a diamond -
without you, who fought the northern winds,
I will remain alone and silently.
Polar headless star.
Fragment of a sunken compass.
SIRENA AND CARABINER
(Excerpts)
Triangular olive imprinted in the dusk,
and a triangular profile, a wave that has swept up ...
And pink skies in the west of the bay
tense, as if the bather's spin.
The dolphin made a "bridge", frolicking in the evening water,
and spread their wings, like birds, ships.
The distant hill oozes balm and glow,
and the lunar ball silently set sail from the earth.
At the pier, the sailors sang at sunset ...
Bamboo rustles in their songs, snow freezes in the refrains,
and glowing hikes on an unreliable map
in the eyes, looking gloomy from under the swollen eyelids.
as in apple pulp, in a crimson sky ...
to fight with a pirate flag and with the element of an ox.
Night, like a black mare, bursts into the silence of the bay,
pushing a sluggish boat into the Latin sail, -
and the sea that sighed like grace, bashfully,
suddenly passion cognizes in the guttural groans of the waves.
O melting in the dance among the blue meadow,
accept my gift, muses, and serve me:
let your nine songs into a single word
PRINTING THE SKY
not engaged to anyone.
And so beautiful!
They're waiting for a fan
for him to take them
to their Venice, perfectly happy.
They come up every night
to the window bars
a thousand floors in the sky! -
and signal to lovers
in the seas of darkness
where they drown.
But girls, wait
so that I die, and in the morning, early,
I will steal you one by one
THREE STORIES ABOUT THE WIND
There was a red wind in the distance,
dawn lit.
Then flowed down the river -
Then he was both blue and yellow.
rose like a tight rainbow
over the field.
The wind is dammed like a stream.
Shivering
and poplar algae,
and the heart too.
The sun is inaudible
bowed in the sky...
Five in the afternoon.
The wind is sleeping.
And the birds are dumb.
Like a curl
the breeze blows
like ivy
like shavings -
curls.
pecking,
in the forest under a stone.
Drink white balm
gorge it to the brim
and will beat
Who is getting married
for the wind?
Lady of all desires
in the world.
What gives her for the wedding
Whirlwinds of gold
and maps of all countries in the world.
What does she give him?
She lets the wind into her heart.
Say her name.
Her name is kept secret.
(Outside the school window is a starry canopy.)
LONELINESS
IN MEMORY OF LUIS DE LEON
Beauty is inaccessible!
Is the world looking for this white
eternal and complete non-existence?
Jorge Guillen
Immersed in your thoughts invariably,
loneliness flies over the stone with death, care,
where, free and captive,
frozen in the whiteness of flight
cold-wounded light, humming something.
without architecture
loneliness in the style of silence!
Rising above the gloomy grove,
you erase the invisible edges,
and they will never hurt your dark flesh.
Forgotten in your depths
my blood feverish thrill,
my belt, embroidered with a pattern,
and broken chains
and a stunted rose, crushed by the sandy steppes.
The flower of my defeat!
Over deaf fires and pale melancholy,
when the movement stops
and the knot is cut by an invisible hand,
subtle waves of peace spread from you.
In a long song
pours from his throat and takes off
above the reed that bends its stalks to the water.
Decorate with a white rose
river bank young deity,
the grove sang
doubling the sound of nature
and the music of leaves merging with murmuring water,
Immortals in chorus
they ask the sky for immortality
and with its restless pattern
hurt the eyes of the ears
and they draw their outlines on the map of sorrow.
Harp, her golden sobs
embraced by one passion -
find in the depths of the universe
(O sounds born of a fragile spring!),
find, loneliness, your ice kingdom.
But still unattainable
you for the wounded sounds with their green blood,
and there is no visible height,
and there is no depth conquered,
from where our sobs and groans would reach you.
ON THE DEATH OF JOSE DE SYRIA AND ESCALANTE
Who will say now that you lived in the world?
Pain breaks into the illuminated twilight.
The dawn without you will decorate the lawns.
Delirium of ash gray flowers at dawn
your skull will fill with a mysterious ringing.
Oh, bright pain and invisible nets!
Nothingness and moon crown!
Moon Crown! And with my own hand
I will throw your flower into spring waters,
and he will be carried away along with the river.
You were swallowed up by cold vaults;
and the memory of the world with its vanity
erase, my friend, endless years.
On the frozen mosses, shimmering sadly,
my profile will not change shape;
in it, a sinless mirror, a beaten pulse
the unsleeping word broke.
And if the strings of jets and wingless ivy -
only mortal flesh is a primordial symbol,
my profile will become sandy on the ridge
bizarre silence of a crocodile.
And let the language of dove agony
knows the taste of not the flame, but the gorse,
growing in desert tracts, -
as a symbol of strength broken before the deadline,
I will stay in crumpled dahlias
and in the stalks of herbs, cruelly trampled.
I'm afraid to lose this bright miracle,
that in your wet eyes froze in silence,
I'm afraid of this night in which I won't
touch your face to your rose of breath.
I'm afraid that my dead pile of branches
the mysterious will cover this shore;
I don't want to carry around with me
those fruits where the worms of suffering will hide.
If you took my cherished treasure with you,
if you are my pain that does not ask for mercy,
even if I'm not worth anything at all, -
let my last ear of loss not mow
and let your stream be strewn with foliage,
that drops my outgoing autumn.
THE POET ASKS HIS LOVE TO WRITE TO HIM
Deep love, like death, like springs,
I wait in vain for letters and decisions;
the flower has withered, and there is no more doubt:
to live, having lost myself in you, is unbearable.
Immortal air. The stone is hard, inert
does not know and does not avoid the shadow.
The heart does not need for its struggles
ice cold honey - the moon waters the pines for them.
I got you through. Opening the veins
in battle, doves with a tiger, snakes with flowers,
I drenched your camp with blood instantly.
Fill my wild delirium with words
or let me live in the night of self-forgetfulness,
in the night of the soul with unknown dreams.
SONG ABOUT A LITTLE DEATH
Mossy moons lifeless plain
and the blood that has gone underground.
Plain of ancient blood.
The light of yesterday and the light of tomorrow.
Fine grass inanimate sky.
In the lunar haze I met death.
Inanimate earthen plain.
The outlines of a small death.
A dog on a high roof.
And left hand askew
I crossed dry flowers
intermittent cliffs.
Above the cathedral from the ashes - the wind.
Light and darkness rising above the sand.
The outlines of a small death.
Death and I are in full view of death.
The man is lonely and near
outlines of a small death.
And the moon is an inanimate plain.
And the snow fluctuates and groans
behind the doors, in the silence of the desert.
Man - so what? All this:
a lonely person, and next
death. Plain. Breath of light.
NIGHT SONG OF THE ANDALUSIAN SAILORS
From Cadiz to Gibraltar
the road ran.
There all my sighs are the sea
counted on the way.
Oh girl, you never know
ships in the harbor of Malaga!
From Cadiz to Seville
lemon orchards rose.
Trees are all my sighs
counted along the way.
Oh girl, you never know
ships in the harbor of Malaga!
From Seville to Carmona
you won't get a knife.
The sickle of the moon cuts the air,
and the air takes away the wound.
Ah boy wave
takes away my horse!
I walked past dead cooling towers
and you, love, forgot.
Who wants to find a heart
let him ask how it happened.
Ah boy wave
takes away my horse!
Cadiz, don't come here
here the sea will overtake you.
Sevilla, stand up to your full height,
otherwise you will drown in the river.
Ah, girl!
Ah boy!
The road ran.
There are few ships in the harbor!
And it got cold in the square!
(Poems for the Dead)
I will cut off my right hand.
Patience.
I have two gloves: silk and mercury.
Patience.
Do not Cry. And shut up.
Let no one hear us.
Patience.
The doors barely opened
the statues fell to the ground.
LULLABY
(Mercedes, dead)
You don't breathe when you fall asleep.
From oak planks your boat is on dry land.
Sleep, princess of another land.
Your body turns white in the pitch night.
Your body is like earth, ice.
Sleep. Dawn is passing by.
You float away, falling asleep.
Out of fog and sleep, your boat is on dry land.
If you hear: crying
bitter oleander through the silence,
what will you do, my love?
I'll take a breath.
If you see that you
the light calls with itself, leaving,
what will you do, my love?
I remember the sea.
If under the olives in the garden
I'll tell you: "I love you" -
what will you do, my love?
BLACK MOONS
Black moons over the shore
and the sea in agate light.
They cry after me
my unborn children.
Otei, don't leave us, stay!
The youngest has his hands folded...
My pupils are pouring.
Roosters crow around.
And the sea turns to stone in the distance
under the mask of wavy laughter.
Father, don't leave us!
SILENT WATERS
My eyes are down
floating in the river...
With sorrow and love
floating in the river...
(counts heart
rest hours.)
Dried grass floating
road to the mouth...
Light and majestic
road to mouth...
(Isn't it time for the road,
asked the heart sadly.)
FAREWELL
goodbye
at the edge of the road.
Guessing native
I hurried to the distant weeping -
and wept over me.
goodbye
at the edge of the road.
Other, unearthly road
I'll leave the crossroads
wake up a bad memory
about the black minute.
I will not become a wet shiver
stars at sunrise.
I returned to the white grove
silent melodies.
The famous Spaniard Federico Garcia Lorca in the art of the twentieth century has long been one of the most significant figures. His legacy went beyond national culture and determined the main ways of developing artistic creativity not only in literature, but also in painting, music, theater and cinematography. Lorca's poems have been translated into many languages of the world.
From the poet's biography
Federico Garcia Lorca was born on June 5, 1898 in the small town of Fuente Vaqueros, the municipal center of the province of Granada. There the poet's childhood and youth passed. The bright and versatile talents of the young man were noticed very early, which allowed the young Federico to actively participate in the life of the provincial artistic community.
At the University of Granada, Garcia Lorca studied several courses at once - jurisprudence, philosophy and literature. At the age of nineteen, the Spanish poet published his first collection of poems, Impressions and Landscapes. This book was marked by metropolitan criticism and brought him fame outside his native province.
In the capital
After moving to Madrid in 1919, Federico Garcia Lorca finds himself in a company of people, many of whom would later be called classics of the art of the twentieth century. The most famous among them are Salvador Dali and Luis Bunuel. Lorca's poems were known and in demand in the Spanish capital, which ensured his creative collaboration with the Eslava Theater. At the suggestion of the director of this group, Martinez Sierra, he wrote the play "Witchcraft and Butterflies", which was successfully staged in 1920.
The poet is trying to combine the stormy bohemian life with studying at the capital's university. Among his students, he was listed until 1928. All this time the poet has been working hard in different genres. His poetry collections are published in the capital's publishing houses. The works of the young poet are read with interest by the most diverse public, discussed and quoted in the press.
avant-garde artist
For the Western European art world, the twenties and thirties of the twentieth century were an era of great change. Many traditional forms that had been established for centuries were subjected to revolutionary rethinking and destruction. Along with his associates and associates, Federico Garcia Lorca found himself at the very center of this process. His biography is inextricably linked with the history of the artistic avant-garde. It is impossible not to note the mutual influence that the creators of the new art exerted on each other.
The works of the titans of the twentieth century - Salvador Dali, Pablo Picasso, Federico Garcia Lorca - would look different if these artists worked separately from each other. It is characteristic that in addition to poetry and dramaturgy, the creative heritage of the Spanish poet also includes works of painting and graphics.
"Gypsy Romanceros"
Garcia Lorca devoted one of his most striking collections of poetry to the world of gypsy romance. In the traditional culture of the southern gypsies, the gypsy component has always occupied a worthy place. But in the verses of Garcia Lorca, the characteristic images of the gypsy world were able to sparkle with new colors.
The freshness and unusualness of the poetic collection "Gypsy Romanceros" published in 1928 lies in the fact that the poet managed to convey the usual figurative mythology of gypsy folklore with the expressive means of the artistic avant-garde of the early twentieth century.
In New York
Many people of creative professions experience the desire to move across the ocean to one degree or another. A significant part of the European intellectual elite found itself on the other side of the Atlantic in anticipation of the impending catastrophe of the world war. But Federico Garcia Lorca went to America long before the tracks of tanks rumbled along the roads of Europe. For the poet, this visit was an attempt to break through to new creative horizons. It is difficult to say how far his plans were destined to come true, but in New York the poet works a lot and publishes new books.
In less than two years in the American period of his work, Garcia Lorca wrote the plays "The Public" and "When Five Years Pass". And the lyrics of this period made up the poetic book "A Poet in New York". But the Spanish poet could not count on a significant success of his work in the English-speaking environment.
Return to Spain
In the early thirties, political turbulence is growing in the Iberian Peninsula. It was with this process that the return of Federico Garcia Lorca from America coincided. But he returned to his homeland as a well-known writer and playwright, whose plays were staged with constant success in many theaters. In 1931, the poet was asked to head the student theater "La Baccara". Having accepted this offer, Garcia Lorca combines administrative activities with intense literary work. During this period, he wrote two plays that were included in the golden fund - "The House of Bernard Alba" and "Bloody Wedding". There were many new ideas ahead, which were never destined to come true.
Death of poet
In the civil war that was rapidly flaring up throughout Spain, Federico Garcia Lorca did not express sympathy for any of the warring parties. Perhaps he thought that by staying above the fray, he could feel safe on both sides of the barricade. But he managed to understand the full depth of his delusion only when it was already impossible to correct anything. Garcia Lorca knew very well that Granada was captured by the Spanish fascists when he went to his native province in August 1936. However, he did not attach any significant importance to this fact.
There is very little reliable information about the last days of the poet. It is only known that he was arrested on August 16, 1936 and shot the next day by the sentence of the governor of Granada, Valdes Guzman. Information about what was blamed on the poet is extremely contradictory. According to some information, these are several poems with a characteristic expressive surrealistic imagery. Allegedly, they offended the religious and moral feelings of the fascist governor. And other sources claim that the poet was charged with non-traditional sexual orientation.
But today it is impossible to reliably find out not only what the charges against the poet were, but also where the place of his execution and the grave. The body of the poet was not found in 2008 during the opening of the burials of the thirties. And this fact reinforces the existing version that Federico Garcia Lorca was not shot. It is impossible to exclude the possibility that the poet escaped death and then got lost without a trace in the maelstrom of the civil war.
Federico Garcia Lorca was born on June 5, 1898. His father is Federico Garcia Rodriguez (1859), his mother is Vicenta Lorca Romero (1870). In Spain, the wife leaves her maiden name, and the children are given a double surname - the first part of the father, the second of the mother.
The future poet was born in the town of Fuente Vaqueros (Fuente-vaqueros), its name literally translates as "shepherd's source", the town was often called simply La fuente (fountain, source). This small town, in which about two and a half thousand inhabitants lived, was located 17 kilometers from Granada and 50 kilometers from the sea. It was located on a fertile plain, next to two rivers - Genil and Kubiyyas. The family in which the future poet was born was prosperous, his father made a fortune on the cultivation of sugar beet and the production of sugar from it. For Federico Garcia Rodriguez, this was the second marriage. He first married at the age of 21 to Matilda Palacios, who died 14 years later. There were no children in this marriage, since Matilda was barren. As an inheritance from his first wife, Don Federico received vast land and a large amount of money. He successfully invested these funds in the large estate "Daimuz" (Arabic word for "cave farm"). He became one of the richest people in the region, in 1897 he married a modest school teacher in Fuente Vaqueros, Vicente Lorca Romero. She was from a poor and humble family, but educated and intelligent. It is possible that there were Jews among her ancestors, in any case, the poet himself believed that and was even a little proud of this, as well as the alleged gypsy origin on his father's side. Don Federico's relatives considered this marriage a misalliance. Federico Garcia Lorca inherited modesty from his mother, as well as a sense of compassion for the poor and humiliated, from his father the confidence and laid-back attitude to life that is characteristic of people with a certain material wealth. His father gave him the opportunity to devote his life to art.
There were many talented people in the family of Federico Garcia Lorca. My great-grandfather on my father's side, Antonio Garcia Vargas, had a beautiful voice, he loved to sing, accompanying himself on the guitar. His brother Juan de Diaz was a violinist. The great-uncle of the poet, Federico Garcia Rodriguez played the Spanish mandolin la bandurria, he performed at the Chinitas cafe in Malaga and was quite a famous musician. One of his brothers was a school teacher and a talented painter, another brother, Baldomero Garcia Rodriguez, was an excellent guitarist, flamenco dancer, poet, he became known for his bohemian lifestyle. Federico's mother admired Uncle Baldomero, it is believed that young Federico also treated him with great respect, even learned a few of his poems and songs. The poet's paternal grandmother, Isabel Rodriguez Masuecos, was a very educated woman, she often visited libraries and bookstores, while she read aloud to her children, including her future father Federico, her favorite works. The family especially loved Victor Hugo's Notre Dame Cathedral. Later, the poet recalled that his mother also often read aloud to her children her favorite books, mostly the works of great French writers. It can be said that Federico Garcia Lorca lived in an exquisite literary and musical atmosphere. Federico's father was an excellent guitarist, often in the evenings he played in front of the household, his father's younger brother Luis played the guitar and piano excellently, his father's sister Aunt Isabel sang wonderfully and played the guitar. It was she who taught Federico to play the guitar, and also gave him solfeggio lessons.
Federico Garcia Lorca was the first of five children of Federico Garcia Rodriguez and Vicenta Lorca Romero. He was baptized on June 11, 1898 under the name Federico del Sagrado Corazon de Jesus. Since the birth was difficult, dona Vicenta herself could not feed the child. For the newborn, they took a nurse, the groom's wife, who lived nearby. Throughout his life, Federico treated his nurse very warmly, and the nurse's daughter Carmen, who was six years older than the boy, was his best childhood friend. In 1890, the second child, Louis, was born. He died of pneumonia in 1892, for Federico, who was then four years old, could be a serious shock. In 1902 Francisco was born, Federico's favorite brother. Later, two girls were born: in 1903 Maria de Concepcion (Concha), in 1909 Isabel. Relations between brothers and sisters have always been very tender and warm.
Federico Garcia Lorca was born in 1898, which became unlucky for Spain. The war with the United States ended the Spanish Empire. This year, US President William McKinley Jr., under the pretext of supporting a national uprising in Cuba, declared war on Spain. As a result of hostilities, Spain, according to the Treaty of Paris, lost Cuba, the Philippines and Puerto Rico. The Americans, having declared these colonies "free states", somehow kept them under control. For the Spaniards, this war was a strong blow to national pride. More than two thousand people died in battles, fourteen thousand died of disease. Perhaps for this reason, Federico did not like this date and often called 1899, or even 1900, the year of his birth.
As a child, Federico was quite clumsy and awkward. It is possible that one of his legs was shorter than the other, so he always limped when walking. He had flat feet, as well as some kind of childhood disease, due to which he could not walk well until the age of four. Federico did not like sports, he was annoyed by all sorts of sports competitions, he could not run like his peers. For this reason, he very early got used to living more in imagination than in reality.
Spain did not take part in the First World War, but also fought in Morocco. Moroccan troops attacked territories that since 1912 had been under the protectorate of Spain and France in accordance with the Treaty of Fez. A little later, Moroccan nationalists unleashed the Rif War, which lasted from 1919 to 1926. Federico, too, could be among the thousands of soldiers caught in the war zone. Father's connections helped to avoid this, one of his friends in Granada, the doctor issued a certificate on the release of Federico Garcia Lorca from military duties. It spoke of his "complete unfitness" in connection with a lameness due to the fact that one leg is somewhat shorter than the other; to this the benevolent physician added still weakened lungs and even "certain symptoms of bone marrow sclerosis."
Federico was by nature very timid. He always kept away from political events and all sorts of conflicts. During the mass clashes between students and workers with the police on February 2, 1919, when shooting started a stone's throw from his house, Federico's timidity was fully manifested. Then the law of war was in force, trade was curtailed, and the public guard was put on high alert. Federico closed himself in the house and sat locked up for two weeks, and one of his friends came to him under the window to report on the latest events.
In Madrid, Garcia Lorca lived in the "Residence for students" (Residencia de estudiantes), which was considered at that time the center of education and free thought in Spain. Despite liberal tendencies, everyday life in the pavilions of the "Residence" took place in academic works and in severe discipline. The director of the "Residence" Alberto Jimenez Frod demanded that absolute cleanliness be everywhere on the territory and in the premises. Federico, on the other hand, was very absent-minded, and he had to carefully monitor himself in this temple of learning, so that, God forbid, he would not throw a cigarette butt on the ground. This happened to him, to his great shame, only once, and as a sin - under the reproachful look of Jimenez Frod: he, without saying a word, picked up this cigarette butt and put it in the urn. Federico never made such mistakes again.
In 1927, Salvador Dali and Garcia Lorca conceived the idea of creating an opera of "great originality". Even a few pages were written. They called their work Etre Dieu. In 1972, Dali returned to the unfinished youth project and wrote a new libretto. Manuel Vasquez Montalbán also contributed to the writing. The libretto was written to the music of the French composer Igor Vakevich. In 1974, a recording took place with the participation of Dali, who uttered long monologues.
Even during the life of García Lorca, in 1931 the municipality of Fuente Vaqueros renamed De La Iglesia Street, where the poet spent his early childhood, into Federico García Lorca Street. At that time he was only 33 years old.
In 1930, Lorca, as if anticipating his fate and the Civil War, wrote the poem "The History and the Cycle of Three Friends":
But they crunched with fragments of pearls
Shells of pure form -
And I realized
That I'm condemned and unarmed.Searched all the churches, all the cemeteries and clubs,
We searched in barrels, scoured the basement,
They broke three skeletons to pick out gold teeth.I was not found.
Didn't find it?
No. Not found.But remember how the last moon
Up the river roamed an ice floe
And grief - at the same moment - by name
Remembered every single victim.
Salvador Dali often used the word putrefacto (“rottenness”), sometimes even abused it, and attributed the birth of this concept to himself. In fact, this concept was invented by Lorca, back in Alameda, where a narrow circle of like-minded people gathered. Jorge Guillen was present at the birth of this epithet, and noted its spread in the jargon of artistic youth. For Lorca, this word denoted sketches of grotesque figures, and by association - everything that seems outdated, musty, "bourgeois" and repulsive, pretentious and false. However, it was his heart friend Salvador who made this concept the flag of his art and the symbol of his dark genius.
During their student years in Granada, Federico and his friends chose a nook under the stairs in the Alameda cafe, where there were only 2-3 tables, fenced off from the hall by a stage. The place began to be called "corner", "back street", and the company - "back streets". Friends gathered there every evening, read poetry, argued until they were hoarse, and thought up funny games. For example, it was there that a funny hoax was invented. She went down in history along with Kozma Prutkov and Cherubina de Gabriak. The youth came up with the apocryphal poet Isidore Capdepon. The purpose of this venture was to play a prank on the editors and publishing houses, which flooded their publications with poems full of crackling rhetoric and high-flown chatter. The main author of the poems of the new poet was Federico Lorca. Endowed with all the vices of outdated literary taste, the poems were sent to all editions. These pompous odes, tearful elegies and cloying madrials were no worse than many others published in the magazines and newspapers of Spain. The editors, who did not recognize the parodies and did not notice the catch, willingly published the works of Capdepon. He became known in literary circles, he was even nominated to the Royal Academy. The hoax was later exposed. Much later, the already famous poet Lorca again remembered this fun, he wrote several articles on behalf of Capdepon to ridicule vulgarity, rhetoric and clichés in literature.
Often in his works, Lorca resorts to rude and sharp words. For example, in Doña Rosita, Maiden... there is a very colorful character, the Nurse (who was Federico's own nurse). The nurse does not hesitate to call a spade a spade. If she needs to say something about the female genital organ, she does not hesitate at all, shouting this word at the top of her voice. She spices up her speech with salty jokes. The funniest of her antics is untranslatable from Spanish: so, she laughs at little Rosita, who cannot sit still for a minute: “Here she is forever - from the fair to the mill, from the mill to the fair, from the fair to the mill, from the mill to the fair !" To this, the aunt replies to her: “Let's see if it will be so!” And the "salt" of this Spanish pun is that if you quickly repeat this phrase several times, then an indecent word will be pronounced - where you do not expect it, or, rather, where it is slyly implied. In this case, the famous “word of three letters” was obtained.
During the tour of the folk theater "Barraca" in the Spanish province, there were various curious, funny, and sometimes threatening situations. In one of the small towns, Soria, the right-wing conservatives gave the troupe a "hot reception": a gang of unbridled screamers almost took the stage by storm and crushed Federico, frightened and frozen like a statue in his dark veils. Fortunately, it was this gloomy character in Calderon's play, the Shadow, who helped save the day: the instigators of the scandal, seeing a figure in dark robes and a hood in front of them, mistook her for a priest, who also shouted to them that they should not walk on the platform separating the stage from spectator seats - because of the electric wires stretched there. The rampaging thugs listened to the words of the "priest" and calmed down. After that, the police intervened and escorted the troupe to the hotel.
On the day of departure from Havana on June 11, 1930, a farewell banquet was arranged in honor of Federico Lorca, which brought together all the intellectual, artistic and poetic elite of the city - it has become customary for him to be the center of attraction in this atmosphere of friendliness and admiration. Suddenly, one of those heavy downpours that only happen in the tropics began. Federico was amazed, because in the three months spent in Cuba, he got used to always sunny days. A real flood, just like in the Bible. He ran out into the rain outside to admire them to his heart's content. His friends ran out after him, continuing to talk loudly. And then, so that this hubbub would not distract him from the contemplation of the primeval elements, Lorca pressed his finger to the gums. Everyone fell silent. So the legend has survived to this day about how Lorca, on the night of June 11-12, 1930, like a true magician, caused a heavy downpour over Havana - just to admire it ...
In the late 1980s, thanks to the biographer's research, García Lorca's homosexuality became known. His lover in the last years of his life was the journalist and critic Juan Ramirez de Lucas, to whom the poet dedicated Sonnets of Dark Love.
In the fighting movie Undisputed 3, the Colombian fighter often holds the book of Federico Garcia Lorca's poem in his hands.
Members of the Russian heavy metal band "Aria" in 1986, in order to facilitate the official submission of the program to the artistic council, attributed the text of the song "Torero" (on the theme of bullfighting), actually written by Margarita Pushkina, to the pen of Garcia Lorca.
In 1996, Alexander Gradsky's CD "Golden Junk" was released, in which one of the songs ("Spain", music: A. Gradsky, lyrics: N. Aseev) was dedicated to the memory of Federico Garcia Lorca.
In 1934, a collection of poems by the Argentine poet Ricardo Molinari (1898-1996) was published in Buenos Aires, illustrated with drawings by Lorca. This was the only case when Lorca drew illustrations for someone else's book.
In the former residence of the Rosales family in Granada, where last days life was sheltered by Federico Garcia Lorca, now the Hotel Reina Cristina is located.
The drama "The House of Bernard Alba" is based on real events. According to cousin Lorca Mercedes Delgado Garcia, in the village of Askerosa (now Valderrubio) lived with her seven children from two marriages Frasquita Alba Sierra (1858-1924), the undoubted prototype of Bernarda Alba. Her family history is not so dramatic, although it coincides with the plot of the play in some important details.