When did filter cigarettes appear in the world. The history of the emergence of tobacco and interesting facts about smoking Scientific conference for schoolchildren

In principle, the date of birth of tobacco can rightfully be considered 1492, the same year America was discovered by Columbus. The native inhabitants of America can be thanked for the tobacco dependence of numerous modern people. The ancient Indians came up with the idea of ​​​​throwing tobacco leaves into the fire, after which they inhaled the resulting smoke, and with it the pleasure. Smoke was obtained as a result of the slow smoldering of tobacco leaves. The ancient Indians also created prototypes of the so-called smoking pipes. With the advent of 1492, Columbus, on one of the islands located in the Caribbean, met an Indian who at that moment was smoking tobacco. According to numerous statements, the above described island is called Tabago, some historians believe that the name of the island gave the name to tobacco. A companion of Columbus named Robert Payne took a deep interest in tobacco and as early as 1497, on his second voyage to the American shores, he wrote an extensive account of the tobacco plant itself and the manner in which it was used. The captain of one of the ships that was part of the Columbus squadron, the captain's name was Rodrigo de Jerez, ventured to try smoking tobacco, but also took a miracle plant with him. This is how tobacco managed to get into the Old World. If we draw a comparison between the cigars of those times and modern cigars, then the ancient cigars provided for truly huge sizes. It is not difficult to guess that the ancient cigars were completely different from their modern brothers. After some time, Columbus brought cigars unknown to anyone to Europe, cigars came to Russia only at the beginning of the 18th century, they were brought by Peter I. tobacco. More and more residents of that time began to encounter tobacco. The history of tobacco provides for the presence of several significant characters who just need to be mentioned. The first character is the Frenchman Jean Nico, the French envoy to the Portuguese court Jean Nico presented dry tobacco leaves to the French Queen Catherine de Medici with a recommendation to inhale their aroma with a headache, the fact is that the queen was very often bothered by a headache. The second iconic figure was an aristocrat from England, who was a chain smoker, sailor and poet, Sir Walter Reilly, who in 1580 established a tobacco plantation in Ireland, and in 1584 several more tobacco plantations in the colonial American territories. John Rolfe is recognized as the third iconic figure in the history of tobacco. At the very beginning of the 17th century, John Rolfe became so addicted to tobacco smoking that he became the most famous tobacco propagandist in England. However, his addictions did not end solely with the promotion of tobacco, in 1611, he went to Virginia and established a huge tobacco plantation there.

All asanas in Iyengar yoga are mastered gradually. On the site http://sarasvatiplace.ru/klassy/yoga/joga-ajengara you can find detailed information.

Our story is by no means a propaganda of smoking or an argument that bad habits do not add health. The purpose of our story is to conduct our own investigation of who and how taught humanity to while away the time in the company of a smoking man-made creature and even get some pleasure from it.

First, the world's population got acquainted with tobacco

Often this or that innovation on the planet takes its origins in the mists of time, at the epicenter of the existence of wise ancient civilizations. More than 3,000 years of history of smoking in the world is no exception to the rule. It is known for certain that the tobacco growing palm belongs to the South American continent.

The legendary tribes of the Maya and Aztecs made their significant contribution both to the process of cultivating tobacco leaves and to the ritual of their use. Not all heavy smokers know who came up with an intoxicating activity - to start your day with a cup of strong coffee and a cigarette, and this "delicious" custom was born in Peru and has come down to us from the morning fires of the ancient Indians.

Indisputable evidence that the first cigarettes appeared precisely thanks to the efforts of the red-skinned natives was the finds of archaeologists.

On the walls of the oldest temples located in the center of America, drawings of prototypes of tobacco products were found, reminiscent of cigarettes familiar to us now. The raw materials for primitive smoking devices were tobacco, dry grass, corn or cane leaves. Smoking such a cigarette was not very convenient, the ancient smoking "stick" was bulky and strove to crumble into its constituent parts.

Chronology of the victorious march of tobacco products around the planet

In the annals of events preceding the modern abundance of cigarettes of different brands and brands, there were many interesting facts and interesting incidents. In Russia, Europe and Asia, they got used to the new product in different ways. The history of cigarettes has known periods of love and reverence and moments of the strictest prohibitions and harsh punishments. For a complete picture of what is happening, it is worth dwelling on the most significant dates:

• November 15, 1942, in the diary of the great traveler Christopher Columbus, the word "tobacco" appears with a description of the properties of a unique plant;
• 1555, the world-traveling clergyman André Theve transports samples of tobacco seeds to Europe;
• 1560, the term "nicotine" appears in honor of the diplomatic servant Jean Wilman Nico, who instilled in the aristocratic world of France the newfangled habit of enjoying the aroma of tobacco through smell;
• 1735, Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus assigns classification features to tobacco according to its organoleptic properties;
• 1636, the world learns a new type of tobacco products - cigarettes;
• 1847, the legendary company "Philip Morris" opens its first offspring in England - a tobacco shop;
• 1854 Philip Morris begins mass production of cigarettes
• 1934, the appearance of the Marlboro brand, the so-called "gentle" cigarettes for the fair sex.

The one who invented, created and took an active part in the popularization of cigarettes could not even suspect that he had opened Pandora's box for all mankind.

Externalities and Imaginary Values

Cinematography, theatrical productions, television programs and films of the mid-twentieth century could not imagine the image of their heroes without a famously clutched cigarette, beautiful rings of gray smoke and entourage in the form of ashtrays stuffed with a mountain of cigarette butts. At the time of the 2 largest and bloodiest tragedies of the twentieth century, which were the First and Second World Wars, tobacco products were part of the soldier's and officer's rations.

In different eras, attractive communication with tart smoke became part of religious rites, gaining sacred knowledge or creating icons of style.

When the first commercials appeared, praising the wonderful properties of certain well-known brands of cigarettes, the image of a smoking person was formed in the minds of the younger generation, which was associated with solidity, adulthood and permissiveness.

According to statistics, the largest number of cigarette smokers live in Lebanon, and the small state of Bhutan ranks last in the list of smoking countries. As part of assessing the social level of a person, smoking expensive brands of cigarettes signals high material opportunities and belonging to the elite caste. Paying tribute to a fashionable habit, the population of the planet did not immediately begin to think about the consequences of a harmful occupation, which for many became an outlet, a way to support a conversation in a company, and a means to pass free minutes.

Curiosities and participation of the greats of this world in the history of cigarettes

The use of tobacco in one form or another has become part of the culture of all countries and peoples for several centuries. On the diverse continents of our planet, rituals, legends, rituals, fairy tales, habits and other types of local creations are associated with smoking. Do you know, for example, that:

• the habit of smoking breaks appeared in Russia in the middle of the centuries, taking breaks in work, the poor tried to “puff up” with tea or nettles;
• planting "tobacco madness" by Peter Ι sometimes turned into a real nightmare for Russian boyars, they confused 2 curiosities: potatoes and tobacco, cigarettes from dry potato tops did not cause them either understanding or Peter's delight;
• the roosters, which the peasants fed with tobacco, showed too active attention to the “ladies of the heart” in the chicken coop, the babies born after the dates got the well-known name “tobacco chickens”;
• the world famous author of the table of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev, a big fan of cigarettes and good tobacco, dreamed of finding a place for a smoking idol in one of the cells of his brilliant invention;
• we owe the appearance of flavored cigarettes to the biologist-breeder I.V. Michurin, experiments on the symbiosis of tobacco and fruits and berries were not in vain; decades later they found their application in the tobacco industry.

Modern cigarettes are the pinnacle of scientific experiments and the perfection of tobacco industry technologies. Special filters, high quality tobacco cut, electronic options and saving packaging. Back in the mid-1950s, medical scientists began their first research into the benefits and harms of smoking, the advantages of cigarettes over cigarettes and smoking pipes. Monitoring data from these studies is not within our purview.

The use of cigarettes is a conscious choice of every adult responsible for their health. But one thing is for sure: the history of cigarette smoking has been long, colorful and eventful. And new pages will appear in it.

With a whitening effect.

To speed up the combustion of tobacco, special substances are often added to cigarettes. Without additives, tobacco burns rather poorly, especially in the absence of forced draft (smoker's puffs).

A pack of cigarettes is a thick paper package, usually containing 20 cigarettes. There are special packs of cigarettes containing 10-25 and other quantities, but this is the exception rather than the rule. In accordance with the current law of the Russian Federation, each pack must contain an inscription warning about the dangers of smoking, a special excise stamp must be pasted and a price above which distribution is prohibited is given.

Chronic cigarette smoking, like other forms of tobacco smoking, is highly addictive and has a long-term negative impact on the health of the smoker. The health of non-smokers who are close to the smoker and are often exposed to tobacco smoke also suffers. Federal legislation of the Russian Federation prohibits the sale of tobacco products to minors .

History

The first similarities of cigarettes were invented by the American Indians. It was they who began to wrap tobacco in straw, reed, corn leaves. In 1492, Columbus, on one of the islands in the Caribbean (perhaps it was the island of Tobago, from whose name, according to some historians, the word "tobacco" came from) met an old smoking Indian (hence the traditional symbol of a tobacco shop - smoking pipe Indian).

In Europe, the distribution of cigarettes began after the Crimean War of 1853-1856. - Russian and Turkish soldiers, in order to smoke at a halt, began to wrap tobacco in paper cartridges from gunpowder or scraps of newspapers. This habit was adopted by the British and French troops in the Crimea from their Turkish counterparts, then their mass production was established in England. The first cigarette factory in Europe was built in London.

Cigarettes owe their rapid spread to the invention in the United States in the late 1880s of machines for their manufacture. For the manufacture of cigarettes, tobacco of new "light" varieties was used (for example, "White Burley"). Cigarettes quickly became popular with smokers, because it took time and the right environment to smoke a cigar or pipe, and this was not always enough. The first cigarettes were not equipped with a filter and looked more like cigarettes.

For the manufacture of American cigarettes, waste from the production of other tobacco products was used.

Smokers get lung cancer several times more often than non-smokers. According to modern data, more than 90% of lung cancer cases are associated with a history of smoking. The main etiological factors of lung cancer in smokers are considered to be radon, polonium, benzpyrene and nitrosamines contained in tobacco tar.

Smoking also increases the likelihood of other types of cancer. These include malignant tumors of the oral cavity, esophagus, larynx, pancreas, stomach, colon, kidneys, bladder, liver, prostate.

In addition, smoking causes emphysema, a chronic disease associated with irreversible degeneration of lung tissue. Smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Smoking contributes to the development of respiratory infections. Smoking is a risk factor for pregnancy complications.

Substances found in tobacco smoke

The smoke of an average cigarette contains up to 12,000 different substances and chemical compounds. Of these, 196 are poisonous and 14 are narcotic.

Notes: * Carcinogens, ** Toxins. Acetaldehyde occurs when sugar is burned and, along with nicotine, is addictive.

famous brands of cigarettes

see also

• List of countries by cigarette consumption per capita

Notes

Links

When did the first cigarette appear

The custom of inhaling the smoke of plants was brought to the European continent, of course, by the discoverer of America, Columbus. Smoking was available only to aristocrats and was not yet such an addiction as it is now.

Mass production of cigarettes began in the most aristocratic country in the world - England, where the first cigarette factory was opened. But for the production of cigarettes, an American, of course, of European origin, came up with.

In Europe and Asia, among ordinary people, cigarettes began their triumphal path during the Russian-Turkish war. The soldiers in the trenches did not have enough time for long smoke breaks and began to hastily wrap tobacco in scraps of newspapers or paper shells for gunpowder.

How the cigarette conquered the world

Among contemporaries, smoking is no longer so popularized, in many countries a ban, penalties and other restrictions have been introduced. But the cigarette is in no hurry to give up its positions and its fans still do not part with it, despite its rather high cost and health hazard.

"This vice will be condemned, and will always be drawn to it."

Bernardino Ramazini.

Somehow, an idea came to me - whether to write an article about tobacco, the history of its occurrence, and then continue the logical chain to the present day. I liked the idea, because tobacco has long entered our culture and has taken its strong place in it.

According to studies conducted in 2009, about 40% of the adult population in Russia smoke. Serious numbers, I would say. It follows from this that the issue of smoking deserves the closest attention and investigation.

But in fact we have a completely different picture. Searching for information on the Internet, it became clear that nothing was written on this topic. More precisely, it is written, but in such a form and so fragmented that, as they say, "the devil himself will break his head." Therefore, I decided to fill this gap, at least partially.

Whether I succeeded in this task or not is up to you.

"Now there is so much written about the dangers of smoking that I have firmly decided to stop reading."

Joseph Cutten.

Buckle up, the journey begins...

Travel to America.

"When the earth was empty and people were starving, the Great Spirit sent a woman to save mankind. She walked through the world and wherever her right hand touched the earth, potatoes grew, and where her left hand touched the earth, corn grew. And when the world became rich and fertile, she sat down to rest. When she got up, tobacco grew in that place ... "

Huron Indian legend.

The discoverer of tobacco can be safely considered Christopher Columbus. Having "discovered", so to speak, America, during his expedition to India, he also "discovered" the habit of smoking. Having landed on the island of San Salvador (Guanahani), he and his team met local natives, mistaking them for the inhabitants of India and calling them Indians. Subsequently, this name stuck with them.

On November 15, 1492, Columbus described tobacco in his diary, the first written record of an unusual plant. He and his team were amazed to see how the locals rolled tobacco leaves, set fire to one end and inhaled the smoke through their mouths.

But Columbus was only the discoverer of tobacco, you should not attribute it to him, as many do today. Columbus did not distribute anything.

An Indian brings tobacco as a gift to De Jerez.

The natives gave him some dried tobacco leaves, which he brought with him (someone claims that he threw them overboard), according to another version, members of his expedition secretly brought tobacco leaves from other ships. As it was in fact, I think it is impossible to know.

In general, the Columbus team perceived smoking negatively. Of the entire team, only two dared to try smoking tobacco. They were Luis de Torres and Rodrigo de Jerez. Upon arrival in Spain, Rodrigo de Jerez decided to demonstrate his new "skills" acquired during the voyage, for which he was convicted by the Inquisition and imprisoned (puffing smoke through his nose and mouth was regarded as a connection with evil spirits).

Rodrigo de Jerez can rightly be considered the first smoker in Europe. In total, for his act, he spent 7 years in prison.

For those who do not understand, but I am sure that there is some kind of "finger poker", I will repeat it again.

Columbus brought with him only tobacco leaves, he did not bring seeds.

But if Columbus only described tobacco? By the way, the origin of the word "tobacco" has not yet been established for certain, it is believed that the natives called it that - "tobacco"; according to another version - it got its name from the island "Tobago". So who then brought the seeds to Europe?

By seed and fruit.

It is believed that the first tobacco seeds were brought to Spain by the monk Froy Roman Pano in 1496, who participated in the second expedition of Columbus to the New World. But they began to spread from Portugal, because Spain and Portugal at that time were considered the largest competitive maritime countries and both took part in the plunder of America.

The name of Roman Pano is almost never associated with tobacco; later names such as André Teve and Jean Nicot entered the history.

Andre Theve (1516 - 1590)

André Thévé was a French monk-traveler who took part in the expedition of Admiral Nicolas Villegagnon to South America in 1555. From it he brought the first tobacco seeds to France.

On the expedition, he instructed the Indians on the "true path", made notes with sketches in his diary, and also studied in detail the strange custom of smoking tobacco by the Indians. All these customs, the process of growing, harvesting and drying tobacco, he describes in his essay "Les Singularitez ..." (1557).

"They have an unusual herb, which they call petun, and which they use for many purposes. They wrap the dried herb in a palm leaf and roll it into a tube the length of a candle. it attracts and distills the fluids flowing in the brain, and even makes the feeling of hunger go away, which is the reason for using it constantly.Even talking to you, they first draw smoke and then talk, and do this up to 200 times.Women also use this herb but less frequently. The Christians who were there liked the smoke. At first, it is not safe to use it, for before you get used to it, the smoke causes weakness, even fainting, as I found myself. I can be proud that I was He was the first in France to bring the seeds of this plant to France, sowed it and named it Angoumois Grass.

Andre Theve.

With his colorful stories about America, Teve captivated the mind of Queen Catherine de Medici, for which she made him her confessor.

André Theve is considered one of the first tobacco promoters in Europe.

The starting point, or more precisely, the breakthrough of the mass distribution of tobacco throughout Europe, can be considered the year 1560, when the French diplomat Jean Villeman Nico, the compiler of one of the first French dictionaries, brought snuff from Portugal, where he was ambassador, to France.

In France, Nico presented tobacco as a panacea for all diseases, especially migraines, which either the Queen of France Catherine de Medici suffered from, or her son Charles IX (I still could not understand this issue, but I think this is not important for us).

Tobacco liked the queen, apparently it really distracted from pain, and already after the queen, as they say by her example, tobacco began to come into fashion among the highest nobility of France. And this is not surprising, at all times the nobility tried to imitate the kings in everything.

The snuff was called "poudre a la reine" ("powder of the queen").

Later, Jean Nicot wrote a voluminous collection in which he listed the diseases that tobacco cures. These diseases included: colic, nephritis, hysteria, dysentery, toothache, migraines, ulcers, neuroses, ailments, runny nose and much more, you can’t count everything.

Also, a little later, tobacco fell in love with the master of the Order of Malta, who was not slow to distribute it among his adherents.

Tobacco began to gain more and more popularity, especially in Paris.

As a result, the plant was given the name "herbe nicotiniane" ("nicotine grass"), in honor of Jean Nicot. Later, in honor of Niko, the alkaloid contained in tobacco - "nicotine" will be named.

Much later, in 1735, the Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus classified tobacco and named two of its types in honor of the same Jean Nico: "Nicotiana rustica" and "Nicotiana tabacum". So they are called to this day.

From the state to "effective private hands", a chronicle of events.

"This vice brings the treasury 100 million francs in taxes a year. I would ban it even now if you find an equally profitable virtue."

Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon III).

It is not difficult to guess that soon there were people who realized that you can make good money on tobacco.

In 1636, the first tobacco company wholly owned by the state, Tabacalera, was founded in Spain. She was engaged in the production of cigars - from Spanish. "cigarro" (Read about the symbolism of a cigar here - link, 18+).

Subsequently, all other countries also began to try to establish a state monopoly on the sale of tobacco.

At the same time (around 1636), the first cigarettes were born.

The poor of the city of Seville, who worked in tobacco factories, collected cigar scraps, which they shredded and wrapped in thin paper. So the word formation "cigar - cigarette" turned out, that is, a cigarette is such a "non-cigar" ("cigarette" - the word was coined by Theophile Gauthier in 1833, after visiting a factory in Seville).

But the tobacco business was too profitable to remain in the hands of the state, its market was constantly growing. Private capital became interested in tobacco, as a result of which the tobacco industry began to develop exponentially.

Since 1854, Philip Morris has been producing cigarettes.

In 1864, the first cigarette factory opens in the United States.

In 1881, Engineer James Albert Bonsack receives a patent for the world's first cigarette rolling machine, which he invented, which reduces manual labor and switches to a conveyor type of production.

In 1902, "Philip Morris" opens a representative office of his company in the United States.

in 1914, the first tobacco production monopoly in Russia was formed - the St. Petersburg Export and Trade Joint-Stock Company, which covered thirteen tobacco factories in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don and Feodosia.

In 1917, all tobacco companies in Russia were nationalized.

In 1932, George J. Blaisdell began manufacturing the famous "Zippo" lighters, which gained great popularity among the military during World War II.

A sharp turn in the development of the tobacco industry was the First World War (1914 - 1918), as tobacco was introduced into the army diet in almost all countries of the world. In order to win the war, we need tobacco as much as we need bullets.", said American General John Pershing. As a result, a huge number of smoking men.

The second major stage in the development of the tobacco industry is, oddly enough, the Second World War (1939 - 1945), cigarettes are introduced into soldiers' rations, like food. Tobacco companies send millions of cigarettes to the front for free. The result is the total addiction of men to smoking.

And do not think that the distribution of cigarettes in the army is an accident. I'll tell you a secret there are no coincidences.

But the greatest contribution to the spread of tobacco was made by cinema. Beginning in the late 1940s and early 1950s, movie actors made the cigarette an integral part of their image. But we will talk about this later.

Herbal journey or "how tobacco went around the world".

Attitudes towards smoking in all countries of the world, at first, were equally negative. Churches regarded this act as a connection with the Devil, and the authorities severely punished.

Spain - Italy - Portugal.

I guess, that Spain can be safely called the first country to try tobacco and start its distribution (namely tobacco, not its seeds). It was the Spaniards who "discovered" America, it was the Spaniards who robbed it, it was the Spaniards who made America their colony, and that is why Spain became the strongest power in Europe at that time. The first tobacco plantations were also established by the Spaniards in the American colonies.

At first, when tobacco appeared in Spain, the Inquisition severely suppressed all acts of smoking, but soon it was allowed (legalized, so to speak). The exact years when this happened are unknown, but if Rodrigo de Jerez was imprisoned for smoking in 1501 and he sat in it for 7 years, then it can be assumed that by 1508 the views of the Inquisition softened, but not completely, since the boom in tobacco distribution went around the countries from the middle of the 16th century, before that it was somehow possible to restrain him.

As a result, in Spain (and Italy), even priests became addicted to tobacco, who no longer hesitated to smoke in the temples themselves during the service (mass). In 1624, Pope Urban VIII responded to these impudent antics by a decree in which he threatened to renounce the church to anyone who smokes or sniffs tobacco in holy places (renunciation of the church, by the way, at that time was the worst punishment).

Portugal was the second of the two most powerful powers in Europe. The peak of its development just fell on the beginning of the XVI century.

The clearest example of the power of two states of that time is the Treaty of Tordesillas between Portugal and Spain, on the basis of which the countries divided the zones of world influence into two parts.

To explain roughly and briefly, the world was divided into two parts by a line, the territory on the right side of the meridian belonged to Portugal, and the one to the left of Spain. This entire treaty was based on the notion of the time that the earth was flat.

But from 1580 to 1640, Portugal also became subject to Spain.

Who was the first to bring tobacco to Portugal is not exactly known, according to the assumption it was made by Juan Ponce de Leon, who later went to South America in search, where he laid down his violent head. What is known for sure is that by the end of the 15th century, tobacco was already known in Portugal.

England.

Tobacco appeared in England thanks to the English admiral Sir John Hawkins in 1564 (there is a version that Francis Drake also contributed to the distribution of tobacco in England in 1573), but tobacco does not gain much popularity, only sailors smoke it.

The popularity of tobacco in England is associated with the name of Walter Raleigh - the courtier of Elizabeth I and part-time navigator (at that time it was a frequent occurrence). In 1585, he returned from an expedition to America, from where he brought tobacco seeds and the addiction itself.

It was he who taught Queen Elizabeth to smoke, after which the fashion also began to disperse among her courtiers (many say that Elizabeth I fought tobacco cruelly, perhaps this is so, but it was exactly how she became addicted herself).

"I have seen many men turn their gold into smoke, but you are the first to turn smoke into gold."

Elizabeth I to Sir Walter Raleigh.

A story spread through London that when Raleigh first lit a cigarette in the presence of his servant, he yelled, "The master is on fire!" and poured a pitcher of water over Sir Walter's head.

By the way, Walter Raleigh is the one who first set off in search of Eldorado, the city of pure gold, which so attracted the Europeans.

In 1603, King James I, who was an ardent opponent of smoking, came to power in England. He is the first in the world to write about the dangers of smoking ("Protest Tobacco").

In 1618, James I sentenced Raleigh to death by beheading. This was due to a conspiracy against the crown, but some considered smoking to be the reason for the execution, and it is from here that the myth takes its roots that in England they chopped off their heads for smoking.

Raleigh's last wish before he died was to smoke a pipe of tobacco.

After the execution of Walter Raleigh, no one else "lost" his head from smoking.

"The custom is disgusting to the eyes, disgusting to the nose, harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs, and this black, smelly smoke, most of all reminiscent of the terrible infernal smoke from the underworld."

James I, 1604

Jacob's struggle with tobacco ended with the fact that he imposed a "draconian" tax on it (I don't know if this is true, but I have come across a figure of 4000%).

England became a trendsetter for smoking pipes.

France.

Tobacco began to be smoked in France under Louis XIII (reign: 1610 - 1643), before that it was predominantly sniffed. In 1621, by decree of the king's chief minister, Armand Jean du Plessis, France allowed the cultivation and sale of tobacco.

Germany.

In 1565, tobacco comes to Germany. There he receives the name "heilige kraut" ("holy herb"). Tobacco in Germany, just like in France, was sniffed, the fashion for smoking it went from England, in the 1620s.

Johann Sebastian Bach, who was a heavy smoker, even wrote these verses:

"Tobacco makes my mind clearer.

O pipe, you are my faithful friend!

I'm not leaving - oh no! - I'm with her

My leisure is pleasant with her".

Asian countries.

“Once the prophet Muhammad was walking through the desert in winter and found a half-frozen snake, picked it up and, out of the kindness of his soul, warmed it in his bosom. When the snake came to, she said to Muhammad: “I must bite you, because I took such an oath.” “In that case, you must keep your word,” said the prophet and extended his hand. Then, shaking off the snake, he sucked the poison out of the wound and spat on the ground. A plant grew in this place that possessed both the poisonousness of a snake and the meekness of a prophet - tobacco " .

Eastern legend.

From Western Europe, in the second half of the 16th century, tobacco came to Turkey, and through it quickly spread throughout the rest of Asia.

In Muslim countries, tobacco was treated more harshly than in Europe, because the Koran forbids harming oneself. In fact, if you look at it, the Bible also forbids harming yourself and others, but this did not stop anyone, because many were treated with tobacco and considered it for some time a panacea for everything, anything.

"The Prophet allows everything good, positive, useful. And forbids everything bad, bad, harmful."

Holy Quran, 7:157.

"Don't kill yourself."

Holy Quran, 4:29.

"Don't you know that your bodies are the temple of the Holy Spirit who lives in you, whom you have from God, and you are not your own? For you were bought with a price. Therefore glorify God in your bodies and in your souls, which are God's."

1 Cor. 6:19,20.

IN Turkey for smoking they were subjected to corporal punishment, shameful ceremonies and even sentenced to death.

Sultan Murad IV (reign: 1623 - 1640) secretly went out into the streets of Istanbul and asked street vendors to sell him tobacco. If someone did this, thereby breaking the law, then he was immediately cut off his head or quartered, leaving the body on the street as a warning to other offenders.

In general, Murad IV himself was a very cruel ruler, during the years of his reign up to 25,000 people were executed according to general estimates.

In 1647, tobacco in Turkey was equated with coffee, wine and opium. Death awaited the offenders.

IN Iran Shah Sefi I (reign: 1628 - 1642) poured molten lead down the throats of two merchants for trying to sell tobacco.

smoking in China.

IN China tobacco comes to the beginning of the XVII century. There is a version that traders from Europe brought it there, but I think that the option with Turkey is more plausible.

Very soon (in the same century), in addition to smoking tobacco, the Chinese learned to smoke opium, which led to mass drug addiction among the population.

We will not touch on opium in the article (for those who are interested, I refer to the "opium wars").

In 1638 - 1641, the Chinese Emperor Ming enacts laws prohibiting the sale of tobacco and its smoking. But these laws did not last long.

In 1644, the Ming dynasty was overthrown and all restrictions on the sale and smoking of tobacco were lifted. Since then, China has become the largest smoking country. By the way, China still defends this vague "palm" - today, the number of smokers in China exceeds 300,000,000 people.

Smoking woman. Japan.

IN Japan tobacco cultivation begins in 1603.

Smoking here is also rapidly spreading among the population. In this regard, Emperor Tokugawa enacts smoking bans. But these measures do not stop smokers, they do not scare them with punishments (fines, confiscations, prison), and from 1650 to 1675 all tobacco bans in Japan are also removed.

By the end In the 18th century, tobacco came to almost every country in the world.

For greater clarity, I drew a map of the distribution of tobacco around the world.

Distribution of tobacco around the world.

How tobacco came to Russia.

"When God, angry with the devils, threw them out of the sky, one devil flew and flew and fell on the top of a dry oak. The devil hung on the tree until it began to rot. Rotten dust began to pour from it onto the ground, and from this Tobacco grew from the dust, and people began to smoke and sniff it, and then plant it in their gardens."

Russian legend.

The word "smoke" is of ancient common Slavic origin, formed using the suffix "iti" from the root stem "smoke", which means "smoke", "stench".

The history of tobacco in Russia begins in 1553, and not with Peter I, as many people think today.

“In the meantime, our people learned that this country was called Russia, or Muscovy, and that Ivan Vasilievich (such was the name of their then king) ruled far inland lands. The Russian barbarians, in turn, asked ours where they came from and why they arrived, to which they received the answer that the English had arrived, sent to these shores by the most excellent king Edward the sixth with orders to inform the king about certain matters, that they were looking for nothing but his friendship and the opportunity to trade with his subjects, from which there would be great profit for subjects of both kingdoms.

Richard Chancellor.

It is impossible to say for sure whether Chancellor himself brought tobacco to Russia or subsequent merchant ships. It is only known that from that moment on, tobacco appears in Russia and is supplied to us by English sailors, and they do this earlier than in their homeland (see section England).

Ivan IV the peasant was severe, and therefore, I think, he punished smoking severely, although during his reign it could not yet take root strongly.

Tobacco smoking begins to spread massively under the rule of the Romanovs.

In 1634, Mikhail Fedorovich forbade smoking tobacco throughout Russia. In the "Cathedral Code" of 1649, it was forbidden to smoke, drink and keep tobacco at home ("drink" - the poor drank tincture of tobacco).

"And which archers and walkers and all sorts of people with tobacco will be in the drive twice, or thrice, and those people will be tortured and not alone, and beaten with a whip on a goat, or by bargaining, and for many drives such people will flog their nostrils and cut their noses, and after torture and punishment, exile to distant cities, where the sovereign will indicate that, despite that, it would be disrespectful for others to do so.

Chapter XXV, 16. Cathedral Code of 1649

"Those who use snuff have their nostrils torn out, and there are many such in Muscovy."

Balthasar Coyette, 1676.

Fedor III Alekseevich (reign: 1676 - 1682), the grandson of Mikhail Fedorovich, was more loyal to tobacco, it was smoked even at the royal court.

* * *

I love you, Peter's creation,

I love your strict, slender look,

Neva sovereign current,

Its coastal granite ...

A.S. Pushkin

Peter I smokes a pipe.

Peter I, considered the main promoter of smoking in Russia, was initially against tobacco and continued the policy of punishing its use.

In 1696, smoking was punished in different ways: those serving people were entitled to a whip for smoking, while the rest of the smokers and merchants were fined - 5 rubles per merchant and 1 ruble per commoner, for the second drive - 50 rubles per merchant and beating a commoner, for the third drive - 100 rubles fine or exile.

Peter's attitude to tobacco changed dramatically after his trip to Europe (1697 - 1698). In England, he became more familiar with the culture of smoking (tobacco was smoked there mainly through a pipe), but it is believed that Peter was hooked on smoking by his employee, a Scot by origin, Patrick Gordon, after which Peter changed his views on tobacco.

By a decree of 1697, Russian merchants were allowed to trade in tobacco, while foreign merchants, on the contrary, were forbidden, " so that the collection of the monetary treasury does not cause a shortfall".

Under Peter, in 1716, the first tobacco plantation in Russia was created, located on the territory of Ukraine (since there are still the most fertile lands there), but domestic tobacco was not in great demand (everything is the same as today).

Beginning with XVIII century, tobacco in Russia is gaining popularity. Prior to this, ordinary people did not smoke or sniff it, but preferred to drink tinctures based on it, but this was also done mainly by "walking" people. For the most part, the people had a negative attitude towards tobacco, as evidenced by many sayings on this topic: " You smoke - you kill yourself", "Tobacco and wine with a drunkard at the same time", "Who is severe to himself, he is healthy".

Until 1810, preference in Russia was given to snuff, imported mainly from Turkey. A great lover of snuff was Catherine the Great, who preferred "Gishpan tobacco.

In 1848, due to frequent fires, a police decree banned smoking in public places. Smoking was allowed only in specially designated establishments - taverns (just like today).

Since about 1844, cigarettes have come into fashion, as I think this was the cause of frequent fires, as smokers threw bulls anywhere. Later, for fire safety and the cleanliness of the streets, they came up with the idea of ​​​​putting urns that were made of stone or bronze.

The first cigarettes in Russia were produced by only one factory - the factory of A.F. Miller.

Factory S. Gabay, founded in 1856 (now "Java").

Factory Dukat, founded in 1891.

Brainwashing. tobacco manipulation.

"Give me a cigarette, you have striped trousers..."

From the movie "Heart of a Dog".

The appearance of cigarettes, and after them cigarettes, can be safely called a new era of the tobacco business, already completely private. Even in Russia, the first cigarette factories belonged to private foreign capital.

First American cigarette pack. 1880

At the very beginning of the 20th century, the president of the Lucky Strike company (translated as "successful strike" - according to legend, factory workers went on strike, as a result of which the batch of tobacco deteriorated, but the owner mixed it with good tobacco and got a new taste) turned to E. Bernays, already managed to prove itself, in order to increase sales of cigarettes among women (so to speak, entering a new market).

Bernays came up with an ingenious manipulative move. To achieve his goals, he enlisted the feminists of New York (then called "suffragettes"), who fought for equal political rights with men and organized annual marches around the city.

One of the suffragette marches in New York.

Led by several famous actresses, also invited by Bernays, the women marched in a huge march through the city, smoking Lucky Strike cigarettes (many of them coughing as they smoked for the first time), it was a kind of demonstration of equality, because before that it was believed that smoking was the privilege of men.

Thus, the cigarette became a symbol of equality, it was called the "torch of freedom." Massive female smoking begins with this. Tobacco companies are urgently beginning to reorient their products towards women.

So in 1924, Philip Morris creates a brand of women's cigarettes Marlboro, named after the street in London, where the company's first factory was located. Sell ​​Marlboro under the slogan "gentle as May" (Mild as May).

Anti-tobacco movements.

"Smoking makes you dumb. It is not compatible with creative work. Smoking is good only for inactive people."

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

Painting by Vincent van Gogh 1886

The first anti-tobacco slogan appeared in 1915:

"TO a boy who smokes may not worry about his future - he has no future"

Davis Starr Jordan.

In 1936, the German scientist Fritz Licking introduces the concept of "passive smoking".

The first state in the world to support the anti-smoking campaign was Germany during the reign of A. Hitler.

Hitler was an ardent opponent and fighter against smoking (by the way, Hitler was also a vegetarian and reproached his subordinates if they ate soup on meat broth, he called such dishes "cadaveric extract").

A broad approach to the problem and various propaganda methods to combat smoking have borne fruit. From 1939 to 1945, the number of smokers in Germany decreased by 23.4%.

By the way, all these methods are used all over the world today, no one has come up with anything new.

"There is nothing easier than quitting smoking - I've quit thirty times already."

Mark Twain.

A little-known fact, but I.V. Stalin quit smoking three and a half months before his death. He was very proud of this, because all his life he did not let go of his favorite smoking pipe, which even became in some way his symbol.

After the war, due to new scientific data on the dangers of smoking, which seriously disturbed society, tobacco companies have to go to new tricks.