How did smoking come about? The history of the appearance of tobacco and interesting facts about smoking Harm from a hookah

The history of the origin of smoking, although not in the form in which we know it now, should be considered from the positions of East and West. The information that has come down to us was mainly read by historians from rock paintings, ancient frescoes and descriptions of ancient travelers.

East

In the temples of India, you can find images showing priests setting fire to fragrant herbs and inhaling their smoke. It is not known for certain whether it was tobacco or other herbs, but nevertheless, this process cannot be described otherwise than smoking. There are also frescoes depicting smoking pipes. Similar items were found during excavations in Egypt. They were placed in the crypts of the rich nobility, according to historians, as early as the 21st-23rd centuries. BC.

Herodotus, describing his observations of the life of the Scythians - the peoples who inhabited the territories of Eastern Europe and the Middle East in the era of antiquity and the Middle Ages - testified that they also inhaled the smoke of burning plants. Apparently, such practices were of a religious nature, they were the key to communicating with spirits and performing magical rituals.

Ancient Chinese literature contains information about the use of various herbs for smoking, including. Manipulations for fumigating the sick were performed mainly by healers or ministers of temples. Cannabis, which has narcotic properties, was used to enter a trance for religious purposes. Also, plants were taken orally, used as an ointment. Tobacco smoking was perceived in antiquity as part of a healing ritual.

West

The West refers primarily to North and South America, where the tobacco bush originated, fully formed around 6000 BC. It is known that the ancient Indian tribes discovered this plant around 1000 BC. and made attempts to use it - smoked, chewed, rubbed it and even made enemas to communicate with the gods. There is an ancient legend in the Huron tribe about how a mysterious woman, possessed by the Great Spirit, saved the people from starvation. In the place that touched her right hand, potatoes grew, and the left -. And where she lay down to rest, tobacco began to grow. The Indians used tobacco smoke to communicate with the Spirit. It was also believed that smoking helps warriors fight hunger. Later, smoking pipes began to appear in North America. In South America, the Indians learned how to tightly roll tobacco leaves for smoking - this continent became the birthplace of the first.

When did the first cigarette appear

The custom of inhaling the smoke of plants was brought to the European continent, of course, by the discoverer of America, Columbus. Smoking was available only to aristocrats and was not yet such an addiction as it is now.

Mass production of cigarettes began in the most aristocratic country in the world - England, where the first cigarette factory was opened. But for the production of cigarettes, an American, of course, of European origin, came up with.

In Europe and Asia, among ordinary people, cigarettes began their triumphal path during the Russian-Turkish war. The soldiers in the trenches did not have enough time for long smoke breaks and began to hastily wrap tobacco in scraps of newspapers or paper shells for gunpowder.

How the cigarette conquered the world

Among contemporaries, smoking is no longer so popularized, in many countries a ban, penalties and other restrictions have been introduced. But the cigarette is in no hurry to give up its positions and its fans still do not part with it, despite its rather high cost and health hazard.

Tobacco broke into history very abruptly, and spread in a short period of time. If not for certain historical actions, individual characters and a certain set of circumstances, then perhaps smoking would not play such a detrimental role in people's lives.
It is believed that tobacco cultivation began in the Central America region around 6000 BC.

But this statement is false. In fact, purposeful tobacco cultivation began 5,000 years later, about 1,000 years ago. BC. The Maya civilization were the first tribes who chewed and smoked the leaves of the tobacco plant, they also mixed the tobacco leaves with medicinal herbs and plants, after which they applied this mixture to the wounds of the patient. As the Maya dispersed and populated various areas of the Americas, such as North and South America, they spread their precious tobacco plants.

Hundreds of years later, during the greatest European exploration around the world, tobacco was discovered in the New World and then brought to Europe. This is how it started history of cigarettes and their production.

Columbus was probably the first European to see tobacco leaves, but he did not smoke them himself.
Another explorer, Rodrigo de Jerez, soon after the discovery of Columbus, landed in Cuba and observed how some of the inhabitants smoke tobacco leaves, he soon also tried smoking.

On his return to Spain, Jerez filled all the holds with tobacco. He amazed his countrymen by the process of smoking in front of them. Never in their lives have they seen a man with smoke coming out of his mouth and nose. People thought he was possessed by the devil and members of the Spanish Inquisition imprisoned him for several years. But the history of cigarettes did not end there. During his imprisonment, smoking became a very popular activity in Spain.

In the 1530s, Europeans, seeing the potential for income from growing tobacco, set out to colonize the Caribbean. In these areas, they established the cultivation of tobacco, then the tobacco was exported back to Europe. Sir Francis Drake was the first person to bring a shipment of tobacco to Britain in 1573, later Sir Walter Raleigh made tobacco smoking popular in the court of Queen Elizabeth I. In 1586 Sir Walter Raleigh traveled to America where he met Ralph Lane, who At that time he was Governor of Virginia. Ralph Lane enjoyed smoking the clay pipe, which was very popular there.

A year later, the colonists who had previously left England to settle in Virginia returned to their homeland and introduced the fashion of smoking clay pipes in English society. Over the years, many English families went to Virginia in an attempt to get rich by growing tobacco on plantations.

The smoking pipe has also gradually become an extremely popular smoking device in a number of other European countries, including Spain and France.

At the beginning of the 17th century, tobacco began to be regularly imported into Great Britain, the profit from importing tobacco at that time was 25,000 pounds. At the turn of the century, this amount increased and approached 38 million pounds.
The smoking pipe and tobacco became popular in London in the 17th century. The British also smoked cigars until the middle of the 18th century, in the late 1880s. there were cigarettes in the form in which we know them.

With the advent of cigarette-making machines, which at the time produced about 200 cigarettes per minute, the tobacco industry began to grow. With the advent of mass production of cigarettes, they became more affordable and captured a wider range of people. At first it was mostly soldiers fighting in wars who became addicted to smoking.

During extended periods of inactivity, when soldiers' morale was low, they were given cigarettes to boost morale. At the start of World War II, US President Roosevelt made tobacco a protected plant. There was a shortage of tobacco in America and England, packages and packs of cigarettes were sent to the troops fighting in the war. During both world wars, cigarette smoking became very popular. Soldiers returning from the war introduced cigarette smoking into their daily lives, which served to reinforce the trend. At the time, little attention was paid to medical research examining the effects of smoking. It wasn't until the 1950s that the first warnings began to appear about the link between smoking and lung cancer.

At that time, the tobacco companies had become a multi-million dollar industry and they couldn't afford to have bad publicity.
In 1964, the US Secretary of Health reported that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer. Since then, tobacco advertising has been banned from television and radio, and tobacco companies have been required to “print health warnings” on the packs of their brands of cigarettes.

In 1973, the United States introduced the first restrictions on smoking in public places.

All airlines were required to separate smoking and non-smoking areas on their aircraft, and in 1987 smoking was completely banned on flights.

In 1988, the US Secretary of Health, after extensive research, concluded that nicotine is addictive as a drug.

By 1990, there were even more restrictions on smoking on public transportation and Vermont became the first state in the US to ban smoking in all indoor public places.

The big bosses of the tobacco companies swore in the US Congress in 1994 that nicotine was not addictive and that they had no control over the levels of nicotine found in cigarettes. However, only three years later they reappeared before Congress to testify that nicotine is addictive and that smoking can cause cancer.

More and more tobacco companies in the United States are facing numerous lawsuits from individuals seeking compensation for the death of their relatives or for their own ill health, which they claim was caused by smoking. The plaintiffs demanded to pay huge sums of money for non-pecuniary damage. And more and more cases were winning.

"This vice will be condemned, and will always be drawn to it."

Bernardino Ramazini.

Somehow, an idea came to me - whether to write an article about tobacco, the history of its occurrence, and then continue the logical chain to the present day. I liked the idea, because tobacco has long entered our culture and has taken its strong place in it.

According to studies conducted in 2009, about 40% of the adult population in Russia smoke. Serious numbers, I would say. It follows from this that the issue of smoking deserves the closest attention and investigation.

But in fact we have a completely different picture. Searching for information on the Internet, it became clear that nothing was written on this topic. More precisely, it is written, but in such a form and so fragmented that, as they say, "the devil himself will break his head." Therefore, I decided to fill this gap, at least partially.

Whether I succeeded in this task or not is up to you.

"Now there is so much written about the dangers of smoking that I have firmly decided to stop reading."

Joseph Cutten.

Buckle up, the journey begins...

Travel to America.

"When the earth was empty and people were starving, the Great Spirit sent a woman to save mankind. She walked through the world and wherever her right hand touched the earth, potatoes grew, and where the earth touched her left hand grew corn. And when the world became rich and fertile, she sat down to rest. When she got up, tobacco grew in that place ... "

Huron Indian legend.

The discoverer of tobacco can be safely considered Christopher Columbus. Having "discovered", so to speak, America, during his expedition to India, he also "discovered" the habit of smoking. Having landed on the island of San Salvador (Guanahani), he and his team met local natives, mistaking them for the inhabitants of India and calling them Indians. Subsequently, this name stuck with them.

On November 15, 1492, Columbus described tobacco in his diary, the first written record of an unusual plant. He and his team were amazed to see how the locals rolled tobacco leaves, set fire to one end and inhaled the smoke through their mouths.

But Columbus was only the discoverer of tobacco, you should not attribute it to him, as many do today. Columbus did not distribute anything.

An Indian brings tobacco as a gift to De Jerez.

The natives gave him some dried tobacco leaves, which he brought with him (someone claims that he threw them overboard), according to another version, members of his expedition secretly brought tobacco leaves from other ships. As it was in fact, I think it is impossible to know.

In general, the Columbus team perceived smoking negatively. Of the entire team, only two dared to try smoking tobacco. They were Luis de Torres and Rodrigo de Jerez. Upon arrival in Spain, Rodrigo de Jerez decided to demonstrate his new "skills" acquired during the voyage, for which he was convicted by the Inquisition and imprisoned (puffing smoke through his nose and mouth was regarded as a connection with evil spirits).

Rodrigo de Jerez can rightly be considered the first smoker in Europe. In total, for his act, he spent 7 years in prison.

For those who do not understand, but I am sure that there is some kind of "finger poker", I will repeat it again.

Columbus brought with him only tobacco leaves, he did not bring seeds.

But if Columbus only described tobacco? By the way, the origin of the word "tobacco" has not yet been established for certain, it is believed that the natives called it that - "tobacco"; according to another version - it got its name from the island "Tobago". So who then brought the seeds to Europe?

By seed and fruit.

It is believed that the first tobacco seeds were brought to Spain by the monk Froy Roman Pano in 1496, who participated in the second expedition of Columbus to the New World. But they began to spread from Portugal, because Spain and Portugal at that time were considered the largest competitive maritime countries and both took part in the plunder of America.

The name of Roman Pano is almost never associated with tobacco; later names such as André Teve and Jean Nicot entered the history.

Andre Theve (1516 - 1590)

André Thévé was a French monk-traveler who took part in the expedition of Admiral Nicolas Villegagnon to South America in 1555. From it he brought the first tobacco seeds to France.

On the expedition, he instructed the Indians on the "true path", made notes with sketches in his diary, and also studied in detail the strange custom of smoking tobacco by the Indians. All these customs, the process of growing, harvesting and drying tobacco, he describes in his essay "Les Singularitez ..." (1557).

"They have an unusual herb, which they call petun, and which they use for many purposes. They wrap the dried herb in a palm leaf and roll it into a tube the length of a candle. it attracts and distills the fluids flowing in the brain, and even makes the feeling of hunger go away, which is the reason for using it constantly.Even talking to you, they first draw smoke and then talk, and do this up to 200 times.Women also use this herb but less frequently. The Christians who were there liked the smoke. At first, it is not safe to use it, for before you get used to it, the smoke causes weakness, even fainting, as I found myself. I can be proud that I was He was the first in France to bring the seeds of this plant to France, sowed it and named it Angoumois Grass.

Andre Theve.

With his colorful stories about America, Teve captivated the mind of Queen Catherine de Medici, for which she made him her confessor.

André Theve is considered one of the first tobacco promoters in Europe.

The starting point, or more precisely, the breakthrough of the mass distribution of tobacco throughout Europe, can be considered the year 1560, when the French diplomat Jean Villeman Nico, the compiler of one of the first French dictionaries, brought snuff from Portugal, where he was ambassador, to France.

In France, Nico presented tobacco as a panacea for all diseases, especially migraines, which either the Queen of France Catherine de Medici suffered from, or her son Charles IX (I still could not understand this issue, but I think this is not important for us).

Tobacco liked the queen, apparently it really distracted from pain, and already after the queen, as they say by her example, tobacco began to come into fashion among the highest nobility of France. And this is not surprising, at all times the nobility tried to imitate the kings in everything.

The snuff was called "poudre a la reine" ("powder of the queen").

Later, Jean Nicot wrote a voluminous collection in which he listed the diseases that tobacco cures. These diseases included: colic, nephritis, hysteria, dysentery, toothache, migraines, ulcers, neuroses, ailments, runny nose and much more, you can’t count them all.

Also, a little later, tobacco fell in love with the master of the Order of Malta, who was not slow to distribute it among his adherents.

Tobacco began to gain more and more popularity, especially in Paris.

As a result, the plant was given the name "herbe nicotiniane" ("nicotine grass"), in honor of Jean Nicot. Later, in honor of Niko, the alkaloid contained in tobacco - "nicotine" will be named.

Much later, in 1735, the Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus classified tobacco and named two of its types in honor of the same Jean Nico: "Nicotiana rustica" and "Nicotiana tabacum". So they are called to this day.

From the state to "effective private hands", a chronicle of events.

"This vice brings the treasury 100 million francs in taxes a year. I would ban it even now if you find an equally profitable virtue."

Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon III).

It is not difficult to guess that soon there were people who realized that you can make good money on tobacco.

In 1636, the first tobacco company wholly owned by the state, Tabacalera, was founded in Spain. She was engaged in the production of cigars - from Spanish. "cigarro" (Read about the symbolism of a cigar here - link, 18+).

Subsequently, all other countries also began to try to establish a state monopoly on the sale of tobacco.

At the same time (around 1636), the first cigarettes were born.

The poor of the city of Seville, who worked in tobacco factories, collected cigar scraps, which they shredded and wrapped in thin paper. So the word formation "cigar - cigarette" turned out, that is, a cigarette is such a "non-cigar" ("cigarette" - the word was coined by Theophile Gauthier in 1833, after visiting a factory in Seville).

But the tobacco business was too profitable to remain in the hands of the state, its market was constantly growing. Private capital became interested in tobacco, as a result of which the tobacco industry began to develop exponentially.

Since 1854, Philip Morris has been producing cigarettes.

In 1864, the first cigarette factory opens in the United States.

In 1881, Engineer James Albert Bonsack receives a patent for the world's first cigarette rolling machine, which he invented, which reduces manual labor and switches to a conveyor type of production.

In 1902, "Philip Morris" opens a representative office of his company in the United States.

in 1914, the first tobacco production monopoly in Russia was formed - the St. Petersburg Export and Trade Joint-Stock Company, which covered thirteen tobacco factories in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don and Feodosia.

In 1917, all tobacco companies in Russia were nationalized.

In 1932, George J. Blaisdell began manufacturing the famous "Zippo" lighters, which gained great popularity among the military during World War II.

A sharp turn in the development of the tobacco industry was the First World War (1914 - 1918), as tobacco was introduced into the army diet in almost all countries of the world. In order to win the war, we need tobacco as much as we need bullets.", said American General John Pershing. As a result, a huge number of smoking men.

The second major stage in the development of the tobacco industry is, oddly enough, the Second World War (1939 - 1945), cigarettes are introduced into soldiers' rations, like food. Tobacco companies send millions of cigarettes to the front for free. The result is the total addiction of men to smoking.

And do not think that the distribution of cigarettes in the army is an accident. I'll tell you a secret there are no coincidences.

But the greatest contribution to the spread of tobacco was made by cinema. Beginning in the late 1940s and early 1950s, movie actors made the cigarette an integral part of their image. But we will talk about this later.

Herbal journey or "how tobacco went around the world".

Attitudes towards smoking in all countries of the world, at first, were equally negative. Churches regarded this act as a connection with the Devil, and the authorities severely punished.

Spain - Italy - Portugal.

I guess, that Spain can be safely called the first country to try tobacco and start its distribution (namely tobacco, not its seeds). It was the Spaniards who "discovered" America, it was the Spaniards who robbed it, it was the Spaniards who made America their colony, and that is why Spain became the strongest power in Europe at that time. The first tobacco plantations were also established by the Spaniards in the American colonies.

At first, when tobacco appeared in Spain, the Inquisition severely suppressed all acts of smoking, but soon it was allowed (legalized, so to speak). The exact years when this happened are unknown, but if Rodrigo de Jerez was imprisoned for smoking in 1501 and he sat in it for 7 years, then it can be assumed that by 1508 the views of the Inquisition softened, but not completely, since the boom in tobacco distribution went around the countries from the middle of the 16th century, before that it was somehow possible to restrain him.

As a result, in Spain (and Italy), even priests became addicted to tobacco, who no longer hesitated to smoke in the temples themselves during the service (mass). In 1624, Pope Urban VIII responded to these impudent antics by a decree in which he threatened to renounce the church to anyone who smokes or sniffs tobacco in holy places (renunciation of the church, by the way, at that time was the worst punishment).

Portugal was the second of the two most powerful powers in Europe. The peak of its development just fell on the beginning of the XVI century.

The clearest example of the power of two states of that time is the Treaty of Tordesillas between Portugal and Spain, on the basis of which the countries divided the zones of world influence into two parts.

If explained roughly and briefly, then the world was divided into two parts by a line, the territory along right side the meridian belonged to Portugal, and the one on the left of Spain. This entire treaty was based on the notion of the time that the earth was flat.

But from 1580 to 1640, Portugal also became subject to Spain.

Who was the first to bring tobacco to Portugal is not exactly known, according to the assumption it was made by Juan Ponce de Leon, who later went to South America in search, where he laid down his violent head. What is known for sure is that by the end of the 15th century, tobacco was already known in Portugal.

England.

Tobacco appeared in England thanks to the English admiral Sir John Hawkins in 1564 (there is a version that Francis Drake also contributed to the distribution of tobacco in England in 1573), but tobacco does not gain much popularity, only sailors smoke it.

The popularity of tobacco in England is associated with the name of Walter Raleigh - the courtier of Elizabeth I and part-time navigator (at that time it was a frequent occurrence). In 1585, he returned from an expedition to America, from where he brought tobacco seeds and the addiction itself.

It was he who taught Queen Elizabeth to smoke, after which the fashion also began to disperse among her courtiers (many say that Elizabeth I fought tobacco cruelly, perhaps this is so, but it was exactly how she became addicted herself).

"I have seen many men turn their gold into smoke, but you are the first to turn smoke into gold."

Elizabeth I to Sir Walter Raleigh.

A story spread through London that when Raleigh first lit a cigarette in the presence of his servant, he yelled, "The master is on fire!" and poured a pitcher of water over Sir Walter's head.

By the way, Walter Raleigh is the one who first went in search of Eldorado, the city of pure gold, which so attracted the Europeans.

In 1603, King James I, who was an ardent opponent of smoking, came to power in England. He is the first in the world to write about the dangers of smoking ("Protest Tobacco").

In 1618, James I sentenced Raleigh to death by beheading. This was due to a conspiracy against the crown, but some considered smoking to be the reason for the execution, and it is from here that the myth takes its roots that in England they chopped off their heads for smoking.

Raleigh's last wish before he died was to smoke a pipe of tobacco.

After the execution of Walter Raleigh, no one else "lost" his head from smoking.

"The custom is disgusting to the eyes, disgusting to the nose, harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs, and this black, smelly smoke, most of all reminiscent of the terrible infernal smoke from the underworld."

James I, 1604

Yakov's struggle with tobacco ended with the fact that he imposed a "draconian" tax on it (I don't know if this is true, but I have come across a figure of 4000%).

England became a trendsetter for smoking pipes.

France.

Tobacco began to be smoked in France under Louis XIII (reign: 1610 - 1643), before that it was predominantly sniffed. In 1621, by decree of the king's chief minister, Armand Jean du Plessis, France allowed the cultivation and sale of tobacco.

Germany.

In 1565, tobacco comes to Germany. There he receives the name "heilige kraut" ("holy herb"). Tobacco in Germany, just like in France, was sniffed, the fashion for smoking it went from England, in the 1620s.

Johann Sebastian Bach, who was a heavy smoker, even wrote these verses:

"Tobacco makes my mind clearer.

O pipe, you are my faithful friend!

I'm not leaving - oh no! - I'm with her

My leisure is pleasant with her".

Asian countries.

“Once the prophet Muhammad was walking through the desert in winter and found a half-frozen snake, picked it up and, out of the kindness of his soul, warmed it in his bosom. When the snake came to, she said to Muhammad: “I must bite you, because I took such an oath.” “In that case, you must keep your word,” said the prophet and extended his hand. Then, shaking off the snake, he sucked the poison out of the wound and spat on the ground. A plant grew in this place that possessed both the poisonousness of a snake and the meekness of a prophet - tobacco " .

Eastern legend.

From Western Europe, in the second half of the 16th century, tobacco came to Turkey, and through it quickly spread throughout the rest of Asia.

In Muslim countries, tobacco was treated more harshly than in Europe, because the Koran forbids harming oneself. In fact, if you look at it, the Bible also forbids harming yourself and others, but this did not stop anyone, because many were treated with tobacco and considered it for some time a panacea for everything, anything.

"The Prophet allows everything good, positive, useful. And forbids everything bad, bad, harmful."

Holy Quran, 7:157.

"Don't kill yourself."

Holy Quran, 4:29.

"Don't you know that your bodies are the temple of the Holy Spirit who lives in you, whom you have from God, and you are not your own? For you were bought with a price. Therefore glorify God in your bodies and in your souls, which are God's."

1 Cor. 6:19,20.

IN Turkey for smoking they were subjected to corporal punishment, shameful ceremonies and even sentenced to death.

Sultan Murad IV (reign: 1623 - 1640) secretly went out into the streets of Istanbul and asked street vendors to sell him tobacco. If someone did this, thereby breaking the law, then he was immediately cut off his head or quartered, leaving the body on the street as a warning to other offenders.

In general, Murad IV himself was a very cruel ruler, during the years of his reign up to 25,000 people were executed according to general estimates.

In 1647, tobacco in Turkey was equated with coffee, wine and opium. Death awaited the offenders.

IN Iran Shah Sefi I (reign: 1628 - 1642) poured molten lead down the throats of two merchants for trying to sell tobacco.

smoking in China.

IN China tobacco comes to the beginning of the XVII century. There is a version that traders from Europe brought it there, but I think that the option with Turkey is more plausible.

Very soon (in the same century), in addition to smoking tobacco, the Chinese learned to smoke opium, which led to mass drug addiction among the population.

We will not touch on opium in the article (for those who are interested, I refer to the "opium wars").

In 1638 - 1641, the Chinese Emperor Ming enacts laws prohibiting the sale of tobacco and its smoking. But these laws did not last long.

In 1644, the Ming dynasty was overthrown and all restrictions on the sale and smoking of tobacco were lifted. Since then, China has become the largest smoking country. By the way, China still defends this vague "palm" - today, the number of smokers in China exceeds 300,000,000 people.

Smoking woman. Japan.

IN Japan tobacco cultivation begins in 1603.

Smoking here is also rapidly spreading among the population. In this regard, Emperor Tokugawa enacts smoking bans. But these measures do not stop smokers, they do not scare them with punishments (fines, confiscations, prison), and from 1650 to 1675 all tobacco bans in Japan are also removed.

By the end In the 18th century, tobacco came to almost every country in the world.

For greater clarity, I drew a map of the distribution of tobacco around the world.

Distribution of tobacco around the world.

How tobacco came to Russia.

"When God, angry with the devils, threw them out of the sky, one devil flew and flew and fell on the top of a dry oak. The devil hung on the tree until it began to rot. Rotten dust began to pour from it onto the ground, and from this Tobacco grew from the dust, and people began to smoke and sniff it, and then plant it in their gardens."

Russian legend.

The word "smoke" is of ancient common Slavic origin, formed using the suffix "iti" from the root stem "smoke", which means "smoke", "stench".

The history of tobacco in Russia begins in 1553, and not with Peter I, as many people think today.

“In the meantime, our people learned that this country was called Russia, or Muscovy, and that Ivan Vasilievich (such was the name of their then king) ruled far inland lands. The Russian barbarians, in turn, asked ours where they came from and why they arrived, to which they received the answer that the English had arrived, sent to these shores by the most excellent king Edward the sixth with orders to inform the king about certain matters, that they were looking for nothing but his friendship and the opportunity to trade with his subjects, from which there would be great profit for subjects of both kingdoms.

Richard Chancellor.

It is impossible to say for sure whether Chancellor himself brought tobacco to Russia or subsequent merchant ships. It is only known that from that moment on, tobacco appears in Russia and is supplied to us by English sailors, and they do this earlier than in their homeland (see section England).

Ivan IV the peasant was severe, and therefore, I think, he punished smoking severely, although during his reign it could not yet take root strongly.

Tobacco smoking begins to spread massively under the rule of the Romanovs.

In 1634, Mikhail Fedorovich forbade smoking tobacco throughout Russia. In the "Cathedral Code" of 1649, it was forbidden to smoke, drink and keep tobacco at home ("drink" - the poor drank tincture of tobacco).

"And which archers and walkers and all sorts of people with tobacco will be in the drive twice, or thrice, and those people will be tortured and not alone, and beaten with a whip on a goat, or by bargaining, and for many drives such people will flog their nostrils and cut their noses, and after torture and punishment, exile to distant cities, where the sovereign will indicate that, despite that, it would be disrespectful for others to do so.

Chapter XXV, 16. Cathedral Code of 1649

"Those who use snuff have their nostrils torn out, and there are many such in Muscovy."

Balthasar Coyette, 1676.

Fedor III Alekseevich (reign: 1676 - 1682), the grandson of Mikhail Fedorovich, was more loyal to tobacco, it was smoked even at the royal court.

* * *

I love you, Peter's creation,

I love your strict, slender look,

Neva sovereign current,

Its coastal granite ...

A.S. Pushkin

Peter I smokes a pipe.

Peter I, considered the main promoter of smoking in Russia, was initially against tobacco and continued the policy of punishing its use.

In 1696, smoking was punished in different ways: those serving people were entitled to a whip for smoking, while the rest of the smokers and merchants were fined - 5 rubles per merchant and 1 ruble per commoner, for the second drive - 50 rubles per merchant and beating a commoner, for the third drive - 100 rubles fine or exile.

Peter's attitude to tobacco changed dramatically after his trip to Europe (1697 - 1698). In England, he became more familiar with the culture of smoking (tobacco was smoked there mainly through a pipe), but it is believed that Peter was hooked on smoking by his employee, a Scot by origin, Patrick Gordon, after which Peter changed his views on tobacco.

By a decree of 1697, Russian merchants were allowed to trade in tobacco, while foreign merchants, on the contrary, were forbidden, " so that the collection of the monetary treasury does not cause a shortfall".

Under Peter, in 1716, the first tobacco plantation in Russia was created, located on the territory of Ukraine (since there are still the most fertile lands there), but domestic tobacco was not in great demand (everything is the same as today).

Beginning with XVIII century, tobacco in Russia is gaining popularity. Prior to this, ordinary people did not smoke or sniff it, but preferred to drink tinctures based on it, but this was also done mainly by "walking" people. For the most part, the people had a negative attitude towards tobacco, as evidenced by many sayings on this topic: " You smoke - you kill yourself", "Tobacco and wine with a drunkard at the same time", "Who is severe to himself, he is healthy".

Until 1810, preference in Russia was given to snuff, imported mainly from Turkey. A great lover of snuff was Catherine the Great, who preferred "Gishpan tobacco.

In 1848, due to frequent fires, a police decree banned smoking in public places. Smoking was allowed only in specially designated establishments - taverns (just like today).

Since about 1844, cigarettes have come into fashion, as I think this was the cause of frequent fires, as smokers threw bulls anywhere. Later, for fire safety and the cleanliness of the streets, they came up with the idea of ​​​​putting urns that were made of stone or bronze.

The first cigarettes in Russia were produced by only one factory - the factory of A.F. Miller.

Factory S. Gabay, founded in 1856 (now "Java").

Factory Dukat, founded in 1891.

Brainwashing. tobacco manipulation.

"Give me a cigarette, you have striped trousers..."

From the movie "Heart of a Dog".

The appearance of cigarettes, and after them cigarettes, can be safely called a new era of the tobacco business, already completely private. Even in Russia, the first cigarette factories belonged to private foreign capital.

First American cigarette pack. 1880

At the very beginning of the 20th century, the president of the Lucky Strike company (translated as "successful strike" - according to legend, factory workers went on strike, as a result of which the batch of tobacco deteriorated, but the owner mixed it with good tobacco and got a new taste) turned to E. Bernays, already managed to prove itself, in order to increase sales of cigarettes among women (so to speak, entering a new market).

Bernays came up with an ingenious manipulative move. To achieve his goals, he enlisted the feminists of New York (then called "suffragettes"), who fought for equal political rights with men and organized annual marches around the city.

One of the suffragette marches in New York.

Led by several famous actresses, also invited by Bernays, the women marched in a huge march through the city, smoking Lucky Strike cigarettes (many of them coughing as they smoked for the first time), it was a kind of demonstration of equality, because before that it was believed that smoking was the privilege of men.

Thus, the cigarette became a symbol of equality, it was called the "torch of freedom." Massive female smoking begins with this. Tobacco companies are urgently beginning to reorient their products towards women.

So in 1924, Philip Morris creates a brand of women's cigarettes Marlboro, named after the street in London, where the company's first factory was located. Sell ​​Marlboro under the slogan "gentle as May" (Mild as May).

Anti-tobacco movements.

"Smoking makes you dumb. It is not compatible with creative work. Smoking is good only for inactive people."

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

Painting by Vincent van Gogh 1886

The first anti-tobacco slogan appeared in 1915:

"TO a boy who smokes may not worry about his future - he has no future"

Davis Starr Jordan.

In 1936, the German scientist Fritz Licking introduces the concept of "passive smoking".

The first state in the world to support the anti-smoking campaign was Germany during the reign of A. Hitler.

Hitler was an ardent opponent and fighter against smoking (by the way, Hitler was also a vegetarian and reproached his subordinates if they ate soup on meat broth, he called such dishes "cadaveric extract").

A broad approach to the problem and various propaganda methods to combat smoking have borne fruit. From 1939 to 1945, the number of smokers in Germany decreased by 23.4%.

By the way, all these methods are used all over the world today, no one has come up with anything new.

"There is nothing easier than quitting smoking - I've quit thirty times already."

Mark Twain.

A little-known fact, but I.V. Stalin quit smoking three and a half months before his death. He was very proud of this, because all his life he did not let go of his favorite smoking pipe, which even became in some way his symbol.

After the war, due to new scientific data on the dangers of smoking, which seriously disturbed society, tobacco companies have to go to new tricks.