home→Miscellaneous→ Upper jaw: the structure of the upper jaw, pathologies, defects. The structure and diagram of the human upper jaw: anatomy with a photo and a description of the basic structures Anatomical structure of the upper jaw

Upper jaw: the structure of the upper jaw, pathologies, defects. The structure and diagram of the human upper jaw: anatomy with a photo and a description of the basic structures Anatomical structure of the upper jaw

Upper jaw, maxilla , a steam room, is located in the center of the face and connects to all its bones, as well as to the ethmoid, frontal and sphenoid bones. The upper jaw takes part in the formation of the walls of the orbit, nasal and oral cavity, pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae. It distinguishes the body and four processes, of which the frontal is directed upward, the alveolar is directed downward, the palatine is directed medially, and the zygomatic is laterally. Despite the significant volume, the upper jaw is very light, since there is a cavity in its body - the sinus, sinus maxillaris (volume 4-6 cm3). This is the largest sinus among those in (Fig. 1-8,1-9, 1-10).

Rice. 1-8.:

1 - frontal process, processus frontalis; 2 - front surface, facies anterior

Rice. 1-9. The structure of the right upper jaw, maxilla (lateral view): 1 - frontal process, processus frontalis; 2 - infraorbital margin; 3 - infraorbital foramen, foramen infraorbitale; 4 - nasal notch, incisura nasalis; 5 - canine fossa, fossa canina; 6 - anterior nasal spine, spina nasalis anterior; 7 - alveolar elevations, juga alveolaria; 8 - incisors; 9 - canine; 10 - premolars; 11 - molars; 12 - alveolar process, processus alveolaria; 13 - zygomatic process, processus zygomaticus; 14 - alveolar openings, foramina alveolaria; 15 - tubercle of the maxillary bone, tuber maxillare; 16 - infraorbital groove; 17 - orbital surface of the body of the maxillary bone, facies orbitalis; 18 - lacrimal groove, sulcus lacrimalis

Rice. 1-10. : 1 - frontal process of the maxillary bone; 2 - lattice comb, crista ethmoidalis; 3 - lacrimal groove, sulcus lacrimalis; 4 - maxillary sinus, sinus maxillaris; 5 - large palatine sulcus; 6 - nasal crest; 7 - palatine grooves; 8 - alveolar process; 9 - molars; 10 - palatine process, processus palatinus; 11 - premolars; 12 - canine; 13 - incisors; 14 - incisive channel; 15 - anterior nasal spine, spina nasalis anterior; 16 - nasal surface (facies nasalis) of the maxillary bone; 17 - shell comb, crista conchalis

Body of the upper jaw(corpus maxillae) has 4 surfaces: anterior, infratemporal, orbital and nasal.

Front surface at the top it is bounded by the infraorbital margin, below which there is an opening of the same name, through which the vessels and nerves exit. This hole is 2-6 mm in diameter and is located at the level of the 5th or 6th teeth. Under this hole lies the canine fossa (fossa canim), which is the site of the beginning of the muscle that raises the corner of the mouth.

On the infratemporal surface there is a tubercle of the upper jaw (tuber maxillae), on which there are 3-4 alveolar openings leading to the roots of large molars. Vessels and nerves pass through them.

Orbital surface contains a lacrimal notch, limits the lower orbital fissure (fissura orbitalis inferior). At the posterior edge of this surface is the infraorbital sulcus (sulcus infraorbitalis), which passes into the canal of the same name.

nasal surface largely occupied by the maxillary cleft (hiatus maxillaris).

Alveolar process (processus alveolaris) . It is, as it were, a continuation of the body of the upper jaw from top to bottom and is an arcuately curved bone roller with a bulge facing anteriorly. The greatest degree of process curvature is observed at the level of the first molar. The alveolar process is connected by an intermaxillary suture with the process of the same name of the opposite jaw, from behind without visible borders it passes into the tubercle, medially into the palatine process of the upper jaw. The outer surface of the process, facing the vestibule of the mouth, is called the vestibular (facies vestibularis), and the inner, facing the sky, is called the palatine (facies palatinus). The arc of the process (arcus alveolaris) has eight dental alveoli (alveoli dentales) for the roots of the teeth. In the alveoli of the upper incisors and canines, the labial and lingual walls are distinguished, and in the alveoli of the premolars and molars, the lingual and buccal. On the vestibular surface of the alveolar process, each alveolus corresponds to alveolar elevations (juga alveolaria), most pronounced in the alveoli of the medial incisor and canine. The alveoli are separated from each other by bony interalveolar septa (septa interalveolaria). The alveoli of multi-rooted teeth contain inter-root partitions (septa interradicularia) that separate the roots of the tooth from each other. The shape and size of the alveoli correspond to the shape and size of the roots of the tooth. In the first two alveoli lie the roots of the incisors, they are cone-shaped, in the 3rd, 4th and 5th alveoli - the roots of the canine and premolars. They are oval in shape and slightly compressed from front to back. The canine alveolus is the deepest (up to 19 mm). In the first premolar, the alveolus is often divided by the interradicular septum into the lingual and buccal root chambers. In the last three alveoli, small in size, are the roots of the molars. These alveoli are divided by interradicular septa into three root chambers, two of which face the vestibular, and the third - the palatine surface of the process. The vestibular alveoli are somewhat compressed from the sides, and therefore their dimensions in the anteroposterior direction are smaller than in the palatobuccal direction. The lingual alveoli are more rounded. Due to the variable number and shape of the roots of the 3rd molar, its alveolus is diverse in shape: it can be single or divided into 2-3 or more root chambers. At the bottom of the alveoli there is one or more openings that lead to the corresponding tubules and serve to pass the vessels and nerves. The alveoli are adjacent to the thinner outer plate of the alveolar process, which is better expressed in the region of the molars. Behind the 3rd molar, the outer and inner compact plates converge and form an alveolar tubercle (tuberculum alveolare).

The section of the alveolar and palatine processes of the upper jaw, corresponding to the incisors, in the embryo represents an independent incisor bone, which is connected to the upper jaw by means of an incisal suture. Part of the incisal suture at the border between the incisor bone and the alveolar process is overgrown before birth. The suture between the incisor bone and the palatine process is present in the newborn, and sometimes remains in the adult.

The shape of the upper jaw is individually different. There are two extreme forms of its external structure: narrow and high, characteristic of people with a narrow face, as well as wide and low, usually found in people with a wide face (Fig. 1-11).

Rice. 1-11. Extreme forms of the structure of the upper jaw, front view: A - narrow and high; B - wide and low

Maxillary sinus- the largest of the paranasal sinuses. The shape of the sinus basically corresponds to the shape of the body of the upper jaw. The volume of the sinus has age and individual differences. The sinus can continue into the alveolar, zygomatic, frontal and palatine processes. In the sinus, the superior, medial, anterolateral, posterolateral, and inferior walls are distinguished.

Materials used: Anatomy, physiology and biomechanics of the dental system: Ed. L.L. Kolesnikova, S.D. Arutyunova, I.Yu. Lebedenko, V.P. Degtyarev. - M. : GEOTAR-Media, 2009

The two bone structures located near the mouth opening are the human jaw. This is one of the most complex parts of the body, because it is individual, and its structure determines facial features.

Functions

The shape of the jaws determines the oval of the face, external attractiveness. But this is not the only function of the body:

Chewing. On the jaws fixed teeth involved in the process of chewing and digestion. The bone is able to withstand a high chewing load.
Implementation swallowing movements.
Talk. Movable bones take part in articulation. If they are injured or incorrectly located, diction is disturbed.
Breath. The participation of the organ in breathing is indirect, but if it is damaged, it is impossible to inhale or exhale.
Fixation sense organs.

The jaw is one of the most complex parts of the body.
The organ is designed for a high load, its chewing force can reach 70 kilograms.

The structure of the lower jaw

The structure is formed by two fused branches. At birth, they form a whole, but later separate. The bone is uneven; it has many roughnesses, depressions, tubercles, necessary to ensure the fixation of muscles and ligaments.

The strength of the lower bones is less than the upper ones. This is necessary so that they bear the main blow during injuries, since the upper ones protect the brain.

The bones of the lower jaw are less durable than those of the upper jaw.

The frontal region is the location of the mental foramen, through which the blood supply is carried out, and the tubercle for the localization of the teeth. If you see a tooth in section, it will be found that it is attached to the alveolar opening; at the bottom there are 14-16 (in adults). Another component of the organ is the temporal part, associated with the joint, having ligaments and cartilage that provide movement.

upper jaw

The upper structure is a paired bone with a large cavity - the maxillary sinus. The bottom of the sinus is located next to some teeth - the second and first molars, the second.

The structure of the tooth suggests the presence of roots, which require processing during pulpitis. Proximity to the maxillary sinus complicates the procedure: it happens that due to a doctor's mistake, the bottom of the sinus is damaged.

The bone has processes:

frontal (upwards);
palatine (facing the center);
alveolar;
zygomatic.

The structure of the jaw is the same for all people, the shape, dimensions are individual parameters.
The alveolar process is the location of the teeth of the upper jaw. They are attached to the alveoli - small depressions. The largest recess is for the canine.

The organ has four surfaces:

anterior with alveolar process;
nasal;
orbital, creating the basis for the orbit;
infratemporal.

Maxilla, a steam room, is located in the upper anterior section of the facial. It belongs to the air bones, since it contains a vast cavity lined with a mucous membrane, - maxillary sinus sinus maxillaris.

In the bone, a body and four processes are distinguished.

Body of the upper jaw, corpus maxillae, has four surfaces: orbital, anterior, nasal and infratemporal.

The following bone processes are distinguished: frontal, zygomatic, alveolar and palatine.

The orbital surface, facies orbitalis, is smooth, has the shape of a triangle, is somewhat inclined anteriorly, outwards and downwards, forms the lower wall of the maznitsa, orbita.

Its medial edge is connected in front of with, forming the lacrimal-maxillary suture, posterior to the lacrimal bone - with the orbital plate in the ethmoid-maxillary suture and further posteriorly - with the orbital process in the palatine-maxillary suture.

The anterior margin of the orbital surface is smooth and forms a free infraorbital margin, margo infraorbitalis. being the lower part of the orbital margin of the orbit, margo orbitalis. Outside, it is serrated and passes into the zygomatic process. Medially, the infraorbital margin forms a curve upward, sharpens and passes into the frontal process, along which the longitudinal anterior lacrimal crest, crista lacrimalis anterior, runs. At the point of transition to the frontal process, the inner edge of the orbital surface forms a lacrimal notch, incisura lacrimalis. which, together with the lacrimal hook of the lacrimal bone, limits the upper opening of the nasolacrimal canal.

The posterior edge of the orbital surface, together with the lower edge of the orbital surface of the large wings running parallel to it, forms the lower orbital fissure, fissura orbitalis inferior. In the middle part of the lower wall of the fissure there is a groove - the infraorbital groove, sulcus infraorbitalis, which, heading anteriorly, becomes deeper and gradually passes into the infraorbital canal, canalis infraorbitalis (the infraorbital nerve, artery and veins lie in the groove and to the pale). The channel describes an arc and opens on the anterior surface of the body of the upper jaw. In the lower wall of the canal there are many small openings of the dental tubules - the so-called alveolar openings, foramina alveolaria; nerves pass through them to the group of anterior teeth of the upper jaw.

The infratemporal surface, facies infratemporalis, faces the infratemporal fossa, fossa infratemporalis, and the pterygopalatine fossa, fossa pterygopalatina, uneven, often convex, forms a tubercle of the upper jaw, tuber maxillae. It distinguishes two or three small alveolar openings leading to the alveolar canals, canales alveolares, through which the nerves pass to the posterior teeth of the upper jaw.

The anterior surface, fades anterior, is slightly curved. Below the infraorbital margin, a rather large infraorbital opening, foramen infraorbitale, opens on it, below which there is a small depression - the canine fossa, fossa canina (the muscle that raises the corner of the mouth, m. Levator anguli oris, originates here).

Below, the anterior surface without a noticeable border passes into the anterior (buccal) surface of the alveolar process, processus alveolaris, on which there are a number of bulges - alveolar elevations, juga alveolaria.

Inwards and anteriorly, towards the nose, the anterior surface of the body of the upper jaw passes into the sharp edge of the nasal notch, incisura nasalis. At the bottom, the notch ends with the anterior nasal spine, spina nasalis anterior. The nasal notches of both maxillary bones limit the pear-shaped aperture, apertura piriformis, leading to the nasal cavity.

The nasal surface, facies nasalis, of the upper jaw is more complex. In its upper posterior corner there is a hole - the maxillary cleft, hiatus maxillaris, leading to the maxillary sinus. Posterior to the cleft, the rough nasal surface forms a suture with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. Here, a large palatine sulcus, sulcus palatinus major, runs vertically along the nasal surface of the upper jaw. It makes up one of the walls of the greater palatine canal, canalis palatinus major. Anterior to the maxillary cleft is the lacrimal sulcus, sulcus lacrimalis, bounded in front by the posterior edge of the frontal process. The lacrimal bone adjoins the lacrimal sulcus at the top, and the lacrimal process of the inferior concha below. In this case, the lacrimal sulcus closes in the nasolacrimal canal, canalis nasolacrimalis. Even more anteriorly on the nasal surface is a horizontal protrusion - the shell comb, crista conchalis. to which the inferior turbinate is attached.

From the upper edge of the nasal surface, at the place of its transition to the anterior, the frontal process straightens up, processus frontalis. It has medial (nasal) and lateral (facial) surfaces. The anterior lacrimal crest, crista lacrimalis anterior, divides the lateral surface into two sections - anterior and posterior. The posterior section passes downward into the lacrimal sulcus, sulcus lacrimalis. Its border from the inside is the lacrimal edge, margo lacrimalis. to which the lacrimal bone adjoins, forming with it a lacrimal-maxillary suture, sutura lacrimo-maxillaris. On the medial surface, the ethmoidal ridge, crista ethmoidalis, passes from front to back. The upper edge of the frontal process is serrated and connects with the nasal part of the frontal bone, forming the frontal-maxillary suture, sutura frontomaxillaris. The anterior edge of the frontal process is connected to the nasal bone in the nasomaxillary suture, sutura nasomaxillaris.

The zygomatic process, processus zygomaticus, departs from the outer upper corner of the body. The rough end of the zygomatic process and the zygomatic bone, os zygomaticum, form the zygomatic-maxillary suture, sutura zygomaticomaxillaris.
The palatine process, processus palatinus, is a horizontally located bone plate that extends inside from the lower edge of the nasal surface of the body of the upper jaw and, together with the horizontal plate of the palatine bone, forms a bony septum between the nasal cavity and the oral cavity. Both maxillary bones are connected by the internal rough edges of the palatine processes, forming a median palatine suture, sutura palatina mediana. To the right and left of the suture is a longitudinal palatine ridge, torus palatinus.

The posterior edge of the palatine process is in contact with the anterior edge of the horizontal part of the palatine bone, forming with it a transverse palatine suture, sutura palatina transversa. The upper surface of the palatine processes is smooth and slightly concave. The lower surface is rough, near its posterior end there are two palatine grooves, sulci palatini, which are separated from one another by small palatine awns, spinae palatinae (vessels and nerves lie in the grooves). The right and left palatine processes at their anterior margin form an oval incisal fossa, fossa incisiva. At the bottom of the fossa there are incisive openings, foramina incisiva (two of them), which open the incisal canal, canalis incisivus. also ending with incisive openings on the nasal surface of the palatine processes. The channel can be located on one of the processes, in which case the incisal groove is located on the opposite process. The region of the incisive fossa is sometimes separated from the palatine processes by an incisive suture, sutura incisiva; in such cases, an incisive bone, os incisivum, is formed.

The alveolar process, processus alveolaris, the development of which is associated with the development of teeth, departs from the lower edge of the body of the upper jaw downward and describes an arc directed by a bulge forward and outward. The lower surface of this area is the alveolar arch, arcus alveolaris. It has holes - dental alveoli, alveoli dentales, in which the roots of the teeth are located - 8 on each side. The alveoli are separated from one another by interalveolar septa, septa interalveolaria. Some of the alveoli, in turn, are divided by interradicular partitions, septa interradicularia, into smaller cells according to the number of tooth roots.

The anterior surface of the alveolar process, corresponding to the five anterior alveoli, has longitudinal alveolar elevations, juga alveolaria. The part of the alveolar process with the alveoli of the two anterior incisors in the embryo represents a separate incisor bone, os incisivum, which merges early with the alveolar process of the upper jaw. Both alveolar processes are connected and form the intermaxillary suture, sutura intermaxillaris.

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In the center of the face is the upper jaw, which is a paired bone. This element is connected to all the bones on the face, including the ethmoid.

Bone helps form the walls of the mouth, nose, and eye sockets.

Due to the fact that the bone contains an extensive cavity inside, which is covered with a mucous membrane, it is considered air-bearing. Anatomy of the upper jaw - 4 processes and body.

The nasal and anterior surfaces are the components of the body. Also components are the infratemporal and orbital surfaces.

The orbital has a smooth texture and shape with three corners. The lateral side of the jaw element is connected to the lacrimal bone. The back side, located from the lacrimal bone, is connected to the orbital plate, after which it rests against the palatomaxillary suture.

The infratemporal surface is convex and has many irregularities. A noticeable tubercle on the upper jaw is formed from the infratemporal surface. The element is directed to the infratemporal region. There may be up to three alveolar openings in the surface. The holes lead to channels with the same name. They are designed to allow nerves to pass through and attach to the back teeth in the jaw.

The anterior surface rests against the buccal part of the process, while it is not possible to observe a noticeable border between them. On the alveolar process of that area there are several areas of bone with elevation. In the direction of the nose area, the surface merges into a nose notch with a sharp edge. These notches are the limiters for the pear-shaped aperture that leads into the nasal cavity.

The anatomy of the nasal surface is complex: at the top of the back of the surface is a cleft that leads to the maxillary sinus. On the back side, the surface is connected by a suture to the palatine bone. One of the walls of the palatine canal passes through the nasal area - the palatine sulcus. In the anterior part of the cleft, there is a lacrimal sulcus, which is limited by the frontal process.

Processes of the paired bone

4 branches are known:

alveolar;
zygomatic;
palatine;
frontal.

Such names were derived from their location on the jaw.

The alveolar process is located on the lower part of the upper jaw. It has eight cells for teeth, which are separated by partitions.

The zygomatic process is attached to the zygomatic bone. Its task is to evenly distribute the pressure formed as a result of the chewing process over the entire thick support.

The palatine process is part of the hard palate. This element is connected to the opposite side by means of a median seam. The nasal ridge, which connects to the opener, is located along the seam, on the inside, which is located on the inside, located towards the nose. Close to the front portion of the element, there is a hole that leads into the cutter channel.

The lower part of the canal has an uneven surface with noticeable roughness, has longitudinal grooves for nerves and blood vessels to pass through them. There are no rough edges on the top. The incisive suture can be seen mainly in front of the department, but there are exceptions due to the individual structural features of the human jaw. The suture itself is necessary to separate the incisor bone from the upper jaw.

The frontal process of the upper jaw is raised to the top, has connections with the frontal bone. There is a ridge on the side of the process. Part of the frontal process joins the middle turbinate.

The structure of the human upper jaw and all processes is a complex system. Each section of the upper jaw has a separate function, and all of them are designed for a specific job.

jaw function

Thanks to the work of the upper jaw, the chewing process occurs, which is necessary for the primary processing of food.

The jaw is responsible for the following processes:

distribution of the load on the teeth while chewing food;
is part of the oral cavity, nose and partitions between them;
helps to determine the correct position of the processes.

At first glance, it seems that there are not so many functions performed by the upper jaw, but all of them are vital for the full existence of a person. Therefore, when problems arise with the elements, one or more functions are disturbed, which greatly affects the state of human health.

Peculiarities

There are several interesting topographical anatomical features that relate to the teeth in the maxilla. Basically, the same number of teeth are located on the upper jaw as on the lower one, but there are differences in the structure and number of roots.

It has been proven that in most cases a wisdom tooth erupts in the upper jaw with right side. Why this happens - there is no exact definition.

Since the lower jaw has thicker bone, there are no problems with tooth extraction, unlike the upper jaw. Due to the thinner bone, a more careful attitude and handling of the extracted tooth is required. For this purpose, specialized bayonet tweezers are used. In addition, more research is needed for reinsurance. If the root is removed incorrectly, then there is a risk of a serious fracture. Any surgical manipulation should be carried out only in a hospital with the help of a specialist. It is dangerous to pull out teeth on your own because you can damage the entire jaw or bring an infection into the blood.

Possible diseases

Due to the fact that the elements of the upper jaw in the aggregate have a smaller volume, it is injured several times more often than the lower jaw. The cranium is tightly fused with the upper jaw, which makes it immobile, unlike the lower jaw.

Ailments can be congenital, hereditary or resulting from injury. Sometimes there is adentia (anomaly of one or more teeth).

Most often, the jaws suffer from fractures. A fracture can occur due to impact on a hard surface, such as when falling. In addition, a dislocation can become a pathology. Dislocations sometimes occur even in domestic conditions without external influence. This happens when the jaws are in the wrong position in the process of chewing food. A sharp careless movement causes the element to "go" behind the other jaw, and due to pinching, it is not possible to return it to its original position on its own.

Fractures of the lower section are much longer and harder to heal. This is due to the fact that the lower jaw is mobile, and for a full recovery, it is necessary to remain motionless for a long period of time. The upper section does not have this problem due to its complete attachment to the skull.

In some cases, a person develops a cyst on the upper jaw, which can only be removed by surgery. The process is voluminous and hazardous to health.

In addition to such diseases, the appearance of sinusitis is known. This process mainly occurs as a result of improper dental treatment. This happens because the maxillary sinus becomes inflamed and blocks the sinuses.

Sometimes there is an inflammatory process of the trigeminal or facial nerve. With such inflammation, it is difficult to make a correct diagnosis. In some cases, a completely healthy tooth is removed.

Also, do not forget about a more serious disease that can affect not only the upper but also the lower jaw. Cancer is the most dangerous disease, and some of the forms of this disease are treated surgically. In more rare cases, other methods of therapy are prescribed, however, the disease itself may not manifest itself for a long time.

This one is not full list diseases that may be associated with the upper jaw. Some pathologies are rare and are detected only after a comprehensive diagnosis.

Symptoms of pathologies

Each pathology of the jaw has symptoms that will differ from others.

For example, with a fracture, a patient has strong pain, inability to move the jaw. There is often severe swelling and bruising;
Symptoms of a bruise are: pain, bruising, difficulty in making a chewing movement. With a bruise, the function is not completely absent, but at the same time, a person is not able to fully chew food;

With sinusitis, pain occurs that radiates to the lower jaw, eyes or nose. The person cannot fully breathe. There is a severe headache, pus or mucus is released from the nose. In some cases, the temperature rises, nausea, dizziness, vomiting appear;
The tumor may not have any symptoms at first, but after a while there will be pain not only in the jaw, but also in the joint. In some cases, there is a change in the symmetry of the face. The work of the joint is disrupted, so it is not possible to fully open or close the mouth. Such a pathology can affect not only the upper element;
If the malaise is a problem with the teeth, then most often the causes are holes in the tooth, bleeding gums. The tooth may be loose or chip off. In this case, the disease is accompanied by acute periodic pain, which will only intensify over time.

Most diseases are characterized by pain. It is important to correctly diagnose, and only then begin treatment.

Diagnostics

You can diagnose the pathology of the upper jaw at the appointment with a dentist or therapist. The doctor learns about the symptoms that bother the patient, then examines the oral cavity. To confirm a possible diagnosis, the use of hardware research methods will be required.

To obtain a complete picture of the state of the jaw, it is necessary to conduct x-rays. The picture will immediately show a fracture or bruise, as well as its degree. X-ray allows you to determine the presence of pathologies that are associated with the teeth. In addition, in some cases it is recommended to refer to the procedures computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging for more accurate results. Such studies are necessary if it was not possible to make a final accurate diagnosis after obtaining x-rays.

Certain types of pathological processes require testing in the laboratory, such as blood and urine.

It is not worth delaying contacting a specialist, as some ailments develop rapidly, and carry many unpleasant and dangerous consequences.

Therapeutic activities

Treatment is carried out depending on the diagnosis. When injured, apply cold compress and reduce the load on the jaw as much as possible. It is advisable to give up solid food for a while.

A fracture implies the complete exclusion of solid food for a long period of time, while the jaws are sometimes fixed in such a way that it is not possible to make any movements with them.

The cyst and any other neoplasms are removed during the operation. If the neoplasm was of an oncological nature, it is possible to use radiation or chemotherapy. Their need is determined during re-diagnosis.

If the discomfort is associated with the teeth, then they are sometimes replaced using the clasp prosthetics procedure. During the procedure, removable dentures are placed. The clasp arch of the upper jaw allows you to create the appearance of the integrity of the teeth. With their help, a person can chew food. Such prosthetics are selected individually, based on the condition of the teeth.

Usually the teeth in the upper jaw are partially replaced, and for the full installation of dentures, another procedure will be required, where the dentures will already be fixed. In the case of fixed dentures, there is a high risk of rejection by the body, and a removable arch is suitable for everyone who has at least a few whole teeth. A partial removable denture for the upper jaw is expensive, but it is durable, and when choosing quality materials, properly used, it can be worn for a very long time.

Braces help straighten your teeth. Their task is to push all the teeth along the desired arc. This process takes several years. It also uses an arc frame to which the teeth are attached.

Some pathological conditions, for example, congenital anomalies or the consequences of a serious injury, are corrected with rhinoplasty. The scar is not visible, which for many people is an advantage. The rhinoplasty procedure is expensive, but for people with congenital anomalies of the upper jaw, this is a way out.

When is an operation necessary?

Very rarely, a maxillectomy procedure is required.

A maxillectomy is an operation to remove the upper jaw. Indications for such a procedure may be oncological neoplasms that affect the processes or the body of the element. Also, an indication for the removal of the jaw is a benign neoplasm, if it progresses and it is not possible to stop the process with the help of drugs.

The procedure has contraindications:

a state of general malaise;
pathologies of an infectious nature;
specific diseases that are in an acute stage.

Also, the procedure is not performed if the disease has passed to the stage at which the removal of part of the jaw will not help or there is a risk of aggravation of the condition.

Before any operation related to the jaw, a thorough examination of all organs affected and closest to this area is required. It is important to remember that there is always a risk of complications, but if the percentage is low and there are no contraindications, then the operation is performed to improve the patient's condition.

Possible Complications

Despite the fact that most of the pathological processes associated with the elements of the upper jaw go well, there is a risk of some complications, for example, a fracture may occur during the procedure, and if the incision was made incorrectly, one of the nerves can be touched, which threatens with facial paralysis.

But even if the operation was performed correctly, there is a risk of blood poisoning if the instruments were not sufficiently disinfected. The rehabilitation period is important, following the recommendations of the attending physician, since if they are not followed, treatment can be considered meaningless, and this applies to any disease.

Complications arise if you do not consult a doctor on time. Even a small and harmless neoplasm, in the absence of proper treatment, develops into dangerous pathologies, for example, in cancerous tumor which is difficult to get rid of.

Dental diseases should be treated in a timely manner, without waiting for acute pain. The disease from the teeth can go to the bone tissue of the jaw, and then the disease will progress throughout the body in the form of infection.

Preventive actions

To avoid serious problems with the jaw, its condition must be taken care of from a young age. If the first signs of improperly growing teeth appear in a child or there are obvious deviations from the norm in the structure of the jaw, it is better to consult a doctor.

Any congenital anomalies are best corrected while the child is small, until the bone is fully formed and there is an opportunity to help it correct itself without resorting to more serious surgical interventions.

Prevention of dental disease is a timely visit to the dentist, proper nutrition, daily brushing of teeth. To reduce the risk of developing dangerous pathological processes, you need to visit a doctor at least once a year.

It will not be superfluous to undergo an annual comprehensive examination of the whole organism. In addition, you need to be careful and avoid injury, as any injury is serious harm to the whole body.

Do not forget about the state of the psycho-emotional background of a person, since in the presence of visible defects, most people feel insecure. It is not necessary to delay the correction of serious visible deformities, since the formed bone tissues are more difficult to rebuild, and the risk of complications is much higher.

The key to the health of the body is the use of proper, healthy food, the obligatory use of solid varieties of food, and careful hygiene procedures. By following simple rules, it is possible to avoid the development of many pathological processes, which subsequently bring not only an ugly appearance to the face, but also tangible discomfort.

If you suddenly become disturbed by painful sensations that do not go away or appear more than once, you should immediately seek help from a specialist, since pain is one of the first signs of the development of dangerous diseases. Compliance with preventive measures can not always save from the development of the disease, but significantly reduces the risk of its occurrence.

You should not ignore even slightly perceptible discomfort if it appears regularly, since the most dangerous ailments often do not have pronounced symptoms, but the consequences of untimely treatment can be irreparable. Also, do not self-medicate, even if you know the exact diagnosis.

Not all therapeutic interventions using folk recipes will be effective, some of them bring tangible harm. Neglecting the advice of a doctor at the time of treatment or during the rehabilitation period will lead to a deterioration in the condition and aggravation of the course of the disease.

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(maxilla), steam room, is located in the center of the face and connects with all its bones, as well as with the ethmoid, frontal and sphenoid bones (Fig. 1). The upper jaw takes part in the formation of the walls of the orbit, nasal and oral cavities, pterygo-palatine and infratemporal fossae. It distinguishes the body and 4 processes, of which the frontal is directed upward, the alveolar is directed downward, the palatine is directed medially, and the zygomatic is laterally. Despite the significant volume, the upper jaw is very light, since there is a cavity in its body - maxillary sinus.

Body of the upper jaw(corpus maxillaris) has the shape of a truncated pyramid. It distinguishes 4 surfaces: anterior, infratemporal, orbital and nasal.

Front surface (fades anterior) somewhat concave, limited at the top infraorbital margin (margo infraorbitalis), laterally - by the zygomatic-alveolar crest and zygomatic process, below - by the alveolar process and medially - nasal notch (incisura nasalis). Below the infraorbital margin is infraorbital foramen, through which the vessels and nerves of the same name exit. The infraorbital foramen, 2–6 mm in diameter, is usually semi-oval, rarely oval or in the form of a slit, sometimes double. In isolated cases, it is covered with a bone spike. Located at the level of the 5th or between the 5th and 6th teeth, but may be displaced to the level of the 4th tooth. Beneath this hole lies canine fossa (fossa canina), which is the site of the beginning of the muscle that raises the corner of the mouth.

Infratemporal surface (fades infratemporalis) convex, participates in the formation of the walls of the infratemporal and pterygo-palatine fossae. It distinguishes a more convex part - maxillary tubercle (tuber maxillae), which has 3-4 posterior superior alveolar openings (foramina alveolaria superiora posteriora). These holes lead to tubules that run in the wall of the maxillary sinus and are directed to the roots of the large molars. The corresponding alveolar vessels and nerves pass through these openings and tubules (see Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Upper jaw, right:

a — topography of the upper jaw;

b - right side view: 1 - frontal process; 2 - front lacrimal crest; 3 - lacrimal groove; 4 - infraorbital margin; 5 - infraorbital foramen; 6 - nasal notch; 7 - anterior nasal spine; 8 - front surface; 9 - canine fossa; 10 - alveolar elevations; 11 - alveolar arch; 12 - body of the upper jaw; 13 - zygomatic-alveolar crest; 14 - rear upper alveolar openings; 15 - infratemporal surface; 16 - tubercle of the upper jaw; 17 - zygomatic process; 18 - infraorbital groove; 19 - infraorbital surface; 20 - lacrimal notch;

c - view from the side of the nasal surface: 1 - frontal process; 2 - front lacrimal crest; 3 - lacrimal groove; 4 - cleft of the maxillary sinus; 5 - a large palatine sulcus; 6 - nasal crest; 7 - alveolar process; 8 - alveolar arch; 9 - incisive channel; 10 - palatine process; 11 - nasal surface of the upper jaw; 12 - shell comb; 13 - lattice comb;

d - bottom view: 1 - incisive fossa and incisal holes; 2 - incisive bone; 3 - incisive suture; 4 - palatine process; 5 - zygomatic process; 6 - palatine furrows; 7 - palatine ridges; 8 - alveolar process; 9 - inter-root partitions; 10 - interalveolar septa; 11 - dental alveoli;

e - alveolar canals (opened): 1 - infraorbital canal; 2 - infraorbital foramen; 3 - anterior and middle alveolar canals; 4 - rear alveolar canals; 5 - rear upper alveolar openings; 6 - maxillary sinus (opened)

Orbital surface (fades orbitalis) smooth, triangular in shape, participates in the formation of the lower wall of the orbit. Anteriorly, it ends at the infraorbital margin, laterally connected to the orbital surface of the zygomatic bone. The medial edge of the orbital surface connects in front with the lacrimal bone, for which there is a lacrimal notch (incisura lacrimalis). Behind the medial edge is connected to the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone. In some cases, it bifurcates and forms cells that complement the cells of the lattice labyrinth. The orbital process of the palatine bone is adjacent to the posterior end of the medial margin. Behind the orbital surface together with the edge of the large wing sphenoid bone limits inferior orbital fissure (fissura orbitalis inferior). From the middle of the posterior edge of the orbital surface stretches forward infraorbital sulcus, which passes into the canal of the same name, which opens with the infraorbital foramen. On the lower wall of the canal are small anterior and middle upper alveolar openings (foramina alveolaria superiora media et anteriora) leading to small bone canals reaching the roots of the front and middle teeth. Vessels and nerves pass through them to the teeth.

Nasal surface (fades nasalis) forms a large part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity (see Fig. 1). It articulates posteriorly with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone, and anteriorly and superiorly with the lacrimal bone. A significant part of this surface is occupied by the opening of the maxillary sinus - maxillary cleft (hiatus maxillaris). Anterior to the cleft is a vertically directed lacrimal groove (sulcus lacrimalis), which, together with the lacrimal bone and the lacrimal process of the inferior turbinate, forms nasolacrimal canal opening into the nasal cavity. Below and anterior to the lacrimal sulcus is a horizontal protrusion - shell comb (crista conchalis) for connection with the anterior end of the inferior turbinate. Behind the maxillary cleft there is a vertically directed greater palatine sulcus (sulcus palatinus major), which is part of the walls of the greater palatine canal.

Human Anatomy S.S. Mikhailov, A.V. Chukbar, A.G. Tsybulkin