What is a journalistic style of speech - this is a special way of expressing thoughts. Journalistic style (characteristic of one of the genres, the language of one of the printed media) Examples of newspaper articles in a journalistic style

Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation

Department of Political Science and Political Management

Journalistic style (characteristic of one of the genres, the language of one of the print media)

Introduction

Characteristics of the journalistic style

Genre differentiation of journalistic style

1 Genre groups

2 Publicist article

Language means of journalistic style

2 Journalistic vocabulary

4 Journalistic style syntax

Article language tools

Headlines in magazines

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

When a teacher gives a lecture, a scientist makes a presentation at a scientific conference, diplomats participate in negotiations, students take exams or a student answers a lesson, then their speech differs from that used in an informal, everyday setting: at a festive table, in a friendly conversation, in a circle families. Depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved during communication, various language means are selected and peculiar varieties of a single literary language are formed - functional styles. The functional style emphasizes that the varieties of the literary language are distinguished on the basis of the role that the language plays in each specific case. Scientific works, textbooks, reports are written in a scientific style; reporting, financial reports, orders, instructions are drawn up in an official business style; articles in newspapers, magazines, radio and television appearances are based on a journalistic style; when discussing a variety of everyday problems, a conversational style is used.

As part of the journalistic style, the newspaper variety is most widely used, therefore, in linguistic literature, this style is called newspaper-journalistic. This style is also used in magazines. Newspaper-journalistic speech is designed primarily to influence the masses, so it takes into account the interests of readers as much as possible. An important feature of the language of a newspaper or magazine is its general accessibility, communicative significance. And the task of my work is to figure out whether it is really possible to agitate, convince, propagandize with the help of linguistic features of a journalistic style. The purpose of my work is to study the functional features of language means and genre differentiation of journalistic style in the analytical weekly magazine "Kommersant Vlast". The relevance of this work is determined by the fact that the language is studied in its functioning, and, in addition, journalism plays an important role in the communication process (it affects the consciousness and speech of people). The material of my research is words, phrases, fragments of texts of the magazines "Kommersant Vlast" No. 13, 14, 15 for 2013.

1. Characteristics of the journalistic style

1 Definition of journalistic style

Journalistic style is a historically developed functional variety of the literary language, serving a wide range of social relations: political, economic, cultural, sports, everyday life, and so on. This style is used in agitation-mass work. It is used in socio-political literature, periodicals (newspapers, magazines), radio and television programs, documentaries, some types of oratory (at meetings and rallies). The purpose of the journalistic style is to influence listeners and readers for agitation and propaganda of socio-political ideas.

2 History of journalistic style

Publicism as a type of literature appeared in Russia already in the 11th century. This, for example, is the "Sermon on Law and Grace" by the first Russian Metropolitan Hilarion. Publicistic style was present in various works of the XV-XVII centuries. Its further development in the 18th century was associated with the publication of the first Russian printed newspaper Vedomosti and the creation of a number of magazines. The journalistic style finally developed at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries in the texts of A.N. Radishcheva, V.G. Belinsky, F.M. Dostoevsky and others. In the 20th century, A.M. Gorky, A.N. Tolstoy, K.M. Simonov.

2. Genre differentiation of journalistic style

1 Genre groups

Publicistic style is used in many genres. There are three groups of genres: informational (interview, reportage, note, chronicle), analytical (article, correspondence) and artistic and journalistic (essay, feuilleton, pamphlet, essay).

For modern newspaper and magazine speech as a whole, open invocativeness, sloganism, rhetoric, and unreasoned directiveness are less characteristic. It is more characteristic of analyticity, evidence of presentation. After all, the form of restrained, calm evidence can be expressive, that is, expressive and turn out to be the embodiment of the influencing function of journalistic style.

In modern newspapers and magazines, a significant place is occupied by interactive forms of presentation (interviews, conversations, opposition of two points of view, etc.), as well as informational and analytical (article, commentary, etc.), and, for example, essays and reports are becoming rare phenomenon. New genres are also emerging: "straight line", "round table". It is a pity that these new genres are not yet in my researched journals.

And there are simple interviews, informational notes (for example, about cultural events for the current week), polls, statistics. From the artistic and journalistic group there are essays and essays. But most of all, of course, in journal articles. Here is the article we are talking about.

2 Publicist article

A journalistic article is an analytical genre in which the problems of social reality are deeply and thoroughly considered. Logization is considered to be the main stylistic feature of the article: the formulation of the problem, its assessment - the analysis of the problem, the reasons for its occurrence - the program of actions to solve this problem. For example, the article "Let's Live and Divide" discusses the problem of dividing Gazprom. The reason for the division is a completely new situation in the European gas market: gas prices are falling due to the flow of cheap eastern liquefied natural gas. To solve this problem, our leadership, in connection with the adoption of the third energy package in 2009 ("a set of rules prohibiting companies from operating in the EU market that simultaneously produce, transport, and distribute gas"), thought about dividing Gazprom into several companies: mining, transportation and distribution. The emergence of new large gas producing companies, Rosneft and NOVATEK, should also reduce the gas monopoly on the market not only in Russia, but also in the EU countries.

A journalistic article involves the inclusion of various inserts (a vivid description of episodes, mini-interviews, illustrations) to enliven the discussion. In this article, for example, these are inserts that, according to Kremlin officials, “consultations on Gazprom are still of an exclusively informal nature” and that “the situation on the gas market will increasingly resemble the oil industry, where there are several large producers and one infrastructure monopoly". The article also contains a noteworthy mini-interview with Putin's press secretary Dmitry Peskov about the possibilities of implementing the third energy package. For the effect, the article also includes photo illustrations of the Russian leadership and the head of Gazprom, Alexei Miller, discussing the Nord Stream pipe project, which may be unclaimed in the conditions of the "shale revolution". What the "shale revolution" is can be seen from the subtitle of the article: it is "a process of technology achieved in the United States that allows commercial-scale exploitation of natural gas reserves lying in shale formations", which can significantly undermine Gazprom's credibility.

Before displaying the linguistic features of the article, I would like to talk in general about the features of linguistic means in a journalistic style in the journals under study.

3. Language means of journalistic style

1 Functions of journalistic style

The usual form of implementation of journalistic style is a monologue. And the main principle of journalistic speech, the basis and feature of its organization is its "openness", a direct, direct expression of the author's "I", because the author of a journalistic text addresses the reader with his thoughts, feelings, assessments. In journalism, all assessments belong to the author and it does not matter whether he speaks on behalf of a certain social group, union, party, class, or on his own behalf. Therefore, the speech structure of journalism almost always has an emotional and personal character. Publicistic style has many functions. I would like to focus on two main ones: informative (message, transmission of new information) and influencing (influencing the mind and feelings of the reader). Journals often have several functions: informational, educational, educational, organizational, analytical-critical, entertaining. However, the main function, which incorporates all of the above and is most directly expressed in the style of speech, is influencing-informational, with an emphasis on the aspect of impact. These two functions determine the composition and organization of language means of journalistic style. The informative function of style requires the use of commonly used vocabulary, standards, clichés, because neutral vocabulary facilitates the perception of new information, facilitates the communication process Standard is an exclusive and characteristic property of magazines. The vast majority of magazine speech stereotypes are positive or negative. The influencing function of style contributes to the formation of evaluative vocabulary, since the task of a publicist is not only to report on events, phenomena, facts, but also to explain them, give them a social assessment, and lead the reader to the "necessary" conclusions. Newspaper and journalistic speech is devoid of conventionality and, as I have already said, in journalism the author's "I" appears openly, and we have one stylistic layer - the author's speech. However, the monotonousness of journalistic speech is not a sign of the latter's poverty. On the contrary, it is precisely in this property that its expressiveness and strength lie. Whatever we say a publicist, the structure directly expresses his "voice", evaluation of emotions, train of thought, enthusiasm, excitement about the topic. The activity of the author's position makes journalism a powerful means of influence. The use of linguistic means is largely determined by their social and evaluative qualities and capabilities in terms of effective and purposeful impact on the mass audience.

The journalistic style is characterized by the alternation of standard and expression, logical and figurative, evaluative and evidential, economy of language means, intelligibility, conciseness, consistency of presentation with informative saturation. Hence the appraisal, invocativeness, and polemicism characteristic of the journalistic style. Journalistic speech is designed primarily to influence the masses, so it takes into account the interests of readers as much as possible. An important feature of the language of journals is its general accessibility, communicative significance.

2 Journalistic vocabulary

The property of combining the opposite is most clearly manifested in the vocabulary of a journalistic style:

is the use of standard, stamped words and phrases: played a key role, the human factor, solutions, economic content, achieve goals, face challenges, export;

The use of expressive, expressive, emotional speech means: personifications ( the ground is slipping away from under your feet, the dips are swallowing buses, a busy intersection), metonymy ( right hand of the president pocket structures ), metaphors ( mountain of books, shale revolution, article salt, warm welcome). Publicism is emotional, effective, expressive, but the publicist does not draw reality, but directly and openly agitates, convinces, propagandizes. Here "belief is primary, it is expressed in the word, its meaning, emotional nuances." Journals are in dire need of expressive means, but this expression is of a social nature, it is purposeful, evaluative. Metaphors are used here not so much for imagery as to create an evaluative effect, positive or negative. Usually concepts that are important in ideological and economic terms are subjected to metaphorization: electric rivers; bread industry;

The combination of words related to both book and colloquial vocabulary: homeland-chaos; thoughts-disassembly; socialization-poor guy;

use of socio-political words: power, deputy mandate, constitutional strengthening, Kremlin officials;borrowed words: president, press service, interview, curator, consulting, monitoring; various economic, political, philosophical terms that are rethought and get a journalistic coloring: strategic direction, head of state, bastion of stability, lowering differential.Indeed, unlike other styles of the literary language, in journalistic persuasion acts as the main function of the language, and it has an agitational character. This is manifested primarily in the choice of language means. And since the issues treated by journalism have a political content, political overtones, the choice of language means is conscious, purposeful. The use of words that are associated with the expression of ideological concepts cannot but be influenced by social groups, classes that put different content, different assessments into the same words;

The use of so-called newspaperisms, professional journalistic vocabulary, neologisms: Medvedev's four-year plan, presidential apparatus, Putin 3.0., arbitrable, default, deja vu, Duma member;

Journals are not characterized, although possible, by highly specialized words and expressions, dialectisms, argotisms, poeticisms, barbarisms, individual neologisms, that is, everything that can cause difficulties in understanding the message is excluded.

3 Morphological means of journalistic style

The morphological means of journalistic texts are distinguished by their originality:

nouns with suffixes are actively used - awn, -stv, -nie, -ie(position, independence, innovation, cooperation, execution, association), with international suffixes and prefixes -ism, -ist, -ation, anti-, counter-, de- (bureaucracy, administration, anti-corruption, countermeasures, optimist); adjectives with prefixes inter-, all-, general-, super-(comprehensive, universally recognized, interdepartmental);

Passive past participle forms are often used ( accomplished, accomplished, successful); adjectives in superlatives (the most important, the brightest, the best);

common words formed by addition ( socio-political, business associations, chambers of commerce and industry);

The 1st person form of the verb is common, since the narration is usually conducted on behalf of the author.

3.4 Syntax of journalistic style

The syntax of journalistic style texts also has its own characteristics. It is characterized by:

elliptical structures, i.e. phrases with a missing element of the statement, characterized by brevity, dynamism, increased energy : arbitration is a voluntary case, based on the results of each exam;

Nominative sentences, especially in headings: "king, lady, ballet", State Duma;

Interrogative sentences (How will Thatcher go down in history? And what is the meaning of life?);

introductory words ( first of all, in the first place, really, besides).

4. Language means of the article

Now let's return specifically to our article "Let's live and share." Along with the standard socio-political phrases ( corruption, infrastructure, stronghold of stability, state, national treasure, ministry, reform, oil industry), highly specialized terms are used: " shale revolution", shale gas, long list of candidates, gas market, gas business, gas monopoly, ministry of energy, management, EU authorities, lobbied for construction, Nabucco gas pipeline, energy package, spot market. The main linguistic features of the article also include means of linguistic expressiveness: personifications ( weigh all the arguments, the European Union snapped, the monopoly turned into a tool), metaphors ( hands did not reach, the cornerstone, it is impossible to solve in one fell swoop), epithets ( encroachments of "Gazprom"), alliteration ( let's live and divide), phraseological unit ( provide retroactive discounts). The article contains an abundance of means expressing the logical connections of statements: conjunctions (composing however, and, but, or, subordinating if…then, bye, so what, how, to, on which), introductory words ( most likely, finally, firstly, secondly, true, however, means, in particular, according to Vlast).genre journalistic style article

Whether or not to be imbued with the problem discussed in the article, to agree or not with the conclusions and opinions of journalists, is the business of each reader. So, on the example of the analysis of one article from the magazine "Kommersant Vlast" No. 15, 2013, we examined the linguistic features of the analytical genre of journalistic style. Of course, each genre has its own characteristics, but in general, they all perform the informative and influencing functions of a journalistic style.

From the foregoing, we see that all language means are expressively significant, since they embody the journalistic idea. That is why the problem of choosing an accurate, bright, effective, expressive word is so important in journalism.

5. Magazine headlines

Separately, I want to talk about the headlines in magazines. After all, it is the title of the headings, headings of articles, notes, subheadings, sidebars that are a kind of guidebook for readers of magazines. They attract the attention of the reader, inform him about the topic of publications. The journals have developed a clear system of heading materials, models of heading structures, their placement. For better orientation, publications are grouped into thematic collections. The journal has its own permanent headings, which should attract the attention of readers, they should not have fuzzy wording. The studied journals contain such headings as "Vertical", "Resignations and appointments", "They are about us", "Week", "Question of the week", "Political economy". Briefly and clearly. And if the heading signals the general direction of the publications placed under it, then the heading names the topic of a particular material, and with the help of subheadings, the most important points can be emphasized. For example, the title "No doubt" - the subtitle "High-profile cases of arbitration courts in Russia" or the title "Let's live together" - the subtitle "What is the shale revolution".

The title should not just name the topic, it should inform about the fact, event, formulate the attitude towards it, convey the author's position. These journals have a large number of structural heading models and techniques for their lexical and phraseological expression. Among them, verbless constructions clearly predominate: “Command hour, “King, lady, ballet”, “History”; two-word sentences: “Keep stamps”, “Spare”. Such names are short, expressive, easily perceived by readers. Also for magazines two-word constructions connected by a union are characteristic, which can give the reader more information.For example, "Drill and ice", "Fact and profit". Interrogative sentences are stylistically significant: "When will you repent?", "Why do you not like Americans? "Naturally, not only the structure of the title is important for the reader, but also its content. And the expressive elements should not contradict the content of the material, its genre. But often there are "blunders" in magazines when the title contradicts the content or sounds meaningless ("Thatcher of discord" ), or there are spelling and syntactical errors, or inaccurate information is given in the content, especially in last year's issues, when articles were regularly published by a student of history Faculty of Moscow State University Evgeny Ponasenkov, distorting historical facts. For example, in his article "Kommersant Vlast" No. 35,2002, pp. 77-78, he wrote: "And then the envious of Napoleon Alexander I was forced to go to the Treaty of Tilsit." In fact, the facts of envy of Alexander I to Napoleon are not confirmed by anything. On the contrary, Napoleon always envied Alexander and other hereditary monarchs of large states and fawned over them so that they would recognize him as their equal. One can even recall Napoleon's passionate desire to intermarry with some monarchical house in Europe.

Thus, journals should be dominated by headlines that attract the attention of readers with informativeness and accuracy of content. After all, they help the reader to choose the materials most deserving of his attention. And they should be real landmarks, a kind of signals on the pages of the magazine.

Conclusion

In conclusion, I would like to say that, based on the analysis of the analytical journals Kommersant Vlast, I was able to get acquainted with the functional features of the language means of the journalistic style and understand all its style features, namely logicality, imagery, emotionality, appraisal, invocativeness. The studied journals mainly consist of articles that belong to the analytical genre and are characterized by the presence of both standard phrases and highly specialized social and political terms, and are also enriched with means of artistic expression and various syntactic constructions, which, in turn, perform the most important function along with the informative function. the function of journalistic style is influencing. The information in the magazines is intended not for a narrow circle of specialists, but for the general public, and the impact is directed not only to the mind, but also to the feelings of the reader, so that he has a certain attitude to public affairs, and it does not matter whether it will be positive or negative. Indeed, for a modern publicist, the main thing is to convey information to the reader so that he comprehends it, draws the necessary conclusions for himself. And if earlier a socio-political journal was a party, public, trade union or state body and was aimed at convincing the reader that the author's position was right, now, in the era of glasnost, democracy and freedom of speech, the reader himself forms his own worldview, agreeing or not with author's position. Yes, the studied journals enlighten, inform, agitate, are easy to read, the headings are clear and understandable, they have a lot of expression, they call and make you think about social, political and economic problems, despite the fact that the speech journalistic structure is emotional and personal in nature. That is, journalistic language perfectly fulfills its communicative function. But, I think, the evaluation, emotional, aesthetic or logical, is made by the reader himself.

And no matter how grandiloquent it may sound that the world today is ruled by news, to convey this news to the reader and listener is a very difficult task for a publicist and journalist.

Bibliography

1. Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. "Russian language and culture of speech", 2005.

Bushko O.M. "School Dictionary of Literary Terms", 2005.

Baranov M.T., Kostyaeva T.A., Prudnikova A.V. "Russian language", 1984.

Kozhina M.N. "Stylistics of the Russian language", M., 1993.

Kozhina M.N., Duskaeva L.R., Salimovsky V.A. "Stylistics of the Russian language", M., 2008.

Maidanova L.M. "Workshop on the modern Russian language", Yekaterinburg, 1993.

Karaulov Yu.N. Encyclopedia "Russian language", 1997.

Kozhin A.N., Krylova O.A., Odintsov V.V. "Functional types of Russian speech", M., Higher School, 1982.

Magazines "Kommersant Vlast" No. 13, 14, 15 for 2013 and No. 35 for 2002.

Tags: Journalistic style (characteristic of one of the genres, the language of one of the printed media) indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.

journalistic style - one of the book style, used in socio-journalistic and literary-critical literature, the media, at meetings and rallies.

The task of this style is to influence the mass consciousness through socially significant information. The characteristic features of the journalistic style are logic, figurativeness, emotionality, appraisal, appeal.

language tools:

at the level vocabulary:

Widespread use of socio-political, economic, general cultural vocabulary;

Use of solemn vocabulary measure, view, exude, incomparably), often combined with colloquial;

the use of figurative means: epithets, comparisons, metaphors, phraseological units and "winged expressions";

frequent language play, puns, parody (especially in headlines);

at the level morphology And syntax:

Active use of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person and the corresponding forms of the verb;

non-use of participial and adverbial phrases, their replacement by subordinate clauses;

the use of incentive and exclamatory sentences, rhetorical questions;

the use of appeals;

frequent lexical and syntactic repetitions

Main genres: public speaking (speech, report), discussion, critical note, reportage, interview, article, review, essay, sketch.

As an example of a speech work of a journalistic style, let's cite an excerpt from an article by A. Arkhangelsky, published in the Izvestia newspaper on April 6, 2002:

Cultures and Multur

All last week Duma passions were seething, newspapers and television were stormily discussing who would get which committee and what would eventually happen to the communists. Meanwhile, in this discussion, one motive was completely absent, which, to a certain extent, can be considered the key one. Namely: what two committees were offered to the Bolshevik comrades as a consolation prize for reasons of political insignificance? What cabinets did none of the new majority covet - not the faceless EDIOTs, nor the gleaming rightists?

That's right, kids. Sit down, five. These were committees for culture and religious associations...

I'm afraid that the people's representatives are once again making a very serious mistake. Not cultural. And not religious. And quite a political one. Because a politician is not a political scientist. He doesn't have to be too smart. But he must have a good sense of smell. And always keep your nose in the wind: where does the wind of the era blow? As for the wind of the epoch, it blows away from direct (more precisely, quite mediocre) politics.

This passage reflects the following features of journalistic style:

Political vocabulary: committees, cabinets (of ministers), Duma, Bolsheviks, communists, rightists, politician, political scientist;

Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, including phraseological units: clean, covet, scent, sparkling, keep your nose in the wind;

Language game: secondary game in title ( Cultures and Multur- paraphrase of the famous repetition-resonance culture-multur), direct as an antonym for the word mediocre, YEDIOTS- block "Unity and Fatherland", a pseudo-complex abbreviated word, graphically and phonetically consonant with the word idiots;

Absence of participles, a small number of participles;

Interrogative sentences;

- "simple" syntax;

An expressive way of addressing readers: ... what two committees were proposed to the Bolshevik comrades...? That's right, kids. Sit down, five;

Parceling: make a very serious mistake. Not cultural. And not religious. And quite a political one.

Art style

Art style is used in works of fiction, refers to book speech.

The task is to paint a picture with words, to express the attitude towards the depicted, to influence the feelings and imagination of the reader. Feature - the unity of the communicative and aesthetic functions, high figurativeness.

The artistic style is characterized by the following expressive means:

tropes - phrases in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense: metaphor, metonymy, personification, comparison, epithet, etc.;

figures of speech: anaphora, antithesis, gradation, inversion, parallelism, rhetorical question;

rhythm, rhyme, mainly in a poetic work.

A broader concept is the language of fiction: the artistic style is usually used in the author's speech, and other styles, such as colloquial, may be present in the speech of the characters.

As example we give an excerpt from a poetic text - a poem by A. Blok:

Autumn is late. The sky is open

And the forests are silent.

Lay down on the blurry shore

The head of a mermaid is sick.

The following linguistic means, characteristic of the artistic style, are used here:

Rhythm, rhyme;

Inversion - adjective after noun: late autumn, the sky is open, the coast is blurred, the mermaid is sick;

Trails: the open sky, the forests shine through with silence, the mermaid's head lay down on the shore;

Syntactic parallelism in the first line;

Nominative sentences that create a feeling of static, immobility.

Conversational style

Colloquial the style is opposed to the book style and is used in casual conversations, more often in an informal setting. The main form of existence is oral, but it can also be carried out in writing (notes, private letters, fixing the speech of characters, and sometimes the author's speech in works of art).

The task of speech is communication, exchange of impressions. Distinctive features of the conversational style are informality, ease, unpreparedness, emotionality, the use of facial expressions and gestures.

The journalistic style is characterized by the use of the following language tools:

on the phonetic level:

a greater degree of vowel reduction, pronunciation compression of words ( now[sh'as], Hello[(h)dras't'i]);

Varied intonation with relatively free word order;

· at the level vocabulary And word formation:

the use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, jargon ( hard worker, train, meticulous, on the sly, fawn);

Predominant use of specific vocabulary, slight use of abstract, terminological words;

expressiveness and evaluativeness in vocabulary and word formation ( awesome, boo, little book, hefty);

frequent use of phraseological units;

at the level morphology:

The most common of all styles is the use of personal pronouns;

the predominance of the use of verbs over the use of nouns;

rare use of participles and short adjectives, non-use of participles;

inflexibility of complex numerals, inclination of abbreviations;

use of particles, interjections;

frequent figurative use of morphological means (for example, the use of tenses and moods in a meaning that is unusual for them in book styles);

on the syntactic level:

The use of one-part and incomplete sentences;

lack of complex syntactic constructions;

non-union complex sentence;

frequent use of motivating, interrogative and exclamatory sentences;

the use of appeals.

As an example, let's take the statement of one of the characters in A.P. Chekhov's story "Revenge":

- Open it, damn it! How much longer will I have to freeze in this through wind? If you had known that it was twenty degrees below zero in your hallway, you would not have made me wait so long! Or maybe you don't have a heart?

This short passage reflects the following features of conversational style:

Interrogative and exclamatory sentences

Interjection of colloquial style hell,

Personal pronouns 1 and 2 persons, verbs in the same form.

Another example is an excerpt from a letter from A. S. Pushkin to his wife, N. N. Pushkina, dated August 3, 1834:

Shame on you, lady. You are angry with me, not understanding who is to blame, me or the post office, and you leave me for two weeks without news of yourself and the children. I was so embarrassed that I didn't know what to think. Your letter calmed me, but did not console me. The description of your trip to Kaluga, however funny, is not at all funny to me. What is the desire to wander into a nasty provincial town to see nasty actors performing nasty old, nasty opera?<...>I asked you not to travel around Kaluga, yes, it’s clear that you have such a nature.

In this passage, the following linguistic features of the conversational style appeared:

Use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary: wife, drag, nasty, drive around, what a hunt, union Yes in the meaning of "but", particles already And not at all, introductory word it is seen,

Word with evaluative derivational suffix small town,

Inverse word order in some sentences,

Lexical word repetition bad,

appeal,

Availability interrogative sentence,

The use of personal pronouns 1 and 2 person singular,

Using verbs in the present tense

The use of a plural form of a word that is absent in the language Kaluga (driving around Kaluga) to refer to all small provincial towns.

Types of speech

Types of speech- differentiation of speech according to a generalized (typical) meaning into narration, description and reasoning.

Narration describes successive actions, talks about events in their time sequence.

Narrative texts include such components as the plot (the beginning of the action), the development of the action, the climax (the most important moment in the development of the action) and the denouement (the end of the action). At the same time, the sequence of these components may be violated in the narrative, which is often presented in works of art (for example, in M. Yu. Lermontov's "A Hero of Our Time").

The "new" in the sentences of the narrative text is the message about successive events.

Narration can be pictorial and informative. In a narrative text, lexical means are often used denoting a temporal sequence of actions ( then, then, after a while), verbs are usually used in the past tense.

As an example, let's take an excerpt from A.P. Chekhov's story "Live Goods":

Filling his pockets and wallet, Bugrov hid the forms on the table and, after drinking half a decanter of water, ran out into the street.

At night, at half past eleven, he drove up to the entrance of the Paris Hotel. Noisily he went up the stairs and knocked on the door in which Grokholsky lived. They let him in. Groholsky was packing his things into his suitcases. Liza sat at the table and tried on bracelets. Both of them were frightened when Bugrov entered them.

Description depicts a phenomenon through enumeration and disclosure of its features. A text of this kind can describe the appearance of a person, an object, a place, a state of a person or the environment. In the "given" the object or its parts are called, in the "new" the signs of the object are reported.

Descriptive text is characterized by the use of adjectives, verbs in the present tense.

Description is used in different styles of speech, but more often in scientific and artistic.

In the scientific style, the description of an object includes essential features that are called adjectives or verbal nouns, for example: Giraffe (giraffa), a ruminant mammal. Body length 3-4 meters (1/3 is the neck), height to the crown 4.5-5.8 m, tail length about 1 m, weight 550-750 kg. It lives in the savannas of Africa. Due to hunting (for the sake of meat and skins), the number is small. They breed well in captivity. Live up to 20-30 years.

In the description of the artistic style, the most striking features that create the image are highlighted; they can be transmitted by comparisons, words in a figurative sense, words with evaluative suffixes. As an example, let's take the beginning of A.P. Chekhov's story "The Baron":

The Baron is a small, thin old man of about sixty. His neck makes an obtuse angle with his spine, which will soon become straight. He has a large, angular head, sour eyes, a bumpy nose, and a purplish chin.

reasoning describes the causes of properties and phenomena. It can be proof, explanation, reflection (the difference is in the degree of categorical judgments). In reasoning, there is usually a thesis (what needs to be proved), arguments and a conclusion. Here are two examples of reasoning used in different styles of speech:

1. On camels, of course, you can go through the desert without stopping much further than on horseback, but the transition is not far ahead of us, time is expensive, and you have no experience with camels, so let's take horses in the town.

2. Based on the need to mobilize and deploy human resources, before starting the construction of engineering structures, it is necessary to provide for the construction of a well-maintained temporary residential town, including power supply, communications, water treatment, sewerage, recreational and sports facilities.

Text, especially fiction, often combines different types of speech. As an example, we give an excerpt from the story of K. Paustovsky "Golden Rose":

The old steamer pulled away from the pier at Voznesenye and entered Lake Onega.

The white night stretched all around. For the first time I saw this night not over the Neva and the palaces of Leningrad, but among the wooded spaces and lakes.

A pale moon hung low in the east. She gave no light.

The waves from the steamer ran silently into the distance, shaking pieces of pine bark. On the shore, probably in some ancient graveyard, the watchman struck the clock on the bell tower - twelve strokes. And although it was far from the shore, this ringing reached us, passed the steamer and left along the water surface into the transparent dusk, where the moon hung.

I don't know what better to call the lingering light of the white night. Mysterious? Or magical?

These nights always seem to me the excessive generosity of nature - so much pale air and the ghostly brilliance of foil and silver in them.

Man cannot reconcile himself to the inevitable disappearance of this beauty, these enchanted nights. Therefore, it must be that the white nights cause a slight sadness with their fragility, like everything beautiful when it is doomed to live for a short time.

In the presented passage, all types of speech successively replace each other - narration, description and reasoning.

deals with the problems of speech and text style- a branch of linguistics that studies the use of language in different conditions verbal communication.

Part 4. Morphology

Morphology - a branch of linguistics that studies parts of speech and their grammatical features.

Morphology and syntax make up grammar.

Speech is a functional variety of the language of literature, widely used in various spheres of society. These are magazines, newspapers, radio, television, documentaries, political literature, public political speeches, the activities of various parties and all kinds of public associations.

Terminology

Textbooks often interpret the journalistic style of speech as newspaper-journalistic, simply newspaper or socio-political. The name most often defines the narrow scope of the functioning of this style.

Newspaper - comes from the history of the formation of speech features of political communication, since it was periodicals, primarily newspapers, that formalized the main features of the journalistic style of speech. And today one can observe its well-established functioning both in print and in electronic versions of the media.

Another variety - socio-political style - shows its connection with public political life and, in addition to politics, sports, culture, ecology, the activities of human rights organizations, and so on.

If we keep in mind the concept of literature, and not linguistics, that is, the content characteristics of works, then all these branches can be linked together, since the journalistic style of speech has all the same features.

What is journalism

This kind of journalism and literature examines the most pressing economic, political, legal, as well as philosophical and literary problems that concern modern life. The journalistic style of speech is able to influence the opinion of any existing ones to make changes or changes in their work for the sake of class interests, moral or social ideals.

Publicism explores all modern life in all its manifestations - big and small, private and public, reflecting its vision in documents, art, and the press. In literature and journalism there is no better way to develop the Russian language. The journalistic style of speech is the first to testify to changes in style, demonstrates the creation of neologisms and introduces new formulas of phraseological units.

Actual problems in the current public life are the main topics, which journalism serves as a mechanism for influencing the ideological and political aspects of the activities of social institutions, a means of agitation, propaganda, and public education. The main role in the transmission of social information belongs to journalism.

Genres of journalistic style of speech

Verbal and written speech, forms of pictorial graphics (caricature, poster), photography and cinematography (television, documentaries), dramaturgy, theater, as well as verbal and musical compositions, fiction and popular science literature - all these are areas where journalism reigns.

A journalistic orientation is characteristic of any genre, but the main thing here is not to confuse concepts: the type of literature is journalism, and style is a certain function of the language. The subject matter here can be unusually broad, the main thing is that the issue should not leave the center of public attention. Depending on the topic, the features of a journalistic style of speech may include special vocabulary that requires not only explanations, but also voluminous comments.

Many topics never leave public discussions, and therefore the dictionary of the language has already formed a certain circle of verbal units and entire phraseological units that are unique to this style. Here are politics, information events from the sphere of activity of the parliament, government, materials about elections, party events, and so on.

Stylistic dictionary

Such ready-made language patterns (newspapers) are regularly encountered: coalition, faction, leader, candidate, democracy, draft law, opposition, conservatism, federalism, radicals, parliamentary hearings, election campaign, second round, lively discussion, rating, election headquarters, lower house, parliamentary inquiry, voters' trust, public consent, parliamentary investigation.

Economists cannot do without such words as investment, budget, auction, inflation, audit, arbitrage, licensing, raw materials, bankruptcy, joint-stock company, monopoly, labor market, share price, customs duties and many others in their texts.

Materials on the topics of healthcare, education, social protection, a journalist cannot build without such turnovers as: state support, variability of education, teacher salaries, student exchange, distance education, scientific cooperation, unloading the school curriculum, health insurance, drug benefits, subsistence minimum, consumer basket, child benefits, standard of living, and so on.

Informing the population about the state of public order requires its own terminology and has its own well-established phrases: protection of the rights of citizens, the fight against crime, the scene of an incident, a trial, a prosecutor's check, a written undertaking not to leave, and others.

Interstyle connections

To create a real picture of events and convey to the reader or viewer all the impressions of a journalist, an artistic and journalistic style of speech is used. The same phrases sound different in a police report, a scientific monograph or a television report. Many of the words from these examples are used in both scientific and official business styles.

Incidents, natural disasters, accidents are covered using such words and ready-made clichés: typhoon, hurricane, flood, earthquake, terrorist attack, hostage-taking, car collision, rescue operation, environmental disaster.

War correspondents have their own vocabulary: explosives, militant, mining, land mine, collision, sniper, bombardment, shelling, severe wounding, sortie, civilians, casualties, destruction, and so on.

International topics are easily distinguished from any other by the use of such words and combinations: negotiations, peace settlement, official visit, international community, multilateral consultations, tense situation, European integration, strategic partnership, peacekeeping forces, global problems, territorial integrity and the like.

The unlimited scope of the journalistic style also determines the diversity of vocabulary, therefore journalism is, in this sense, the richest of the varieties of literature.

Determining the style of speech

The scientific and journalistic style of speech limits the meaning of words to a concept - clearly defined, stable, emphatically unemotional. Conversational speech is mobile, vague. Artistry reveals the inner meaning of the word, its figurativeness.

Publicism, in addition to the emotional component, gives the word an evaluative character, forms an attitude to the event in question, since this kind of literature deals with purely socio-political issues of our time.

The very subject of discussion - politics, social life, economics - always concerns the interests of almost every person. This means that the journalistic style of speech cannot be indifferent and indifferent. Examples of publications about prices, inflation, ethnic conflicts - they are not characterized by streamlined formulations and languid expressions.

The tasks of a publicist

Social and political phenomena, their processes and trends require constant evaluation. Publicism always actively interferes in life and forms public opinion. Here it is important not only to register events passively, but to participate in them, to defend your ideas openly and passionately, to evaluate the facts. Newspaper speech uses a number of specific means and methods to achieve expression.

The form of expression can be different - from underlined intellectual presentation to direct propaganda. The method of restrained, calm and conclusive presentation of the essence of a phenomenon or process is also effective. The choice of means depends on the stylistic skill of the journalist, on how rich the Russian language has endowed him. The journalistic style of speech has dual features due to the various functions of the publication - informational and purely influencing - which are very unevenly distributed across genres.

Genre distribution

Relatively stable in terms of subject matter, composition and style, the types of works are divided approximately into three groups.

• Information genres: report, interview, reportage, note.
• Analytical genres: review, review, review, correspondence, article, conversation.
• Artistic and journalistic genres: pamphlet, feuilleton, essay, essay.

Let's start from the end. The artistic and journalistic style of speech is characterized by the greatest expression. Information genre is dry. Analytical genre - too, but only to a superficial glance.

Analytical review

The text of the journalistic style of speech can be contradictory and ambiguous. One of its main functions is to "brainwash" the reader with the help of the media. The author uses the extreme accessibility of the presentation and, of course, a subjective assessment of the situation, which, however, certainly adorns the journalistic style of speech. Examples of the analytical genre:

• Given: the village of Experimentalovka. A local resident experienced a certain chemical drug on her hen, causing her to lay a golden egg.
• First option: Discovery of the century! In a terrible outback, with the almost complete absence of the most elementary civilization, a resident of the village of Experimentalovka came up with a drug with which you can make chickens lay golden eggs! Our kulibins can do everything, even the greatest alchemists of all times and peoples have not been able to invent a better way! The experimenter refuses to comment yet, because he suddenly started drinking from the joy of the discovery. However, we can say with confidence that it is on such heroes that our land rests! Ahead is the stabilization of the economy, moreover, leadership in gold mining and the production of gold products!
  
• Option 2: Apocalypse! The world is shocked by the discovery of a drunken flayer from Experimentalovka! Selfish goals led this maniac to inhuman cruelty towards poor, defenseless creatures! A resident of a provincial village stuffed his chickens with an unknown chemical solution in an attempt to get the Philosopher's Stone. The chickens took down the gold, but the chicken's torment did not end there. The immoral experimenter did nothing to help the victims of his experiments, having gone into a binge. Such a discovery is fraught with many events that cannot be avoided. Judging by the nature of the actions of the newly minted "scientist", he will try to take over the world.

Other analytical genres

An article, a review and other analytical genres differ not only in imagery and emotionality, but also in logic and evaluativeness. The expression of the call is not alien to them. Language means should correspond to the task set by the genre: socio-political vocabulary, syntactic constructions of various types, journalistic style of speech.

This characteristic is also suitable for scientific reasoning: a deep social problem is posed, its analysis is carried out and solutions are evaluated, the conclusions are summarized. The material is built sequentially, according to a strict logical scheme, special general scientific terminology is used. So, journalistic style of speech.

Text examples

Information genre:

• In the village of Experimentalovka in the Inexperienced District of the Testing Region, an emergency occurred. A local hen laid a golden egg. Perhaps the chicken was not alone, the data is being checked. There is information that a chemical solution of unknown composition was tested on chickens. Comments from the rural experimenter have not yet been received.

Artistic and journalistic genre:

• If you are overtired, tasting the dry scientific style, drinking down the duplicity of the journalistic, when you want to get enough of light and rich food and quench your thirst with a cocktail of vivid images and emotional shades, you simply need an artistic and journalistic style of speech.

The first three texts emerged from one not too life case. Nevertheless, the examples of texts given above will help to identify the journalistic style of speech, despite the variety of genres.

Publicism is called the chronicle of modernity, since it reflects the current history in its entirety, it addresses the topical problems of society - political, social, cultural, everyday, philosophical, etc. Newspaper-journalistic (journalistic) style speeches are presented on the pages of newspapers and magazines, in materials of radio and television journalism, in public lectures, in the speeches of speakers in parliament, at congresses, plenums, meetings, rallies, etc.

Texts related to this style are distinguished by a variety of topics and language design. On the one hand, the same genre, for example, the genre of reportage, will be significantly different in the newspaper, on radio and on television. But, on the other hand, newspaper reporting differs significantly from other newspaper genres - information, essay, feuilleton, etc.

However, all genres of journalism have many common features that allow them to be combined into a single whole. And these common features are due to the presence of a common function. Journalistic style texts are always addressed to the masses and always perform - along with informational - an influencing function. The nature of the impact can be direct and open. For example, at a rally, speakers openly call on the masses to support or reject this or that decision of the government, this or that speaker, politician, etc.

The nature of the impact may be different, as if hidden behind an outwardly objective presentation of facts (cf. news programs on radio, television). However, the very selection of facts, their more or less detailed consideration, the nature of the presentation of the material also provide for a certain impact on the masses. By its very nature, journalism is designed to actively intervene in life, to shape public opinion.

A characteristic feature of journalism is also that it affects not just one person, but precisely the masses, society as a whole and its individual social groups. In the journalistic style, the author's individuality is much stronger than in the scientific, official and business styles. However, in this case, the author manifests himself not only as a specific person (with his own unique features), but also as a representative of society, an exponent of certain social ideas, interests, etc.

Therefore, the main feature, the dominant feature of journalistic style is social appraisal, which is manifested both in the very selection of facts, the degree of attention to them, and in the use of expressive linguistic means.

In general, the journalistic style is characterized by a constant alternation of expression and standard, the constant transformation of expressive means into a standard and the search for new expressive means of expression.

For example, metaphors cold war, iron curtain, perestroika, stagnation, thaw almost immediately turned into socio-political, standardly used terms.

Such confrontation and interaction of expression and standard is quite natural. The influencing function determines the constant desire of journalism for expression, but the need for expressive and visual means conflicts with the need to quickly respond to all the events of our time. Standards, being ready-made speech forms, are correlated with certain socio-political and other situations. And the text, built in a familiar, standard form, is easier to write and easier to digest. It is no coincidence that such stereotypes are most often found in those genres that require an economical and concise form and are operationally related to the event itself: official communication, information, press review, report on the work of parliament, government, etc. In other genres (essay, feuilleton, etc.) there are fewer speech standards, original expressive techniques come to the fore, speech is individualized.

The standard informative means used in a journalistic style include the following:

Among the expressive-influencing means, it is necessary to highlight the following:

Of course, the use of standard and expressive means of language in a journalistic style largely depends on the genre, on the sense of proportion, taste and talent of the publicist.

You should immediately start with the main thing. In a journalistic article, unlike an essay, the main problem should be expressed in the first two lines. Organize your arguments point by point, get the reader interested in your topic, then summarize what you think can be done to solve the problem. Try something like this:

• “Once as a child in the winter, when the days were very short, and for a walk you had to wrap yourself in a bunch of clothes, my sister and I went to the library. We spent our days in art classes among the bookshelves of this historic building. Unfortunately, next month this library may suffer the same fate as many other (already closed) public institutions in our area. I think this is the last straw."

Use colorful details and examples in your story to grab the reader's attention. Usually the reader remembers interesting details, not dry facts. Of course, the article should contain reliable facts, but be sure to include a few bright and fascinating details in the article so that they remain in the reader's memory. Try to give real examples so that the reader sees that this is exactly the topic that is worth reading about and thinking about.

• In the library example, you could write that it was founded by some well-known politician/writer/artist because he felt the residents needed a place to read and discuss. There is a story about a librarian who worked in this place for 60 years and read every book of fiction in this library.