Accounting for the results of the enterprise. Financial result in accounting: postings and example

The financial result is the result of the economic activity of the organization and its divisions, expressed in the form of financial indicators, such as profit (loss), change in the cost of equity, receivables and payables, income.

When administering accounting information on the income and expenses of the organization, as well as the final financial result of its activities for the reporting period, are reflected in the accounts provided for this by the Chart of Accounts and Instructions for its application.

To summarize information on the income and expenses of the organization, as well as to identify the final financial result of the activity for the reporting period, according to the Chart of Accounts, the following accounts are used:

• - 90 "Sales";
• - 91 "Other income and expenses";
• - 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables";
• - 96 "Reserves for future expenses";
• - 97 "Deferred expenses";
• - 98 "Deferred income";
• - 99 "Profit and loss".

Account 90 "Sales" is used to summarize information on income and expenses associated with the ordinary activities of the organization, as well as determine the financial result for them.

This account may reflect, in particular, revenue and cost:

• - on finished products and semi-finished products of own production;
• - purchased products (purchased for assembly);
• - goods;
• - services for the transportation of goods and passengers;
• - communication services;
• - participation in the authorized capital of other organizations (when this is the subject of activity), etc.

The amount of proceeds from the sale of goods, products, performance of work, provision of services, etc. is reflected in the credit of account 90 and the debit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers". At the same time, the cost of goods sold, products, works, services, etc. are written off from the credit of accounts 43 "Finished products", 41 "Goods", 44 "Sales expenses", 20 "Main production" to the debit of account 90.

In organizations engaged in the production of agricultural products, the credit of account 90 reflects the proceeds from the sale of products in correspondence with account 62. In the debit of account 90, the actual cost of production is debited from the credit of product accounting accounts.

In industries where the actual cost of goods sold is determined at the end of the year, the planned cost of production is written off to account 90 during the year. At the end of the year, the difference between the planned and actual cost of products sold is determined and the amount of the difference is written off to the debit of account 90 (or reversed) in correspondence with the accounts on which these products were recorded.

In organizations engaged in retail trade and keeping records of goods at sale prices, the credit of account 90 reflects the sale value of the goods sold (in correspondence with cash and settlement accounts), and in debit - their accounting value (in correspondence with account 41 "Goods ") with the simultaneous reversal of the amounts of discounts (markups) relating to the goods sold (in correspondence with account 42 "Trade margin").

Sub-accounts can be opened for account 90:

• - 90/1 "Revenue";
• - 90/2 "Cost of sales";
• - 90/3 "Value Added Tax";
• - 90/4 "Excises";
• - 90/9 "Profit/loss on sales".

Organizations - payers of export duties can open a sub-account 90/5 "Export duties" to account 90 to record their amounts.

Subaccount 90/9 is designed to identify the financial result (profit or loss) from sales for the reporting month.

Entries on sub-accounts 90/1 - 90/4 are made accumulatively during the reporting year. On a monthly basis, by comparing the total debit turnover on subaccounts 90/2 - 90/4 and the credit turnover on subaccount 90/1, the financial result (profit or loss) from sales for the reporting month is determined.

This financial result is monthly (final turnovers) written off from sub-account 90/9 to account 99 "Profits and losses". Thus, synthetic account 90 does not have a balance on the reporting date.

At the end of the reporting year, all sub-accounts opened for account 90 (except for sub-account 90/9) are closed by internal entries to sub-account 90/9.

Analytical accounting on account 90 is maintained for each type of goods sold, products, work performed, services rendered, and, if necessary, in other areas (by sales regions, etc.).

Revenue is the amount of funds that the organization has received or should receive from buyers (customers) for the goods sold to them (products, work performed, services rendered). The amount of revenue is reflected on sub-account 90/1 if it is received from the ordinary activities of the organization, i.e. from the sale of products and goods, the performance of works or the provision of services. To account for other income, subaccount 91/1 "Other income" of account 91 "Other income and expenses" is used.

As a rule, the usual activities of the organization are specified in its charter (in the section "Types of activity"). However, often in this section of the charter it is written that the organization can carry out "any activity not prohibited by law."

In this case, income is considered to be received from ordinary activities if the organization receives them regularly and their amount exceeds 5% of the total revenue for the reporting period.

When accounting for revenue from ordinary activities, the following entry should be made:

Dt 62 Kt 90/1 - the amount of proceeds from the sale of goods (products, work, services) is recognized.

It is necessary to reflect the revenue in accounting immediately after the ownership of the goods (products) sold by your organization has passed to the buyer (the work has been accepted by the customer, the service has been rendered).

As a rule, this happens at the time of shipment of goods (products) or at the time of transfer to the customer of the results of the work performed (services rendered).

Simultaneously with the reflection of revenue, the cost of goods sold (products, work performed, services rendered) should be written off to the debit of subaccount 90/2:

Dt 90/2 Kt 41 (43, 45, 20) - the cost of goods sold (products, work performed, services rendered) was written off.

On the debit of subaccount 90/2, it is necessary to indicate the cost of only those goods (products, works, services), the income from the sale of which is taken into account on the credit of subaccount 90/1.

In the contract of sale, it is possible to provide that the ownership right does not pass to the buyer at the time of shipment of the goods, but later (for example, after payment for the goods). An agreement containing such a condition is also called an agreement with a special transfer of ownership. In this case, revenue should be recognized only after the receipt of money from the buyer. And the goods transferred to the buyer under such an agreement, until the moment of their payment, are accounted for on account 45 "Goods shipped". In this case, the following posting is made in accounting:

Dt 45 Kt 41 (43) - goods (finished products) were shipped under a contract with a special transfer of ownership.

Account 91 "Other income and expenses" is intended to summarize information on other income and expenses of the reporting period.

The credit of this account during the reporting period reflects:

• - receipts related to the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or cash;
• - receipts related to the granting for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or cash;
• - receipts related to participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations, as well as interest and other income on securities - in correspondence with settlement accounts;
• - profit received by the organization under a simple partnership agreement - in correspondence with account 76 (sub-account "Settlements on due dividends and other income");
• - receipts related to the sale and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash in the Russian currency, products, goods - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or cash;
• - proceeds from operations with packaging - in correspondence with the accounts of accounting for containers and settlements;
• - interest received (receivable) for the provision of the organization's funds for use, as well as for the use by the credit organization of the funds on the organization's account - in correspondence with the accounts of financial investments or funds;
• - fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts received or recognized to be received - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or cash;
• - receipts related to the gratuitous receipt of assets - in correspondence with the account for accounting for deferred income;
• - receipts in compensation for losses caused to the organization - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements;
• - profit of previous years, revealed in the reporting year, - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements;
• - amounts of accounts payable for which the limitation period has expired - in correspondence with accounts payable;
• - Other income.

The debit of account 91 during the reporting period reflects:

• - expenses associated with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets, rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property, as well as participation in the authorized capital of other organizations, - in correspondence with cost accounting accounts;
• - the residual value of assets for which depreciation is charged, and the actual cost of other assets written off by the organization, in correspondence with the accounts of the corresponding assets;
• - expenses associated with the sale, disposal and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash in Russian currency, goods, products - in correspondence with cost accounting accounts;
• - expenses on operations with containers - in correspondence with cost accounting accounts;
• - interest paid by the organization for providing it with the use of funds (credits, loans), - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or cash;
• - expenses related to payment for services rendered by credit institutions - in correspondence with settlement accounts;
• - fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts, paid or recognized for payment, - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or cash;
• - expenses for the maintenance of production facilities and facilities under conservation - in correspondence with the cost accounting accounts;
• - compensation for losses caused by the organization - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements;
• - losses of previous years recognized in the reporting year - in correspondence with accounts for accounting for settlements, depreciation charges, etc.;
• - deductions to reserves for the depreciation of investments in securities, for the depreciation of material assets, for doubtful debts - in correspondence with the accounts of these reserves;
• - amounts of receivables for which the limitation period has expired, other debts that are unrealistic to collect - in correspondence with accounts receivable;
• - exchange rate differences - in correspondence with cash accounts, financial investments, settlements, etc.;
• - expenses associated with the consideration of cases in courts - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements;
• - other expenses.

Sub-accounts can be opened for account 91:

• - 91/1 "Other income";
• - 91/2 "Other expenses";
• - 91/9 "Balance of other income and expenses".

Entries on sub-accounts 91/1 and 91/2 are made accumulatively during the reporting year. On a monthly basis, by comparing the debit turnover on subaccount 91/2 and the credit turnover on subaccount 91/1, the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month is determined.

This balance is monthly (final turnovers) written off from sub-account 91/9 to account 99 "Profits and losses". Thus, as of the reporting date, synthetic account 91 has no balance.

At the end of the reporting year, all sub-accounts opened to account 91 (except for sub-account 91/9) are closed by internal entries to sub-account 91/9.

Analytical accounting on account 91 is kept for each type of other income and expenses. At the same time, the construction of analytical accounting for other income and expenses related to the same financial or business transaction should make it possible to identify the financial result for each transaction.

Account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" is used to summarize information on the amounts of shortages and losses from damage to material and other valuables (including cash) identified in the process of their preparation, storage and sale, regardless of whether they are subject to attribution to accounts accounting for production costs (sales expenses) or responsible persons. Losses of valuables resulting from natural disasters are charged to account 99 as losses of the reporting year (uncompensated losses from natural disasters).

The debit of account 94 reflects:

• - for missing or completely damaged inventory items - their actual cost;
• - for missing or completely damaged fixed assets - their residual value (initial value minus the amount of accrued depreciation);
• - for partially damaged material assets - the amount of determined losses, etc.

For shortages and damage to valuables, entries are made on the debit of account 94 from the credit of the accounts for recording the named values.

When the buyer, upon acceptance of the valuables received from the suppliers, reveals a shortage or damage, then the amount of the shortage, within the limits provided for in the contract, he refers to the debit of account 94 from the credit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" when posting the valuables. The buyer presents the amount of losses in excess of the amounts provided for in the contract to the supplier or transport organization and takes into account the debit of account 76 (sub-account "Calculations on claims") and the credit of account 60.

If the court refuses to recover the amounts of losses from suppliers or transport organizations the amount previously debited to account 76 (sub-account "Calculations on claims") is debited to account 94.

If the court has decided to recover from the supplier the amounts of shortages and losses of valuables in excess of the amounts provided for in the contract, in the accounting records of the supplier the sale amount previously reflected in the debit of accounts 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" or 51 "Settlement accounts", 52 "Currency accounts " and the credit of account 90 "Sales" are reversed for the amount of shortages and losses recovered by the buyer.

At the same time, the indicated amount is reflected in the usual entry on the debit of accounts 62 or 51, 52 and the credit of account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors". When transferring amounts to the buyer, account 76 is debited in correspondence with account 51. The supplier must also reverse the turnover on the debit of account 90 and the credit of account 43 "Finished products". The amount recovered in this way on account 43 is then written off to the debit of account 94.

The credit of account 94 reflects the write-off:

• - shortages and damage to valuables within the limits provided for in the contract - to the accounting records of material assets (when they are identified during procurement);
• - shortages and damage to valuables within the limits of natural loss - to the accounts of production costs and sales costs (when they are identified during storage or sale);
• - shortages of valuables in excess of the values ​​(norms) of loss, losses from damage - to the debit of account 73 (sub-account "Calculations for compensation of material damage");
• - shortages of valuables in excess of the values ​​​​(norms) of loss and losses from damage to valuables in the absence of specific perpetrators, as well as shortages of inventory items, the collection of which was refused by the court due to the groundlessness of claims - to account 91.

The credit of account 94 reflects amounts in the amounts and amounts accepted for accounting in the debit of the specified account. At the same time, the missing or damaged material values ​​are written off to the accounts for accounting for production costs (sales costs) at their actual cost.

When recovering the cost of missing valuables from the guilty persons, the difference between their value credited to account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations" and the value reflected on account 94 is taken into account on account 98 "Deferred income".

As the due amount is recovered from the guilty person, the indicated difference is written off to the debit of account 98 and the credit of account 91.

Shortfalls in valuables identified in the reporting year, but related to previous reporting periods, recognized as financially responsible persons or for which there are court decisions to recover from the guilty persons, are reflected in the debit of account 94 and the credit of account 98.

At the same time, account 73 is debited to these amounts (sub-account "Calculations for compensation for material damage") and account 94 is credited. As the debt is repaid, account 98 is debited and account 91 is credited.

Account 96 "Reserves for future expenses" is used to summarize information on the status and movement of amounts reserved in order to evenly include expenses in production costs and sales expenses. In particular, the following amounts may be reflected on this account:

• - forthcoming vacation pay (including payments for social insurance and security) to employees of the organization;
• - for the payment of annual remuneration for the length of service;
• - production costs for preparatory work due to the seasonal nature of production;
• - for the repair of fixed assets;
• - forthcoming costs for land reclamation and implementation of other environmental measures;
• - for warranty repairs and warranty service.

The reservation of certain amounts is reflected in the credit of account 96 in correspondence with the accounts of accounting for production costs and sales expenses.

The actual expenses for which the reserve was previously formed are charged to the debit of account 96 in correspondence, in particular, with the accounts:

• - 70 "Settlements with personnel for remuneration" - for the amount of remuneration to employees during the holidays and annual remuneration for length of service;
• - 23 "Auxiliary production" - for the cost of repair of fixed assets, produced by the subdivision of the organization.

The correctness of the formation and use of amounts for a particular reserve is periodically (and at the end of the year - mandatory) checked according to estimates, calculations and, if necessary, adjusted.

Analytical accounting on account 96 is carried out for individual reserves.

Account 97 "Deferred expenses" is used to summarize information on expenses incurred in this, but related to future reporting periods. In particular, this account may reflect the costs associated with mining and preparation work, pre-production work due to their seasonal nature, the development of new industries, installations and units, land reclamation and the implementation of other environmental measures that are unevenly performed during years of repair of fixed assets (when the organization does not create an appropriate reserve or fund), etc.

The expenses recorded on account 97 are written off to the debit of accounts 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 25 "General production expenses", 26 "General expenses", 44 "Sale expenses", etc.

Analytical accounting on account 97 is carried out by types of expenses.

Account 98 "Deferred income" is intended to summarize information on income received (accrued) in the reporting period, but relating to future reporting periods, as well as upcoming debt receipts for shortages identified in the reporting period for previous years, and the difference between the amount due recovery from the perpetrators, and the cost of valuables accepted for accounting when shortages and damage are detected.

Sub-accounts can be opened for account 98:

• - 98/1 "Income received on account of future periods";
• - 98/2 "Gratuitous receipts";
• - 98/3 "Upcoming receipts of debts for shortages identified in previous years";
• - 98/4 "The difference between the amount to be recovered from the perpetrators and the balance sheet value for shortages of valuables", etc.

Sub-account 98/1 takes into account income received in the reporting period, but related to future reporting periods: rent or apartment fees, utility bills, revenue from freight transportation, passenger transportation on monthly and quarterly tickets, subscription fees for using communication facilities and etc.

On the credit of account 98, in correspondence with the accounts of accounting for cash or settlements with debtors and creditors, they reflect the amounts of income relating to future reporting periods, and on the debit - the amounts of income transferred to the corresponding accounts upon the onset of the reporting period to which these incomes relate.

The final financial result (net profit or net loss) is made up of the financial result of ordinary activities, as well as other income and expenses. The debit of account 99 reflects losses (losses, expenses), and the credit shows the profit (income) of the organization. Comparison of debit and credit turnover for the reporting period shows the final financial result of the reporting period. On account 99 during the reporting year reflect:

• - profit or loss from ordinary activities - in correspondence with account 90 "Sales";
• - balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month - in correspondence with account 91 "Other income and expenses";
• - the amount of accrued conditional income tax expense, permanent liabilities and payments for recalculations of this tax from actual profit, as well as the amount of tax sanctions due - in correspondence with account 68 "Calculations for taxes and fees".

At the end of the reporting year, when compiling the annual financial statements, account 99 is closed. The final entry in December, the amount of net profit (loss) of the reporting year is written off from account 99 to the credit (debit) of account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)". The construction of analytical accounting for account 99 should provide the formation of the data necessary for compiling a profit and loss statement

Accounting profit (loss) is the final financial result (profit or loss) revealed for the reporting period based on the accounting of all business operations of the organization for this period. It represents the difference between the income of the organization, determined in accordance with PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization", and the expenses of the organization, determined in accordance with PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization".

The formation of the financial result is carried out using accounts 90 "Sales", 91 "Other income and expenses" and 99 "Profit and losses".

Account 90 is designed to systematize and accumulate information on income and expenses for the conduct of ordinary activities of the organization. It forms the financial result from the main activity, which is the main goal of creating an organization. The chart of accounts recommends the following sub-accounts:

• 1 "Revenue", the sub-account is intended to summarize information on revenue;
• 2 "Cost of sales", the sub-account is intended to summarize information on the cost of sales;
• 3 "Value Added Tax", the sub-account is intended to summarize information on the amounts of VAT to be received from the buyer;
• 4 "Excises", sub-account is designed to summarize information
• 0 amounts of excises to be received from the buyer;
• 9 “Profit/loss from sales”, the sub-account is designed to identify the financial result (profit or loss) from sales for the reporting month.

Entries on accounts 90-1, 90-2, 90-3, 90-4 are made accumulatively during the reporting year. Monthly, the financial result is revealed by comparing the credit and debit turnovers on these sub-accounts, which is debited from account 90-9 to account 99 “Profit and Loss” by the final turnover. Thus, synthetic account 90 does not have a balance on the reporting date.

At the end of the reporting year, accounts 90-1, 90-2, 90-3, 90-4 are closed by internal entries to account 90-9. Then account 90-9 is closed in correspondence with account 99. On the first day of the new year, there should be no balance on this account.

Account 91 reflects all other income and expenses. The chart of accounts recommends the following sub-accounts:

• 1 “Other income”, the sub-account is intended to summarize information on other income;
• 2 "Other expenses", the sub-account is intended to summarize information on other expenses;
• 9 “Balance of other income and expenses”, the sub-account is designed to identify the financial result from other activities. The procedure for generating information on account 91 is similar to account 90. On the first day of the new year, there should not be a balance on this account.

The final financial result of the organization's activities for the reporting year is revealed on account 99, records for which are cumulative throughout the year. According to the Chart of Accounts, the following information is reflected on account 99 during the reporting year:

• 1) profit (loss) from ordinary activities - in correspondence with an account of 90;
• 2) the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month - in correspondence with account 91;
• 3) the amount of accrued conditional income tax expense, permanent liabilities and payments for recalculations of this tax from actual profit, as well as the amount of tax sanctions due - in correspondence with account 68.

The debit of account 99 reflects losses (expenses), and the credit - profits (income) of the organization. By comparing the debit and credit turnover for the reporting period, the final financial result of this period is revealed. At the end of the reporting year, account 99 is closed in correspondence with account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)". On the first day of the new year, there should be no balance on this account.

The process of generating net profit is defined as follows:

Net profit (loss) for the reporting period =

Profit (loss) from sales ± Profit (loss) from other activities - (Income tax ± Income tax recalculation payments + Sanctions for violations of tax laws).

Profit in the reporting month is reflected in the entry

D 90-9 - K 99 - reflects the profit from sales (on the debit of the final turnover of the reporting month).

D 99 - K 90-9 - loss from sales is reflected (on the loan with the final turnover of the reporting month).

Profit from other activities in the reporting month is reflected in the entry

D 91 -9 - K 99 - profit is reflected (on the debit end of the reporting month).

The loss in the reporting month is reflected in the entry

220 . CHAPTER 2. FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

D 99 - K 91 -9, reflects the loss from other activities (for the loan, the final turnover of the reporting month).

The list of typical business operations for the formation of the financial result is given in Table. 2.23.

Table 2.14

Typical accounting records for the formation of financial results

The ending

Consider a number of examples of accounting for financial results on account 90.

Example 2.54

On January 10, the organization shipped finished products to the buyer and issued an invoice in the amount of 118 rubles, including VAT of 18 rubles. The sale and purchase agreement establishes the moment of transfer of ownership at the time of shipment of products by the buyer. The cost of products sold amounted to 70 rubles. The invoice was paid by the buyer on 25 January.

Journal of business transactions

Example 2.55

On January 10, the organization shipped finished products to the buyer and issued an invoice in the amount of 118 rubles, including VAT of 18 rubles. The sale and purchase agreement establishes the moment of transfer of ownership upon receipt of funds to the seller's settlement account. The cost of products sold amounted to 70 rubles. The invoice was paid by the buyer on 25 January. Revenue for VAT purposes is recognized upon payment.

Reflect business transactions in the table.

Journal of business transactions

The procedure for conducting accounting of financial results is a sequence of formation in accounting registers, by reflecting a double entry of business transactions. In Federal Law No. 129-FZ dated 11/21/1996 "On Accounting", the profit (loss) of an organization is defined as - accounting profit (loss) is the final financial result (profit or loss) identified for the reporting period based on the accounting of all business operations of the organization and evaluation of balance sheet items.

Profit or loss identified in the reporting year, but related to operations of previous years, are included in the financial results of the organization of the reporting year.

Incomes received in the reporting period, but related to the following reporting periods, are reflected in the balance sheet as a separate item as deferred income. These incomes are subject to attribution to the financial results of a commercial organization upon the onset of the reporting period to which they relate.

In the event of the sale and other disposal of the organization's property (fixed assets, stocks, securities, etc.), the loss or income from commercial organizations is attributed to the financial result.

In the balance sheet, the financial result of the reporting period is reflected as retained earnings (uncovered loss), i.e., the final financial result revealed for the reporting period, minus the mandatory payments due from the profit established in accordance with the legislation, including sanctions, for non-compliance with taxation rules .

The subject of accounting of financial results is the financial and economic activity of economic entities, which consists in the execution of business contracts. Contractual relations, depending on the subject composition and subject, increase or decrease economic benefits, the difference between economic benefits, and there is a financial result - profit or loss.

Financial results- the end result, the purpose of the enterprise. The procedure for its formation is presented in form No. 2 of the Profit and Loss Statement.

Profit and loss statement in accordance with PBU 4/99 "Accounting statements of the organization", should characterize the financial results of the organization's activities for the reporting period.

In accordance with PBU 9/99, “an organization’s income is recognized as an increase in economic benefits as a result of the receipt of assets (cash, other property) and (or) the repayment of obligations, leading to an increase in the capital of this organization, with the exception of contributions from participants (property owners).

Receipts from other legal and individuals:

• · amounts of VAT, excises, export duties and other similar obligatory payments;
• · under commission agreements, agency and other similar agreements in favor of the committent, principal, etc.;
• advances in payment for products, goods, works, services;
• a deposit;
• as a pledge, if the agreement provides for the transfer of the pledged property to the pledgee;
• in repayment of a loan, a loan granted to a borrower.

The income of the organization, depending on their nature, the conditions for obtaining and the direction of the organization's activities, are divided into:

• 1) on income from ordinary activities;
• 2) other receipts.

Income from ordinary activities is the proceeds from the sale of products and goods, income related to the performance of work, the provision of services. Income from ordinary activities is reflected in account 90 "Sales".

In organizations whose subject of activity is the provision for a fee for the temporary use of their assets under a lease agreement, the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property, participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations, proceeds are considered receipts, receipt associated with the specified activity. Income received by the organization from these types of activities, when it is not the subject of the organization's activities, are classified as other income.

The above classification of income is given on the basis of PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization".

Recognition of income.

In accordance with PBU 9/99, revenue is recognized in accounting under the following conditions:

• 1) the organization has the right to receive this revenue, arising from a specific contract or otherwise confirmed in an appropriate way;
• 2) the amount of proceeds can be determined;
• 3) there is confidence in the increase in economic benefits as a result of a particular transaction;
• 4) the right of ownership of the goods, products has passed to the buyer or the work, the service has been accepted by the customer;
• 5) the costs incurred or to be incurred in connection with this operation can be determined.

If at least one of the above requirements is not met in relation to cash or other assets received by the organization in payment, then not revenue is recognized in accounting, but accounts payable.

Revenue from the performance of work, the provision of services, the sale of products with a long production cycle may be recognized as soon as the service, product is ready or upon completion of the work, provision of the service, or production of the product as a whole.

If the amount of proceeds cannot be determined, then it is accepted for accounting in the amount of the expenses recognized in accounting for the manufacture of these products, the performance of work, the provision of services, which will subsequently be reimbursed to the organization.

Other receipts are recognized in accounting in the following order:

• fines, penalties, forfeits - in the reporting period in which the court issued a decision to collect them or they were recognized as a debtor;
• · the amounts of accounts payable and depository debts for which the limitation period has expired - in the reporting period in which the limitation period has expired;
• · the amount of revaluation of assets - in the reporting period to which the date of revaluation refers;
• · other receipts - in process of formation (revealing).

Accounting for financial results from the sale of products (works, services)

Organizations receive the bulk of their profits from the sale of products, goods, works and services. Profit from the sale of products is defined as the difference between the proceeds from the sale of goods, products (works, services) at current prices, excluding VAT and excises, export duties and other deductions provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, and the costs of its production and sale.

In accordance with paragraph 9 of PBU 4/99, a change in the accepted content and form of the balance sheet, income statement and explanations to them is allowed in exceptional cases, for example, when changing the type of activity. The rationale for each such change shall be provided by the organization and shall be disclosed in the explanatory notes to the report.

The financial result from the sale of goods (works, services) is determined by account 90 "Sales", which is intended to summarize information on income and expenses associated with the organization's ordinary activities, as well as to determine the financial result for them. This account reflects, in particular, the revenue and cost of the main activities. When recognized in accounting, proceeds from the sale of goods, products, performance of work, provision of services are reflected in the credit of account 90 “Sales” and the debit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”. At the same time, the cost of goods sold, products, works, services are debited from the credit of accounts 43 “Finished products”, 44 “Sales expenses”, 20 “Main production”, etc. to the debit of account 90 “Sales”.

To account 90 "Sales" sub-accounts can be opened:

• - 90-1 "Revenue" takes into account the receipt of assets recognized as revenue;
• - 90-2 "Cost of sales" takes into account the cost of sales;
• - 90-3 "Value added tax" the amounts of value added tax due to be received from the buyer (customer) are taken into account;
• - 90-4 "Excises" the amounts of excises included in the price of products (goods) sold are taken into account;

Sub-account 90-9 "Profit / loss from sales" is designed to identify the financial result (profit or loss) from sales for the reporting month. Entries on sub-accounts 90-1 “Revenue”, 90-2 “Cost of sales”, 90-3 “Value added tax (hereinafter referred to as VAT)”, 90-4 “Excises” are made accumulatively during the reporting year. On a monthly basis, by comparing the total debit and credit turnover on subaccounts 90-2 "Cost of sales", 90-3 "VAT", 90-4 "Excises" and credit on subaccount 90-1 "Revenue", the financial result (profit or loss from sales) is determined for the reporting month. This financial result is monthly (final turnovers) debited from sub-account 90-9 “Profit/loss from sales” to account 99 “Profit and loss”. Thus, synthetic account 90 "Sales" has no balance on the reporting date.

At the end of the reporting year, all sub-accounts opened to account 90 “Sales” (except for sub-account 90-9 “Sales profit/loss”) are closed by internal entries to sub-account 90-9 “Sales profit/loss”.

Analytical accounting on account 90 “Sales” is maintained for each type of goods sold, products, work performed, services rendered, etc.

To account for other income and expenses of the reporting period, account 91 “Other income and expenses” is intended.

The credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” during the reporting period reflects:

• receipts associated with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or cash;
• · proceeds related to the granting for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or cash;
• · receipts related to participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations, as well as interest and other income on securities - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements;
• profit received by the organization under a simple partnership agreement - in correspondence with account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” (sub-account “Settlements on due dividends and other income”);
• · receipts related to the sale and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash in Russian currency, products, goods - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or cash;
• interest received (receivable) for the provision of the organization's funds for use by a credit institution, as well as interest for the use by a credit institution of funds held on the organization's account with this credit institution - in correspondence with the accounts of accounting for financial investments or funds;
• fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts received or recognized as receiving - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or cash;
• · receipts related to the gratuitous receipt of assets - in correspondence with the account for accounting for deferred income;
• receipts in compensation for losses caused by the organization - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements;
• · Profit of previous years, revealed in the reporting year - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements;
• · amounts of accounts payable for which the limitation period has expired - in correspondence with accounts payable;
• exchange rate differences - in correspondence with cash accounts, financial investments, settlements, etc.

In the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” during the reporting period, the following are reflected:

• Expenses associated with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets, rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property, as well as expenses associated with participation in the authorized capital of other organizations - in correspondence with cost accounting accounts;
• · the residual value of assets for which depreciation is charged, and the actual cost of other assets written off by the organization - in correspondence with the accounts of the relevant assets;
• · expenses associated with the sale, disposal and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash in Russian currency, goods, products - in correspondence with cost accounting accounts;
• · expenses on operations with containers - in correspondence with cost accounting accounts;
• Interest paid by the organization for providing it with the use of funds (credits and loans) - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or cash;
• · Expenses related to payment for services rendered by credit institutions - in correspondence with settlement accounts;
• fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts, paid or recognized for payment - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or cash;
• · Expenses for the maintenance of production facilities and facilities under mothballing - in correspondence with cost accounting accounts;
• compensation for losses caused by the organization - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements;
• · Losses of previous years recognized in the reporting year - in correspondence with accounts for accounting for settlements, accrued depreciation, etc.;
• · deductions to reserves for the depreciation of investments in securities, for the depreciation of material assets, and for doubtful debts - in correspondence with the accounts of these reserves;
• · amounts of receivables for which the limitation period has expired, other debts that are unrealistic to collect - in correspondence with accounts receivable;
• exchange rate differences - in correspondence with cash accounts, financial investments, settlements, etc.;
• Expenses associated with the consideration of cases in courts - in the corresponding

To account 91 "Other income and expenses" sub-accounts can be opened:

• - 91-1 "Other income", which takes into account the receipt of assets recognized as other income;
• - 91-2 "Other expenses", which takes into account other expenses.

Sub-account 91-9 "Balance of other income and expenses" is designed to identify the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month.

Entries on sub-accounts 91-1 "Other income" and 91-2 "Other expenses" are made accumulatively during the reporting year. On a monthly basis, by comparing the debit and credit turnover on subaccount 91-2 “Other expenses” and the credit turnover “Other income”, the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month is determined. This balance is monthly (final turnovers) debited from sub-account 91-9 “Balance of other income and expenses” to account 99 “Profit and loss”. Thus, synthetic account 91 “Other income and expenses” does not have a balance as of the reporting date.

At the end of the reporting year, all sub-accounts opened to account 91 “Other income and expenses” (except for sub-account 91-9 “Balance of other income and expenses”) are closed by internal entries to sub-account 91-9 “Balance of other income and expenses”.

Analytical accounting on account 91 “Other income and expenses” is kept for each type of other income and expenses. At the same time, the construction of analytical accounting for other income and expenses related to the same financial, business transaction should provide the possibility of identifying the financial result for each transaction.

Accounting for shortages and losses from damage to valuables is reflected on account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”, which summarizes information on the amounts of shortages and losses from damage to material and other assets (including cash) identified in the process of their procurement, storage and sale , regardless of whether they are subject to attribution to the accounts of production costs (sales costs) or those responsible.

In the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”, missing or completely damaged inventory items are reflected - at their actual cost;

For missing or completely damaged fixed assets - their residual value (initial cost minus the amount of accrued depreciation). For shortages and damage to valuables, entries are made on the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” from the credit of the accounts for recording these valuables.

On the credit of account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" the amounts are reflected in the amounts and amounts accepted for accounting on the debit of the specified account ...

The expenses recorded on account 97 “Deferred expenses” are written off to the debit of accounts 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 25 “General production expenses”, 26 “General expenses”, 44 “Sale expenses”.

Analytical accounting on account 97 "Expenses of future periods" is carried out by types of expenses.

Accounting for deferred income is carried out on account 98 “Deferred income”, it is intended to summarize information on income received (accrued) in the reporting period, but related to future reporting periods, as well as upcoming debt receipts for shortages identified in the reporting year for past years, and the difference between the amount to be recovered from the perpetrators and the value of the values ​​accepted for accounting when shortages and damage are identified.

To account 98 "Deferred income" sub-accounts can be opened:

• · 98-1 "Income received on account of future periods";
• · 98-2 "Gratuitous receipts";
• · 98-3 "Upcoming receipts of debts for shortages identified in previous years";
• · 98-4 "The difference between the amount to be recovered from the perpetrators and the balance sheet value for shortages of valuables", etc.

Sub-account 98-1 "Income received on account of future periods" takes into account the movement of income received in the reporting period, but related to future reporting periods: rent or rent, utility bills, revenue from freight transportation, for the transportation of passengers by monthly and quarterly tickets, subscription fee for the use of communication facilities, etc.

On the credit of account 98 "Deferred income" in correspondence with the accounts of accounting for cash or settlements with debtors and creditors, the amounts of income relating to future reporting periods are reflected, and on the debit - the amounts of income transferred to the corresponding accounts upon the onset of the reporting period, to which these incomes are included.

Analytical accounting for sub-account 98-1 "Income received on account of future periods" is maintained for each type of income.

Sub-account 98-2 "Grant-free receipts" takes into account the value of assets received by the organization free of charge.

On the credit of account 98 "Deferred income" in correspondence with accounts 08 "Investments in non-current assets" and others, the market value of assets received free of charge is reflected, and in correspondence with account 86 "Target financing" - the amount of budget funds allocated by a commercial organization for financing expenses. The amounts recorded on account 98 "Deferred income" are debited from this account in the credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses":

• · for fixed assets received free of charge - as depreciation is accrued;
• · for other tangible assets received free of charge - as they are debited to the accounts of production costs (sales costs).

Analytical accounting for sub-account 98-2 "Gift-free receipts" is carried out for each free receipt of valuables.

Sub-account 98-3 "Upcoming indebtedness for shortages identified in previous years" takes into account the movement of upcoming indebtedness for shortages identified in the reporting period for previous years.

On the credit of account 98 "Deferred income", in correspondence with account 94 "Deficiencies and losses from damage to valuables", the amounts of shortages of valuables identified in previous reporting periods (before the reporting year), recognized by the guilty persons, or the amounts awarded for collection on them are reflected court. At the same time, account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" is credited to these amounts in correspondence with account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations" (sub-account "Calculations for compensation of material damage").

As the debt for shortages is repaid, account 73 "Settlements with personnel on other operations" is credited in correspondence with cash accounts, while simultaneously reflecting the amounts received on the credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses" (profits of previous years identified in the reporting year) and to the debit of account 98 "Deferred income".

On subaccount 98-4 "The difference between the amount to be recovered from the perpetrators and the cost of missing values," the difference between the amount recovered from the perpetrators for the missing material and other valuables and the cost listed in the organization's accounting is taken into account.

On the credit of account 98 "Deferred income", in correspondence with account 73 "Settlements with personnel on other operations" (sub-account "Settlements for compensation for material damage"), the difference between the amount to be recovered from the perpetrators and the cost of missing values ​​is reflected. As the debt accepted for accounting on account 73 "Settlements with personnel on other operations" is repaid, the corresponding amounts of the difference are debited from account 98 "Deferred income" to the credit of the Accounting for profit and loss account, reflected in account 99 "Profit and losses".

Account 99 "Profits and losses" is intended to summarize information on the formation of the final financial result of the organization's activities in the reporting year.

The final financial result (net profit or net loss) is made up of the financial result from ordinary activities, as well as other income and expenses. The debit of account 99 "Profits and losses" reflects losses (losses, expenses), and the credit - profits (income) of the organization. Comparison of debit and credit turnover for the reporting period shows the final financial result of the reporting period.

On account 99 "Profits and losses" during the reporting year are reflected:

• · Profit or loss from ordinary activities - in correspondence with account 90 "Sales";
• · the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month - in correspondence with account 91 "Other income and expenses";
• · the amount of the accrued conditional income tax expense, permanent liabilities and payments for recalculations of this tax from actual profit, as well as the amount of tax sanctions due - in correspondence with account 68 "Calculations for taxes and fees".

At the end of the reporting year, when compiling the annual financial statements, account 99 "Profit and Loss" is closed. In this case, the final entry in December, the amount of net profit (loss) of the reporting year is debited from account 99 "Profits and losses" to the credit (debit) of account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)".

The construction of analytical accounting for account 99 "Profit and Loss" should provide the formation of the data necessary for compiling a profit and loss statement.

Accounting for permanent tax liabilities.

In accordance with PBU 18/02 “Accounting for corporate income tax settlements”, permanent tax liabilities are multiplied by the income tax rate, reflected in the debit of account 99 “Profit and Loss”, sub-account “Permanent tax liability”, and the credit of account 68 “Calculations on taxes and fees", sub-account "Calculations on income tax"

Upon disposal of assets for which a deferred asset arose, deferred tax assets are debited from the credit of account 09 "Deferred tax assets" to the debit of account 99.

The deferred tax liability upon disposal of the asset object or type of liability for which it was accrued is written off from the debit of account 77 "Deferred tax liabilities" to the credit of account 99 "Profit and losses".

If some assets for which taxable temporary differences and deferred tax liabilities have arisen do not enter the organization, then there is no increase in taxable profit in the reporting period and subsequent reporting periods. The deferred tax liability for such assets is also written off to the credit of account 99 from the debit of account 77.

The amount of accrued contingent expense (i.e. the amount of income tax according to accounting data) is reflected in the debit of account 99 “Profits and losses”, sub-account “Contingent income tax expenses”, and the credit of account 68 “Calculations for income tax” , sub-account "Calculations for income tax". The amount of accrued conditional income is reflected in the debit of account 68 and the credit of account 99, sub-account "Conditional income".

The accrual of a tax sanction for income tax is reflected in the debit of account 99 and the credit of account 68. Payments for recalculations for income tax are also reflected in accounts 99 and 68.

Let us present in the form of a table the correspondence of accounts for accounting for financial results and the use of profits.

Table 5

Correspondence of accounts for operations accounting for financial results and use of profits

The procedure for maintaining accounting of financial results is a sequence of operations for reflecting information in accounting registers and disclosing it in financial statements.

In accordance with the Federal Law on Accounting, all business transactions carried out by an organization must be documented with supporting documents. Documents of the organization are presented in the form of: organizational and administrative (orders, payment documents, etc.); primary documents drawn up in accordance with the legislation on accounting. All documents of the organization are subject to mandatory storage for at least five years, the process of movement of documents is formed in the form of a workflow schedule. After the primary accounting documents are in the accounting department, they are processed. One of the processing elements is the combination of the summed data of several documents into one accumulative document, which is called the accounting register. Data from the accounting registers enter the order journal, then the general ledger, and then are disclosed in the financial statements.

The concept of financial result

The financial result in accounting is formed on account 99 "Profit and Loss", which is active-passive. This account has either a credit or a debit balance. On a cumulative basis during the year, the debit 99 of the “Profit and Loss” account records losses and losses, and the credit, respectively, profits and incomes. By comparing the turnover on the debit and credit of account 99, the final financial result of the enterprise's activities for the reporting period is determined. The balance on credit 99 of the Profit and Loss account is a profit, and the debit balance is a loss.

The final financial result, that is, net profit or loss, is added up during the year on the 99th account "Profit and Loss" from the following components:

• profit or loss from ordinary activities;
• other expenses and income;
• losses, income and expenses due to emergency circumstances of activity;
• amounts of contingent expense accrued for income tax, permanent liabilities, payments for recalculations of income tax from actual profit, the amount of tax sanctions.

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Remark 1

The company receives most of the profit or loss from the sale of finished products, goods, services and works. The financial result from the sale is defined as the difference between the proceeds from the sale, excluding value added tax, excises, duties and other deductions, and the costs of production and sale. The costs associated with the production and sale of products affect the cost and their list is regulated.

Trading, marketing, supply companies calculate the result from the sale of goods by subtracting the purchase price and sales costs from the sale value, which relate to the goods sold for the reporting period.

Features of accounting for financial results

The cost of sales is reflected in the active-passive 90 account "Sales". The debit of this account includes the actual cost of goods sold, the purchase price of goods, expenses, VAT and other expenses. According to the credit of the specified account, proceeds from the sale of products, goods, services, and works are recorded. As a result of comparing the turnovers on debit and credit 90 of the “Sales” account, the result is determined, which is monthly written off from the 90th “Sales” account to the 99th “Profit and loss” account.

If a profit is made, then an accounting entry is made:

• Debit 90 "Sales"
• Loan 99 Profit and Loss.

If a loss is received, then this result is reflected in the entry:

• Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"
• Credit 90 "Sales".

Account 90 "Sales" is closed and has no balance.

All operating and non-operating income, as well as expenses, are reflected in 91 accounts “Other income and expenses”. Analytical accounting for 91 accounts is kept by types of non-operating and operating income and expenses.

Operating expenses and income recorded on account 91 “Other income and expenses” in accordance with RAS 9/99 and RAS 10/99 are:

• results from the sale of fixed assets, material assets, intangible assets, foreign currency;
• receipts due to participation in the authorized capital of third-party organizations;
• income and expenses from the rental of property;
• profit received as a result of joint activities.

The result of the sale or other disposal of fixed assets as a profit or loss is reflected in account 91 “Other income and expenses”. At the same time, the debit of account 91 of the sub-account “Other expenses” indicates the residual value of the fixed assets that have retired and the costs associated with the disposal, the amount of VAT received as part of the proceeds from the sale of fixed assets. On credit 91 of the sub-account “Other income”, the proceeds from the sale of fixed assets are indicated. The result is transferred to account 99 "Profit and Loss". If a profit is made, then a record is made:

• , sub-account "Balance of other income and expenses"
• Loan 99 Profit and Loss.

The resulting loss in accounting is reflected in the posting:

• Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"
• Credit 91 "Other income and expenses", sub-account "Balance of other income and expenses".

Remark 2

It should be noted that the loss resulting from the disposal of fixed assets does not reduce taxable income.

In accounting, the results obtained from the sale of other property of the enterprise are similarly reflected. Income from participation in other companies arises when the enterprise receives a part of the profits of other companies and dividends on shares that belong to the shareholder organization.

To date, it is possible to use two options for reflecting income from participation in other companies:

• on the actual receipt of funds;
• pre-charged on income accounts.

At the time of receipt of funds, accounting entries are made:

• Debett 51 "Settlement Accounts" or 52 "Currency Accounts"

At the end of the month, an entry is made:

• Debit 91 "Other income and expenses"
• Loan 99 Profit and Loss.

The amount of income receivable from contributions to the authorized capital of enterprises, and dividends are reflected in the entry:

• Debit 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors"
• Credit 91 "Other income and expenses".

At the end of the month, posting is carried out:

• Debit 91 "Other income and expenses"
• Loan 99 Profit and Loss.

Income payments are reflected in the posting:

• Debit 51 "Settlement accounts", 52 "Currency accounts"
• Loan 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors."

Operating expenses include amounts payable on taxes and fees. The accrual of taxes and fees is reflected in the accounting entry:

• Debit 91 "Other income and expenses"
• Credit 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees" (on sub-accounts).

Incomes that are received in the form of fines, penalties, forfeits are reflected in the entry:

• Debit 51 "Settlement account"
• Credit 91 "Other income and expenses".

The amounts of fines, penalties, forfeits accrued to the enterprise for violation of the terms of economic contracts are reflected in the entry:

• Debit 91 "Other income and expenses"
• Loan 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”.

Remark 3

It should be noted that the amounts of sanctions are not included in non-operating expenses, reduce the profit of the enterprise, and are reflected in the accounting entry:

• Debit 99 "Use of profit"
• Loan 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees."

Positive or negative exchange rate differences arise as a result of recalculation at the current exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of currency in the bank on the accounts of the enterprise and settlements that are carried out in convertible currency.

Extraordinary income and expenses include receipts or expenses that arise as a result of extraordinary circumstances of the economic activity of the enterprise. They are accounted for on account 99 "Profit and Loss".

At the end of the reporting year, the final entries for December are the transfer of the amount of net profit or loss to account 84 “Retained earnings or uncovered loss”. The Profit and Loss account has no balance as of January 1 following the reporting year.

The amount of net profit of the reporting year is documented by posting:

• Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"
• Loan 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)".

The amount of net loss of the reporting year is documented by posting:

• Debit 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)"
• Loan 99 Profit and Loss.

In the year following the reporting year, net profit is distributed based on the decision of the general meeting of shareholders or participants. Net profit can be used to pay dividends, to compensate for losses previous years and for other purposes.

The final operation for the reporting period in accounting is the determination of the financial result, the size of which always depends on the viability of the company. In a mathematical sense, it is represented by the result obtained from the difference between the income and costs of the company, and can be both positive, i.e. profit, and negative, i.e. loss. Let's figure out how the financial result is calculated in practice.

What is the result of the firm

This indicator depends on the volume of sales of goods / services, the productivity of the company's property, income from transactions not related to sales, and many other indicators. The financial result can be expressed as follows: the company receives either income or loss. Therefore, the activity of the enterprise is considered as:

• Profitable if the income received covers the costs incurred;
• Unprofitable, when the costs (production and other) exceed the income.

However, they begin to analyze the activities of the company, having already received the results of the work. We will consider how to calculate the financial result.

Financial result: formula

The result of the company's work in the period under review is displayed as revenue from the sale of the product produced, and the final financial result - as profit and net profit. It is on the size of net profit, which is the final result, that the economist is guided. The calculation is carried out in stages, since profit is an ambiguous concept and there are several types of it:

• Gross;
• From implementation;
• Before tax;
• Net.

Starting the calculation, the accountant operates with the following formulas:

1. Gross profit (VP) \u003d V pr - C rt, where V pr - sales proceeds, C rt - cost of goods sold;
2. Profit from sales (P r) = VP - KR - SD, where KR and SD - commercial / management costs;
3. Profit before tax (P don) \u003d P r + D in - R in, where D in and R in - operating / non-operating expenses and income;
4. Net profit (NP) \u003d P don - N, where N - taxes and tax liabilities.

How to determine the financial result in accounting

The calculation involves sales accounts (90), other income and expenses (91). The accountant makes monthly calculations of the totals, summarizing the turnovers on these accounts and transferring them to the effective profit and loss account - 99.

Account 90 is used to account for the results obtained from the main activities of the company. All operations are generated on it according to certain sub-accounts. The proceeds are accumulated on the loan account. 90/01. This amount is reduced by the generalized costs:

• Cost of goods sold (account 90/02);
• Costs from sales (account 90.07);
• Administrative expenses (90.08);
• VAT/excises (90.03);
• Customs fees if the company is engaged in export operations (90.05).

The results of the calculations are displayed on the sub-account 90.09. At the end of the monthly period, the amount is offset from the account. 99, and at the end of the year the entire account is reset to zero.

Accounting for the results obtained by the company from other activities is carried out on the account. 91. Similar incomes are accumulated according to K-tu account. 91/01. For example, these could be:

• Proceeds from leased property;
• Interest received on deposits placed in banks;
• Fines received on the company's accounts, paid by partners for obligations of various kinds, etc.

According to D-tu. 91/02 fix other non-production costs: fines, penalties, taxes accrued by regulatory authorities, penalties paid to counterparties and other costs.

At the end of the month, the result from the listed operations is calculated and displayed on the subaccount 91/09, and then corresponded with the account. 99 count. The account is closed at the end of the year.

On the account 99 net profit is calculated as the final result for all activities for the year. For K / that accounts reflect profit, for D / that - the total loss. In addition, account 99 is used to reflect extraordinary income and expenses, as well as tax sanctions and income tax.

Aggregated data are generated monthly on the account. 99. By comparing its turnovers, the amount of profit or loss, i.e., the financial result, is calculated. The credit balance reflects the amount of profit, and the debit balance reflects the loss. At the end of the year, the calculated balance 99 is transferred to the retained earnings account - 84, and all the specified accounts (90,91,99) are closed. This operation is called balance reformation.

The main accounting entries will be as follows: