Anatomy. Internal organs Bone skeleton of the upper wall in Latin

anterior

posterior

Upper - superior

Lower - inferior

Intermediate - intermedius

Right - dexter

Left - sinister

Dorsal, lying on the back - dorsalis

Ventral, abdominal - ventralis

External - externus

internal - internus

Deep - profundus

Superficial - superficialis

Sagittal, swept - sagittalis

Frontal, parallel to the forehead - frontalis

Horizontal

vertical

Longitudinal - longitudinalis

Transverse - transversus

Medial, lying closer to the midline - medialis

Median - medianus

Medium - medius

Distal, more distant from the center - distalis

Proximal, closest to the body - proximalis

Elbow - ulnaris

Radiation - radialis

Anterior median line - linea mediana anterior

Posterior median line - linea mediana posterior

Midclavicular line - linea medioclavicularis

Sternal line - linea sternalis

Anterior axillary line - linea axillaris anterior

Middle axillary line - linea axillaris media

Posterior axillary line - linea axillaris posterior

Scapular line - linea scapularis

Paravertebral line - linea paravertebralis

AND SHOW ON PREPARATIONS

Vertebra - vertebra

Vertebral body - corpus vertebrae

Nutrient hole - foramen nutritium

Vertebral foramen - foramen vertebrale

Vertebral canal - canalis vertebralis

The legs of the vertebral arch - pedunculi arcus vertebrae

Upper vertebral notch - incisura vertebralis superior

Lower vertebral notch - incisura vertebralis inferior

Intervertebral foramen - foramen intervertebrale

Vertebral process - processus vertebrae

Spinous process - processus spinosus

Superior articular process - processus articularis superior

Inferior articular process - processus articularis inferior

Transverse process - processus transversus

Articular surface - facies articularis

MAIN LITERATURE

1. Human anatomy, edited by M.R. Sapin. M. "Medicine", 2001, v.1, p. 24-27,97-108.

2. R.D. Sinelnikov, Ya.R. Sinelnikov. Atlas of human anatomy. M., "Medicine", 1996, v.1, p. 12-19.

3. M.G. Prives, N.K. Lysenkov, V.I. Bushkovich. Human anatomy. St. Petersburg, SPbMAPO, 2005, p. 49-65, 79-82.

4. I.V. Gaivoronsky. Normal human anatomy. St. Petersburg, SpetsLit, 2001, v.1, p. 46 - 58.

5. Material lectures on anatomy.

ACTIVITY #2

TOPIC: Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae. Vertebral column as a whole.

GOAL: To study the structural features of the vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal) and the spinal column as a whole in order to use this knowledge when studying other sections of anatomy and clinical disciplines.

EQUIPMENT:

1. Human skeleton.

2.Sets: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae.

3. Spinal column.

4. Tables and radiographs of bones.

5. Fake preparations of bones.

INITIAL LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE

To master the topic, students must know the classification of the bones of the skeleton, parts of the skeleton, general characteristics bone structure, the general plan of the structure of the vertebrae and the spinal column as a whole.

STUDENT NEED:

Know:

a) sections of the spinal column;

b) the structure of the vertebrae of various parts of the spinal column;

c) the structure of the spinal column as a whole, bends;

Be able to:

a) name and show parts of the skeleton, sections of the spinal column;

b) distinguish between certain types of vertebrae;

c) correctly name and show on preparations the details of the structure of the vertebrae of various parts of the spinal column;

d) correctly connect the vertebrae;

e) name and show the bends of the spinal column;

d) determine the sections of the spinal column, individual vertebrae and their parts on radiographs.

TOPIC STUDY PLAN

1. The structure of a typical cervical vertebra.

2. Structure of the 1st cervical vertebra.

3. Structure of the II cervical vertebra.

4. Features of the structure of the VI and VII cervical vertebrae.

5. Features of the structure of the thoracic vertebrae

6. Features of the structure of I, II, X, XI, XII thoracic vertebrae.

7. Structure of the lumbar vertebrae.

8. General plan of the structure of the sacrum.

9. Dorsal surface of the sacrum.

10. Pelvic surface of the sacrum.

11. Structure of the coccygeal vertebrae.

12. Physiological bends of the spinal column, the timing of their formation

LIST OF EDUCATIONS THAT A STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO FIND

AND SHOW ON PREPARATIONS

Cervical vertebra - vertebra cervicalis

Furrow of the spinal nerve - sulcus nervi spinalis

The opening of the transverse process - foramen processus transversi

atlas - atlas

Anterior arch - arcus anterior

Posterior arc - arcus posterior

Lateral mass - massa lateralis

Anterior tubercle - tuberculum anterius

Fossa of the tooth - fovea dentis

Posterior tubercle - tuberculum posterius

Furrow of the vertebral artery - sulcus arteriae vertebralis

cervical vertebraevertebrae cervicales

1 neck. atlas atlas

dorsal and ventral arches arcus dorsalis et ventralis

dorsal tubercle tuberculum dorsale

ventral tubercle tuberculum ventrale

ala atlantis wings

articular fossa fovea articularis cranialis

articular surfaces of the fovea articularis caudalis

wing pits of fossa atlantis

wing hole foramen alare

foramen intervertebrale

wing tenderloin incisura alaris

canalis transversarius transverse canal

2 neck. epistropheus axis

odontoid process dens

costal facets foveae costales caudales

thoracic vertebrae vertebrae thorocales

facets for heads and fossae on vertebral bodies

ka fovea costalis cranialis et caudalis

facets on p.r. neg. for costal tubercles

cove fovea costalis transversalis

accessory processes processus accessories

lateral calls resp. for. vertebrae laterale

costa rib

bone rib os costale

costal cartilage cartilage costalis

head of rib caput costae

tubercle of rib tuberculum costae

neck of rib collum costae

angulus costae rib angle

vascular trough sulcus vascularis

muscular trough sulcus muscularis

true (sternal) ribs costae verae

false (vertebrate) costae spuriae

costal margin arcus costalis

hanging ribs costa fluctuans

sternum sternum

manubrium sterni handle

body gr. corpus sterni bones

rib cuts incisura costales sterni

xiphoid process pro. xiphoideus

xiphoid cartilage cartilage xiphoidea

rib cagephorax

entrance to the class aperture thoracis cranialis

exit from the class aperture thoracis caudales

lumbar vertebraevertebrae lumbales

sacral vertebrae

sacrum os sacrum

transverse lines

vent. cr. resp. for. sacrale laterale (dosale)

wings kr. bones ala ossis sacru

lateral parts of the pars lateralis

ear-shaped joints. facies auricularis

cf. sacrum comb crista sarcalis mediana

lateral ridges crista sarcalis lateralis

cape promontorium

vascular trough sulcus vascularis

tail callersvertebrae caudales

hermal arches arcus haemalis

scapula

articular angle of angulus ventrales

articular cavity cavitas glenoidalis

tuber scapula tuber scapulae

coracoid process pro. coracoideus

main scapulae basis scapulae

scapular cartilage cartilage scapulae

scapular spine spina scapulae

acromion

predostnaya pov. lop and infraspina - fossa

supraspinata infraspinata

podlop. fossa subscapularis

jagged linea serrata

gear surface of facies serrata scapulae

neck of the scapula collum scapulae

tuber spinae scapulae

brachial boneos brachii

shoulder head. bones caput hameri

tubercles of the humerus lateral (large) and medial (small) tuberculum majis tuberculum minis

intertubercular trough sulcus intertubercularis

on the tubercle roughness (fossa) fasies m. infraspinati

shoulder block. trochea humer bones

cubital fossa fossa olecrani

medial (fold) epicondyle epicondylis medi

lat (extension) epicondyle. epicondylis lateralis

epicondyle crest crista epicondyli lateralis

diaphysis (body) corpus humeri

comb big. tubercle crista humeri

roughness tuberositas deltoidea

ulna linea anconaea

rounded roughness tuberositas teres

suprablock hole pro. supratrochleare

avg. trochlear tubercle tuber. intermediate

synovial fossa fossa synovialis

forearm bonesossa(keleton) antebrachii

radius radius

beam head. bone caput radii

fovea head fovea capitis radii

roughness. Ray. bones tuberositas radii

joint surface of facies articularis carpea

ulna

olecranon olecranon

ulna tuber olecrani

crescent tenderloin incisura trochlearis

hooked. offshoot pro. ancronaeus

ulnar facet circumferenta articularis

below half moon. incisura radialis tenderloin

with facet circumferential articularis

interosseous proximal and distal spaces spatium interosseum proximale et distale

roughness tuberositas flexoria

intercostal space spatium interosseum

wrist bonesossa carpi

radius os carpi radiale

intermediate bone os carpi intermedium

ulna os carpi ulnare

accessory bone os carpi accessorium

dist. row 4+5 carpal bones os carpale primum secundum tertium quartum et quintim

os carpi radiointermedium

bones pasternsossa metacarpalia

sec. combed block trochlea

joint surface of facies articularis

metacarpal sherokhov tuberositas ossis metacarpalis

finger bonesossa digitorum

1 phalanx phlananx proximalis

gutters. joint fovea artic fossa. metacarpea

2 phalanges phlanax media

gutter. surface of the fovea articularis

trochlea phalangis block

3 phalanges phlanax distalis

rough fold. over. tuberositas flexoria

unbent. offshoot pro. extensorius

soles. surface facies solearis

soles. resp. for. soleare

semicircle channel canalis solearis

wall or side surface facies parietalis

sesame bones ossa sesamoidea

1 phalanges ossa sesamoidea phalangis praximalis

3 phalanges os sesamoideum phalangis distalis

pelvic limb belt

pelvic bone os coxae

articular cavity acetabulum

locked hole for. obturatum

pelvic fusion sympysis pelvis

pelvic cavity cavum pelvis

ilium os ilium

wing lift bones ala ossis ilii

airborne body corpus ossis ilii bones

iliac crest

maklok tuber coxae

internal tuber sacrale

gluteal pov. wings of facies glitaea

gluteal line linea glutaea

pelvis pov. wings facies pelvina

auricular joint pov. Faciec auricularis

iliopectine crest crista iliopectinea

lumbar tubercle tuberculum m. psoas minoris

greater ischial notch incisura inshiadica major

ischial spine spina ischiadica

pubis os pubis

transverse depressions. ramus cranialis branch

pubic crest pectin ossis pubis

ileum eminence eminentia ilio pubica

pubic tubercle tuberculum pubicum (males)

ischium os ischii

seats. tuber ischiadicum

seats. arcus ischiadicus

suture branch of ramus symphysialis

depression branch of ramus acetabularis

small saddle. tenderloin incisura ischiadica minor

joint acetabulum cavity

tenderloin uncisura acetabuli

ligamentous fossa of the fossa acetabuli cavity

femuros femoris

femoral head caput femoris

fovea of ​​her fovea capitis

big spit trochanter maior

roughness tuberositas glutaea

femoral neck. collum femoris bones

corpus femoris body

interacetabular gr crista intertrophanterica

acetabular fossa fossa trochanterica

later. and honey. lips labium laterale et mediale

lesser trochanter minor

lateral and medial condyles condylus lateralis et caudalis

intermuscular fossa fossa intercondylaris

fossa musculi poplitei

plantar tubercle tuberculum plantare

facets for sesame seeds facies articularis sesamoidea

plantar sherokhov tuberositas plantaris

cutting head of incisura capitis

3 Wednesdays trochanter medius spit

3 trochanter tetrius skewer

plantar fossa fossa plantaris

leg bones skeleton cruris

tibia tibia

lat and honey condyle condylus lateralis et medial

joint pov condyle facies articularis

intercondylar lateral and medial tubercles tuberculum intercondylare laterale et mediale

muscular trough sulcus exentorius

popliteal notch incisura poplitea

vascular resp. for. nutritium

crest of the tibia crista tibia

rough thickening of tuberositas tibiae

blocky joint surface of cochlea tibiae

medial malleolus malleolus medialis

malleolus facet sulcus malleolaris

fibula fibula

ankle bone os malleolare

tarsal bonesossa tarsi

calcaneus calcaneus

calcaneal tuber tuber calcanei

talus holder sustentaculum tali

facet for her facies articularis tali

malleolus processus malleolaris

talus bone

block for b. tibia K. trochlea tali

facet for heels to. facies articularis

head of talus caput tali

central bones of the tarsus os tarsi centrale

metatarsus bonesossa metatarsalia

finger bones

cranium skull

cerebral skull

occipital boneosoccipitale

foramen magnum for occipitale magnum

body occiput bones pars basilaris

muscular tubercle tuberculum musculare

fossa for medulla oblongata fossa medullae oblohgatae

fossa pontis bridge pit

torn holes for lacerum

lateral parts of the pars lateralis

occipital condyles condulis occipitalis

jugular processes pro jugularis

sublingual orifice for hupoglossi

scales of the occipital bone squama occipitalis

occipital crest of crista occipitalis

outward (external) surface of the pars nuchalis scales

external occipital protuberance protuberantia occipitalis externa

cerebral (ext) surface of the scales of facies cerebralis

sagittal crest of crista sagittalis exernA

condylar canal canalis condularis

fossa nuchalis

sphenoid boneossphenoidale

corpus schenoidal body

orbital wings ala orbitalis

temporal wings ala temporalis

pterygoid processes pro pterygoudeus

wing crest of crista pterygoidea

sphenopalatine fossa fossa sphenopalatina

visual aperture for opticum

orbital fissure

round hole for rotundum

sphenopalatine foramen for sphenopalatinum

maxillary otv for maxillare

posterior palatine foramen for palatinum caudale

turkish saddle back dorsum sellae

wing hole for alare caudale

carotid orifice for caroticum

pterygoid pits of fossa pterygoidea

small wing opening for alare parvum

oval cut incisura ovale

carotid tenderloin incisura carotica

parietal boneosparietale

digital impressions digitatae

crests juga cerebralia

temporal crest linea temporalis

parietal area planum parietale

her sinus sinus parietalis

interparietalboneos interparietale

bone cerebellar tentorium tentorium cerebelli osseum

temporal boneos temporale

scale pars squamosa

zygomatic process pro zygomaticus

zygomatic arch of arcus zygomatius

sust tubercle tuberculum articulare

temporal canal meatus temporalis

temporal crest crista temporalis

temporal fossa

stony bone pars petrosa

mastoid part of pars mastoidea

nipples. neg pro mastoideus

from the facial canal canalis facialis

drum part of pars tympanica

external auditory canal meatus acurticus externus

tympanic bladder bulla tympanica

muscular process pro muscularis

bone hearing pipe tuba auditiva ossea

tympanic cavity cavum tympani

rocky crest crista partis petrosa

ext hearing passage meatis acustics internus

orifice of the aqueduct of the vestibule apertura externa aquaeductus vestibule

entrance to the water supply of the snail aperture externa aquaeductus cochleae

sublingual process pro hyoideus

temporal meatus temporalis

frontal boneos frontale

outer forehead crest crista frontalis externa

orbital border margo supraorbitalis

orbitotemporal crest crista orbitotemporalis

zygomatic process pro xygomaticus

frontal sinus sinus frontalis

supraorbital foramen for supraorbital

vault of the cranial cavity calvaria

posterior frontal crest crista frontalis caudalis

horn-shaped processes pro cornualis

supraorbital groove sulcus supraorbitalis

facial skullsplanchnocranium

nasal boneosnasale

nasopharyngeal notch incisura nasomaxillaris

dorsal shell crest crista conchalis dorsalis

maxillamaxilla

corpus maxillae body

alveolar margin margo alveolaria

dental lunula foramina alveolaria

maxillary tuber tuber maxillae

palatal canal canalis palatinus

posterior palatal port for palatinum caudale

large palatal resp. for palatum majus

palatine process pro palatinus

bone palate palatum osseum

infraorbital foramen for infraorbital

infraorbital canal canalis infraorbitalis maxillary opening for maxillare

maxillary incisive canal canalis maxilloinciivus

maxillary sinus sinus maxillaris

ventral shell crest crista conchalis ventralis

lacrimal canal canalis lacrimalis

wing fossa of fossa canina

tuber faciale

pterygoid process pro pterygoideus

facial comb crista facialis

fossa canina canine tooth hole

palatine trough sulcus palatinius

incisorosincisivum

nasal process pro nasalis

palatine process pro palatinus

fissura palatina

incisive canal canalis incisivus

palatine boneospalatine

choana

sphenopalatine fossa fossa sphenopalatina

maxillary sinus sinus palatomaxillaris

palatine sinus sinus palatinus

sphenopalatine sinus sinus sphenopalatinus

lacrimal boneoslacrimale

fossa of the lacrimal sac fossa sacci lacrimalis

tear hole for lacrimale

lacrimal canal canalis lacrimali

lacrimal bladder bulla lacrimalis

nasal lacrimal tubercle tuberculum lacrimale nasale

cheekboneosxygomaticum

zygomatic crest of crista xygomatica

pterygoid boneospterygoideum

hamulus hook

coultervomer

opener wings ala vomeris

ethmoid boneosethmoidale

cribriform plate lamina cribrosa

olfactory pits of fossa olfactoria

cockscomb crista galli

lattice hole for ethmoidale

perpendicular plate lamina perpendicularis

paper (side) plate lamina tectoria papyracea

labyrinth lattice bones labyrinthus ethmoidalis

turbinatesconchae

dorsal shell concha nasalis dorsalis

ventral concha nasalis ventralis

frontal sinus sinus conchofrontalis

maxillary sinus sinus conchomaxillaris

conchomaxillary sinus aditus nasomaxillaris

lower jawmandibula

corpus mandibulae body

incisal pars incisiva

lingual surface facies lingularis

labial (chin) over facies labialis

root part of pars molaris

mental opening for mentale

mandibular canal canalis mandibulae

mandibular resp. for mandibulae

incisive mandibular canal canalis mandibuloincisivus

jaw branch of ramus mandibulae

sust neg pro condylaris

muscle neg pro muscularis

masseter fossa fossa masseterica

alar fossa of fossa pterygoidea

jaw angle of angulus mandubulae

intermaxillary space spatium intermandibulare

angular process pro angularis

edentulous margin margo interalveolaris

hyoid boneoshyoidum

body basihyoideum

thyreohyoideum large horns

lesser horns of ketatohyoideum

segments of branches of the epihyoideum

middle segment of stylohyoideum

proximal segment of tympanohyoideum

lingual process pro lingualaris

lingual process pro lingularis

proboscisosrostale

GENERAL PROVISIONS

aim practical training is to learn to find, name and show parts and details of the studied human organs (on the material of whole corpses, individual parts of the body, complexes and individual organs, x-rays, computed tomograms), to know their topographic and anatomical relationships, to study their structure and shape , to transfer the acquired knowledge to the body of a living person, to master the skills of preparation.

The lesson begins with checking the students' initial level of knowledge, for which test tasks are used in questionnaire or computer forms. After that, the teacher proceeds to explain with a brief explanation of the most difficult questions to understand. Further, depending on the topic of the lesson, time is provided for independent work under the supervision of a teacher (repetition of the material using preparations, preparation, etc.). Then, a complete control of mastering the current topic is carried out by means of an oral survey of all students using natural preparations and dummies, a survey of lecture material, and an oral solution of situational problems. During the final part of the lesson, a final assessment is made for all stages of the lesson, taking into account the productive activity of students (activity in the analysis of the topic, the correctness of additions, etc.), and then the teacher gives the main guidelines for preparing for the next lesson, emphasizing the most important questions, giving brief algorithms for studying the material, characteristics of information sources.

After studying each system in accordance with the calendar and thematic plans, a reporting lesson is held.

METHODOLOGY OF CONDUCTING A REPORTING LESSON

Target: to consolidate and systematize the studied material on the topics covered in the classes (part of the organ system or the organ system as a whole).

STUDENT NEED

Know:

a) the names of anatomical formations in Latin and Russian, the structure and topography of the studied organs and structures;

b) development, age characteristics of the studied organs, as well as some anomalies in their development;

Be able to:

a) determine the correct anatomical position of the studied organs;

b) find and show on preparations the details of the structure of the studied organs;

c) master the technique of preparation of organs and tissues;

d) be able to determine the main anatomical formations on radiographs.

Knowledge control The reporting lesson is carried out in 3 stages:

1. Test control of students' knowledge is carried out using test tasks in human anatomy, approved by the Coordinating Educational and Methodological Council for Human Anatomy and Histology. Preparation for test control is recommended to take place at the "Center for Information Technology" at the Faculty of Medicine, using test programs for self-control and self-study of students on a given topic, as well as using teaching aids prepared by the department.

2. Delivery of practical skills. The student must answer the questions of the ticket, which includes 10 names of anatomical formations, which he needs to correctly show on the preparations (see questions of practical skills in the appendix) and name in Latin, as well as answer the questions asked based on lecture materials.

3. The answer to theoretical questions is at the discretion of the teacher based on the materials of practical classes (see the list of questions at the end of each lesson of the corresponding topic of the guidelines).

The overall score is derived according to the following criteria:

- "5" - passed the test control, all anatomical formations are shown accurately and confidently, Latin terms are correctly named; the answer to the lecture question is clear, concise, concise; the story is complete, competent, consistent and logical.

- "4" - passed the test control, all anatomical formations are shown correctly, single errors in the knowledge of Latin terms; the answer to the lecture question is correct, but not clear enough; The story is good, but not coherent enough.

- "3" - passed the test control, the anatomical formations are not shown confidently enough, errors in the knowledge of Latin terms; the answer to the lecture question is not complete enough, with some errors; the story is inconsistent, with errors in particulars.

- "2" - the test control was not passed, not all anatomical formations were shown, gross errors were made in the knowledge of Latin terms, the answer to the lecture question was incorrect or fuzzy, the story was not complete and not consistent.

At the end of the report session, a summary is made. Students who receive unsatisfactory grades are assigned a time to retake a report on this topic.

LITERATURE:

Main:

1. Human anatomy / Under. ed. M.R. Sapina.- M.: Medicine, 1986; 1993; 1996; 1997; 2001, vol. 1, 2.

2. M.G. Weight gain., N.K. Lysenkov, V.I. Bushkovich. Human anatomy. - St. Petersburg Publishing House SPbMAPO, 2005.

3. I.V. Gaivoronsky. Normal human anatomy. - St. Petersburg "SpetsLit", 2001, v.1,2.

4. Sinelnikov R.D., Sinelnikov Ya.R. Atlas of human anatomy. - M., "Medicine". - 1996. - T. 1-4.

Additional:

1. Andronescu A. Anatomy of a child. – Ed. "The medicine". – Bucharest, 1970.

2. Valker F.I. The development of human organs after birth. - M., Medgiz, 1951.

3. Sapin M.R., Bilich G.L. Human anatomy. – M.: Ed. High school. - T. 1. - 1996. -T. 12.

4. Ginzburg V.V. Brief essay on anthropology for physicians. State. ed. honey. literature. –L., 1963.

5. Ivanitsky M.F. Human anatomy. – M.: Ed. Physical culture and sport, 1956.

6.Knorre A.G. Brief historical outline of human embryology. - L .: Ed. Medicine, 1987.

7. Krylova N.V., Naumets L.V. Anatomy of the sense organs. Anatomy in diagrams and drawings. - M., Ed. Peoples' Friendship University, 1991.

8. Krylova N.V., Soboleva T.M. Urogenital apparatus. Anatomy in diagrams and drawings. – M.: Ed. Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 1994.

9. Lesgaft P.F. Selected works on anatomy / Ed. YES. Zhdanov. - M., Medicine, 1987.

OSTEOLOGY

ACTIVITY #1

TOPIC: Organization of the educational process at the Department of Human Anatomy and Histology. Anatomical terminology. Axes and planes. Vertebrae - shape and structure.

GOAL: To acquaint students with the subject of "human anatomy", the organization of work at the department, the basic anatomical Latin terminology. To study the axes and planes drawn through the human body, the structure and classification of the bones of the skeleton, the general plan of the structure of the vertebra, in order to use this knowledge in the further study of other sections of anatomy and clinical disciplines.

EQUIPMENT:

1. The human skeleton and its individual bones, the spinal column.

2. Cuts of various bones.

3. A set of various vertebrae.

4. Tables and radiographs of bones.

5. Fake preparations of bones.

INITIAL LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE

To master the topic, students must know the parts of the skeleton, the classification of the bones of the skeleton, the general characteristics of the structure of the bone, as well as the general plan of the structure of the vertebra.

STUDENT NEED

Know:

a) general anatomical terms, areas and parts of the human body;

b) axes and planes drawn through the human body;

c) vertical lines drawn along the surface of the human body;

d) general patterns of bone development, types of ossification;

e) the general plan of the structure of the bones;

f) classification of bones;

h) general plan of the vertebral structure.

Be able to:

a) name and show parts of the skeleton;

b) correctly pronounce anatomical terms in Russian and Latin;

c) put the vertebra in the correct anatomical position;

d) correctly name and show on the preparations the details of the structure of the vertebra;

TOPIC STUDY PLAN

1. Axes and planes drawn through the human body.

2. The main vertical lines drawn along the surface of the body
person.

3. The main areas of the human body.

4.Build and chemical composition bones.

5. Bone as an organ.

6. Classification of bones.

7.Parts of the skeleton. What is an axial skeleton?

8. The spinal column, its departments.

9. General plan of the structure of the vertebra.

LIST OF BASIC LATIN ANATOMICAL TERMS

anterior

posterior

Upper - superior

Lower - inferior

Intermediate - intermedius

Right - dexter

Left - sinister

Dorsal, lying on the back - dorsalis

Ventral, abdominal - ventralis

External - externus

internal - internus

Deep - profundus

Superficial - superficialis

Sagittal, swept - sagittalis

Frontal, parallel to the forehead - frontalis

Horizontal

vertical

Longitudinal - longitudinalis

Transverse - transversus

Medial, lying closer to the midline - medialis

Median - medianus

Medium - medius

Distal, more distant from the center - distalis

Proximal, closest to the body - proximalis

Elbow - ulnaris

Radiation - radialis

Anterior median line - linea mediana anterior

Posterior median line - linea mediana posterior

Midclavicular line - linea medioclavicularis

Sternal line - linea sternalis

Anterior axillary line - linea axillaris anterior

Middle axillary line - linea axillaris media

Posterior axillary line - linea axillaris posterior

Scapular line - linea scapularis

Paravertebral line - linea paravertebralis

Good afternoon! Today we will get acquainted with the Latin language, find out why a doctor needs it in any country, and also try to learn some important Latin terms.

So, Latin. To be honest, I really enjoyed teaching him for a number of reasons:

• In class on this subject, it felt like I was touching some secret ancient knowledge. This is understandable, because we are talking about the language spoken by the great doctors of antiquity;
• You will study in Latin. Therefore, a good knowledge of Latin will make memorizing anatomy relatively easy for you;
• Latin terms (especially medical ones) sound very, very cool;
• By the way, the term used in Latin during a conversation or report eloquently indicates your erudition. It may not be entirely true, but that's the impression I've always had.

What is Latin for? Doctors need it so that doctors who speak different languages ​​can always understand each other. Of course, anatomy cannot be imagined without Latin. Biologists, chemists and pharmacists need it because of the use of a single terminology, which greatly facilitates the classification medicines, animal species, etc.

Clinical terminology is also built in Latin. For example, if the name of a drug ends with "in", we can assume with a high degree of probability that we are talking about an antibiotic - amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin. If the name of the disease has the suffix "oma", then they certainly talk about a tumor - hemengioma, sarcoma, lipoma. If the suffix "itis" is present, this is inflammation. For example, stomatitis, bronchitis, colitis.

The study of Latin for physicians has its own specifics. At the end of the course of this subject at the medical university, you are unlikely to be able to talk in Latin with your friend on the phone. You also most likely will not be able to easily pronounce in the new language you have learned in your arsenal phrases like "I may be a fan of the Marvel comics universe, but the director Zack Snyder is so good that I loved the Superman and Batman films more than anyone else." All you need from this subject is to be able to understand and name from memory anatomical terms, diagnoses of diseases, as well as be able to write prescriptions in Latin.

From my own experience, I’ll say that Latin terms memorized in advance, before starting to study at a medical university, provide several advantages at once:

1. Firstly, you get used to the subject much faster and new topics are much easier for you.
2. Secondly, you will quickly win a good attitude of the teacher towards you. Your Latin teacher will definitely consider you a capable student if you answer best in the first couple.
3. And thirdly, having a good vocabulary, you will be able to compensate to some extent for your lag in grammar, if this suddenly happens. That's exactly what happened to me - in terms of vocabulary, I was very good, but grammar was given very hard. But I got on the list of contenders for the coveted "machine gun" precisely because of the vocabulary - at least that's what the teacher told me.

When I created this selection of Latin words, I focused primarily on the very beginning of the first semester of the first year. Therefore, if you have already entered for sure, but wanted to know how to prepare for a medical university in advance, this article is for you. After all, it is best in such a situation to begin your preparation with Latin.

In fact, a Latin lesson

Let's try to remember some simple words with pronunciation. I’ll make a reservation right away that in our first selection I will not indicate the gender, the variation in the spelling of the word in the genitive case or in the plural, as is customary in dictionaries.

For our first Latin lesson, I propose to remember two simple rules that we will use right now:

1. In Latin, the last syllable is NEVER stressed;
2. The sound of the letter "L" is always softened. The word "clavicula" (collarbone) will never sound "clavicula". We will read it as "clavicula". Just like "scapula" (scapula) - it will sound like this: "scapule".

So, we begin to learn Latin for doctors. Our lexical minimum for this lesson:

• Caput(kaput) - head;
• Cranium(cranium) - skull. A fairly common word. There is even the science of craniology, which studies the structure of the human skull in a normal way;
• Basis cranii(basis of the crane) - the base of the skull;
• Fornix cranii(forniks krani) - the vault of the skull, that is, the lid of the skull;
• Maxilla(maxilla) - upper jaw. Do not forget our second rule and read as "maxil";
• Mandibula(mandible) - lower jaw. The correct sound will be "mandible";

I used a classic Da Vinci illustration to show you what I was talking about. With a red dotted line, I marked the border between the cranial vault (fornix cranii) and its base (basis cranii). The rounded part on top is the vault. Below is the base.

I highlighted in blue upper jaw(maxilla), and in green - the lower jaw (mandibula).

• Cervix(cervix) - neck;
• vertebra(vertebra) - vertebra;
• columna vertebralis(columna vertebralis) - the spinal column. It is he who consists of the vertebrae;
• Corpus vertebrae(corpus vertebre) - the body of the vertebra. It is very easy to memorize Latin on associations - often, especially in sports, the human body is called the "body". Boxers say so: “body punch”;
• arcus vertebrae(arcus vertebre) - the arch of the vertebra. It is also not without reason that an architectural figure in the form of an arc is called an “arch”;

This is what the spinal column looks like:

Next block of words:

• Thorax(thorax) - chest. The same term is called the chest - the anatomical formation, inside which the chest cavity is located.
• Cavum thoracis(kavum thoracis) - chest cavity. It is limited to the sternum, ribs and vertebrae, that is, the chest.
• Sternum(sternum) - sternum. One of the coolest bones to study. There are only a few elements to remember, the main one is ...
• Corpus sterni(case stern) - the body of the sternum. I think you already know the translation of this word, by analogy with the vertebral body;
• Costa(kosta) - rib;
• caput costae(kaput coste) - the head of the rib. Yes, at first I myself thought that the human head and the head of any anatomical formation have different names, it turns out not
• corpus costae(case coste) - the body of the rib. I think you already remember well what a corpus is;

In this illustration you can see chest, front view. The sternum is a long vertical bone located in front. The body of the sternum is even signed here, only on English language- body of sternum. By the way, Latin and English have a large number of similar words.

And the last block of Latin words for today.

• Сingulum membri superioris(Tsingulum membri superioris) - the belt of the upper limb. The word superior, like its opposite, inferior, will come up very often throughout the anatomy.
• Superior(superior) - top. simple association. "Super" - above all others;
• Inferior(inferior) - lower. It's also easy to remember. "Inferno" is another name for hell. "Infernal" - infernal, diabolical. The stereotypical hell is always at the bottom;
• Scapula(scapule) is a word already parsed today. As you remember, this translates as "blade";
• Clavicula(klavikulya) - clavicle. We also took it apart. By the way, for me in anatomy it was very surprising that the belt upper limbs consists of only two bones - the scapula and collarbone. I thought it was full of bones.

I highlighted the clavicle in red, and the shoulder blade in green.

Here is such a list. I would recommend that you learn it in parts. Write each term several times, say it out loud, and then tell a few of the learned terms with Russian translation to your household or a friend on the phone (I periodically told the cat).

This concludes our first (hopefully not the last) medical Latin lesson. If you study a few expressions a week before you start your studies, you will become a very skilled student in your Latin classes. Good luck everyone, study and love science!

Greek karkinos"cancer, crab" in Latincancer used in the same sense, as well as "claw or claw"; in poetic language, this word was used to denote heat, both literally and figuratively. In medicine, this word is combined with - about ma (karkinoma) introduced by Galen to refer to cancer mammary gland, in which sometimes there is an expansion of the veins, resembling the legs of cancer.

Before Galena word karkinos was used as a metaphor (transferring the characteristics of the behavior of a crab: tenacity, irritability, agility, adaptability, fearfulness) to refer to a terrible disease that tenaciously seized a person, spreading its poisonous juices to the whole body, as a result of which a person died in cruel agony. In a figurative sense, this word was used to refer to the teachings of false teachers, as well as to create a vivid image of indifference, for example, K.P. Paustovsky said that ignorance makes a person indifferent, and indifference grows slowly, but irreversibly, like a cancerous tumor.

Word karkinos the constellation was also indicated, resembling a crab (cancer) by the position of the stars. The worship of the stars, as well as the role attributed to them in controlling the destinies of people, led to the creation of the doctrine of the stars - astrology, which arose in ancient Mesopathamia. The Sumerian priests worshiped the moon, calling the symbolic images of the “house of the moon” and believing that the constellations personifying the fictional images communicate their qualities to people born under their sign. For example, the Chinese calendar was entirely lunar. Each house was occupied by a warrior-hero, one of the husbands of the moon goddess, who spent every night of the next month with a new lover, in one of her heavenly palaces. This goddess, as the queen of heaven, was also worshiped by some Semitic peoples: in Babylon and Assyria she was called Ishtar, in Syria - Atar, in Phenicia - Astarte, in Abyssinia - Astar, in Israel - Astoret (Ashtorot); The Greek name for the goddess is Astarte. The image of this goddess remained in the ancient circle of the Zodiac (solar path) as a virgin carrying a child or an ear, or with horns on her head. At her temple, in addition to the priests (with the advent of the male priesthood, the oldest religion of the moon was replaced by the worship of the sun), there were harlots and fornicators; her worship was accompanied by ritual orgies. All failures and illnesses were attributed to the influence of the stars, thereby removing responsibility from the person himself. For example, in the London lists of the dead XVIII in. there were deaths caused by the "planet", i.e. when the victim was born under a "bad planet"; or "planetary impact," a term for sudden, unexpected illness. According to the Bible, the stars, like everything else, were created by God, and they, more than anything else in nature, testify to the greatness of the Creator; their movement and various positions were taken as a sign of something to come. Babylonian astrologers mastered the art of divination by the stars: for example, the birth of Jesus Christ, predicted by the ancient prophets, was announced to the magi by the appearance of a star in the East, which led them to the place where the Baby was.

Initial TE haemo-,haemato- combined with the name of the organ, denotes a hemorrhage in its cavity. In combination with the name of the secretions, this TE indicates the presence of blood in them: hematuria the presence of blood in the urine. Final TE - aemia indicates the content in the blood of what is indicated by the initial TE: uraemia urine in blood. In this case, the name of the body is used in the nominative case singular. numbers without a suffix. Similarly, terms are formed that indicate the accumulation of fluid or pus in the cavity of an organ. For example: hydrometra the presence of fluid in the uterus.

Literature

M.B. Musokhranova. Latin language manual for students of the pharmaceutical faculty of distance learning