What is the grammatical richness of the Russian language. Richness of Russian speech: stylistic possibilities of morphology

The general concept of speech richness (diversity) can be concretized, divided, depending, first of all, on what structural elements of the language are involved in the construction of speech and its structural impact on the consciousness and thinking of a person.

First of all, it is desirable (and accepted) to talk about the lexical richness of speech, which manifests itself in the fact that unintentional repetitions of the same words that do not carry a special communicative task are used in speech as rarely as possible. This can be achieved only under the condition of a large active vocabulary: remember that this vocabulary in Pushkin exceeded 21,000 units, and in a modern adult educated person it does not exceed, according to some sources, as a rule, 10,000-12,000 units; there are quite a few people whose active stock is less than the named value, and the cannibal Ellochka from Ilf and Petrov, as you know, had about 30 words! Of course, the active vocabulary of outstanding modern writers, scientists, politicians is large, but special, "author's" dictionaries are needed to know exactly its volume.

A special layer of speech wealth forms phraseological wealth (it can also be considered as constituent part lexical richness), which found the brightest and unfading manifestation in the speech of I.A. Krylov.

Also in early XIX in. A.S. Pushkin remarked: “... the mind is inexhaustible in consideration concepts, as language is inexhaustible in connection words. All words are in the lexicon; but books appearing every minute are not the repetition of a lexicon. Thought never presents anything new by itself; thoughts may vary ad infinitum.

Pushkin, of course, did not accidentally link the inexhaustibility of language in the combination of words and the inexhaustibility of the mind in the combination of concepts. After all, this, in particular, also means the inexhaustibility of syntagmatic variation and renewal of the semantics of words and their linkages, which provides each author with unlimited (at least, practically) the possibility of enriching their speech. However, it is precisely this source of speech enrichment that very often remains unused, and many writers and speakers pass by it, not noticing either its existence, or the tedious, gray monotony and poverty of their speech, saturated with repetitions of speech standards, ready-made verbal blocks that sap living thought and feeling. .

One of the main reasons that generate and maintain verbal chatter, cliches, dullness and bureaucratic style is the poverty of speech, the inability to use the semantic connections of words and the possibility of updating them.

It is also necessary to see such a layer of the total richness of speech, which is created by the use of syntactic means of the language - simple and complex sentences. The "sets" and series of grammatical models of such sentences (and variants of these models created by the relatively free word order of the Russian language) are extensive and make it possible to diversify the speech structure and enrich speech. It is enough to recall the reader's impression, born under the influence of the speech of A. Pushkin, Herzen, I. Turgenev, L. Tolstoy and A. Chekhov, in order to "see" the active participation of syntax in the enrichment and diversity of speech. In contrast, we all recall the well-known syntactic poverty of the speech of many newspaper materials and many of our speeches at meetings and sessions. M. Sholokhov, L. Leonov, K. Paustovsky, M. Bulgakov, K. Fedin generously, skillfully and each in their own way used the syntactic means of the language in the works known to the reader, showed how it is possible and necessary to enrich and diversify the syntactic side of modern Russian speech .

Another "layer" of speech richness is intonation, firmly connected with the "layers" of lexical, semantic and syntactic. True, intonational poverty or intonational richness of speech is clearly expressed in speech that sounds and is heard. But it would be a mistake to think that in written and read speech, intonation ceases to “work”: it is always “given” by the lexical-semantic and syntactic structure of speech and is always present both in the minds of the writer and in the minds of the reader. However, spoken and audible speech ensures the use of the same intonation by the author and the listener, while written and read speech allows and implies the use of different intonations by the author and the reader, and this is inevitable, if only because an adequate understanding of speech, especially artistic, between the author and the reader is practically impossible, which, in turn, depends on the greater or lesser discrepancy between its intonation, prompted by the consciousness of the author and the consciousness of the reader.

Particularly close attention to itself awaits such a layer of richness of speech, which includes its organization and dynamics. These somewhat unusual terms require clarification. Under the organization of speech we will understand the connections of its linguistic elements, their following and mutual placement, their combination, their contact and distant mutual attraction and repulsion. Under the dynamics of speech is its deployment in accordance with the movement of the author's consciousness.

Of course, the organization and dynamics of speech within a small newspaper article, or a student essay, or oral information about the results of an exam in mathematics can hardly become noticeably diverse. But the speech of a large speech, a popular scientific article or book, especially the speech of a work of art, opens up great possibilities for their authors to diversify the organization and dynamics of speech structures. Let us recall at least how a talented writer who speaks the language well changes the organization and dynamics of his speech throughout the work (novel, short story, poem, short story) - depending on the changing ideological content, character of the hero, pictures of nature, people's life and human customs and psychological conflicts.

Even more opportunities for a variety of organization and dynamics of speech are opened by a number of works written by the same author, all his work. Here it is impossible not to recall the name of Pushkin, whose totality of works contains such a wealth of organization and dynamics of speech structures that sometimes you begin to wonder how all this could have been created by one person, let's take as an illustration only three lines of famous poems:

“I remember a wonderful moment ...”, “A storm covers the sky with darkness ...”, “We are tormented by spiritual thirst ...”).

And even more clearly the dynamics and organization of speech as components of its richness and diversity are visible in the totality of works of literature of different genres using different functional language styles (organization and dynamics of dialogic colloquial speech, organization and dynamics of the speech of a business report, organization and dynamics of the speech of a story with a sharp, dynamic plot).

Enumerating the structural and linguistic layers of the total speech wealth, one cannot fail to mention the informative richness of speech, its linguistic structure. Of course, informative saturation depends not only on the language material chosen by the author of the speech and its application, but also on its “saturation” with thoughts, feelings, various states of consciousness. The laziness of thought, its sliding over the surface of phenomena, indifference and dullness of feelings inevitably lead to grayness, monotony, paucity of speech, impoverish vocabulary, semantic connections, syntax, intonation, and organization and dynamics of speech.

Thus, the richness (diversity) of speech as its communicative quality can be understood on the basis of the relationship between speech-language and speech-consciousness, and it (the richness of speech) cannot be explained by referring to only one structural area of ​​the language, for example, vocabulary. The richness of speech is multilayered, and it is necessary to distinguish in the total speech richness the richness of lexical, semantic, syntactic, intonation, the richness of the organization and dynamics of language means in speech, the richness of its informative richness. The richness of speech can be defined as the maximum possible saturation of it with different, non-repetitive means of language necessary to express meaningful information; the degree of richness of speech can vary significantly and depends primarily on the mastery of the language by the author and the skills of its application, the activity of the work of the author's consciousness, on the depth and independence of the author's understanding of the speech of its subject (object).

The richness of the variety, the originality of the speech of the speaker or writer largely depends on how much he realizes what the originality of the native language is, its richness.

The Russian language is one of the most developed and processed languages ​​in the world, with the richest book and written tradition. We find many beautiful words about the Russian language in the works, articles, letters, speeches of progressive public and political figures, outstanding writers and poets:

It should not interfere with the freedom of our rich and beautiful language (A. S. Pushkin).

You marvel at the preciousness of our language: every sound is a gift, everything is grainy, large, like pearls themselves and, really, there is another name for an even more precious thing itself (N.V. Gogol).

You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our minds that could not be conveyed by the Russian word. The sound of music, the spectral brilliance of colors, the play of light, the noise and shadow of gardens, the vagueness of sleep, the heavy rumble of thunder, the whisper of children and the rustle of sea gravel. There are no such sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - the day of which there would be no exact expression in our language (K. G. Paustovsky).

What is the richness of the Russian language, what properties of the lexical composition, grammatical structure, sound side of the language create its positive qualities?

The richness of any language is determined primarily by the richness of the dictionary. K.G. Paustovsky noted that for everything that exists in nature - water, air, clouds, sun, rain, forests, swamps, rivers and lakes, meadows and fields, flowers and herbs - there are a great many good words and names in the Russian language.

The lexical richness of the Russian language is reflected in various linguistic dictionaries. Thus, the "Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Language", published in 1847, contains about 115 thousand words. IN AND. Dahl included more than 200 thousand words in the Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. D.N. Ushakov in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" - about 90 thousand words.

And what should be the vocabulary of one person? It is very difficult to answer this question unambiguously. Some researchers believe that the active vocabulary of a modern person usually does not exceed 7-9 thousand different words; according to others, it reaches 11-13 thousand words. Let's compare these data with the dictionary of the great masters of the artistic word. For example, A.S. Pushkin used more than 21 thousand words in his works and letters (in the analysis, repeated words were taken as one), and half of these words occur in him only once or twice. This testifies to the exceptional richness of the vocabulary of the brilliant poet. Let us give information about the number of words of some other writers and poets: Yesenin - 18,890 words, Cervantes - about 17 thousand words, Shakespeare - about 15 thousand words (according to other sources - about 20 thousand), Gogol ("Dead Souls ”) is about 10 thousand words.

And some people's vocabulary is extremely poor. No wonder I. Ilf and E. Petrov in the famous “Twelve Chairs” ridiculed Ellochka, the “cannibal”, who managed only thirty words.

Here are the words, phrases and interjections, meticulously chosen by her from all the great, verbose and powerful Russian language:

• 1. Be rude.
• 2. Ho-ho! (Expresses, depending on the circumstances: irony, surprise, delight, hatred, joy, contempt and satisfaction).
• 3. Famous.
• 4. Gloomy (in relation to everything. For example: “gloomy Petya has come”, “gloomy weather”, “gloomy event”, “gloomy cat”, etc.).
• 5. Gloom.
• 6. Horror (creepy. For example, when meeting with a good friend: "creepy meeting").
• 7. Boy (in relation to all familiar men, regardless of age and social status).
• 8. Don't teach me how to live.

These words were enough for her to talk with relatives, friends, acquaintances and strangers. It is not difficult to imagine what that fellowship was like.

The speaker needs to have as much vocabulary as possible in order to express his thoughts clearly and clearly. It is important to constantly take care of expanding this stock.

This is not difficult to do. You just have to start compiling a “Language Enrichment Dictionary”. When you read a book, magazine, newspaper, pay attention to the words and write each unfamiliar word or word, the meaning of which you can only guess, on a card. Then on the reverse side, using an explanatory dictionary, write the meaning of the word. Number the cards so you know the number of words that enrich your vocabulary. Cards should be stored in a filing cabinet. When 10-20 words are typed, start testing your memory. Pull out a card, read the word and explain its meaning. As you accumulate cards, divide them into two groups: 1) cards with well-learned words; 2) cards with words that require more memorization. The card index must be constantly updated with new words; cards with learned words are transferred to the second part of the box. From time to time, you should return to them, arrange a control check: what if they forgot some word. You need to work with the card index of the “Language Enrichment Dictionary” constantly.

The richness of the language is also determined by the semantic richness of the word, i.e., its ambiguity. Polysemy requires a thoughtful attitude to the word. Is it important whether the word is chosen to express the thought? Does the listener understand what is being said, what does the speaker mean?

As a rule, one of the meanings of a polysemantic word is realized in speech. If it were otherwise, then people would often not understand each other or misunderstand.

Polysemy can be used as a method of enriching the content of speech. So, for example, Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote the book "Native Land" for youth. At the word Earth eight values. In which of them is it used in the title? The author gives an answer to this question in the preface: “I called my book “Native Land”. Word Earth in Russian has many meanings. This is the soil, and the country, and the people (in the latter sense, the Russian land is spoken of in The Tale of Igor's Campaign), and the entire globe. In the title of my book, the word "earth" can be understood in all these senses. That's how capacious the content of the title has become, how much it says!

Of particular interest are cases when the writer, using a word, takes into account its two meanings and this stipulates, emphasizes, intriguing the reader, forcing him to think about the further content of the text. How to explain what the authors write about if the text begins like this: “London was shocked in the literal and figurative sense”; “The far right was the first to make an attempt to pocket the flag. To pocket not only figuratively, but also literally.

What could shake London in the literal and figurative sense? It turns out that one of the skyscrapers collapsed. In the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, the word pocket only a figurative meaning is noted - “to take possession of something else, to appropriate”. The word has no other meaning ixet. How can a party pocket a flag in the literal sense? The following text resolves the confusion. It turns out that members of the party wear star-striped handkerchiefs in the breast pockets of their frock coats. The author expanded the semantic volume of the word, gave it a new meaning, fully motivated by its word-formation structure.

Everyone who is interested in improving their speech should know perfectly well the entire semantic volume of the word, all its meanings.

An important source of speech enrichment is synonymy.

Our language is very rich in synonyms - words that have a common meaning and differ in additional shades or stylistic coloring. For example, adjectives are used to denote something small in size in speech: small, small, small, tiny, diminutive, microscopic and large in size big, huge, gigantic, gigantic, gigantic, colossal. Something simple is called simple, unsophisticated, unpretentious, uncomplicated, unsophisticated, unsophisticated, primitive, elementary. The Russian language is also rich in synonymous verbs. For example, words be afraid, fear, fear, dread, tremble, be afraid, be frightened unite general meaning"to experience fear", and the verbs squander, squander, spend, squander, spend, spend, spend, squander, squander, squander, squander means "to give for something the available money or in general any values."

What is the feature of synonyms? What do you need to know about them in order to use them with great effect in your speech? First of all, to be able to find words that are synonymous with each other, to be able to penetrate into the depths of the word, to understand how synonyms differ.

Task 64. Choose from proverbs words that are synonymous with each other, and write them.

1. A stupid person is looking for a large place, but a reasonable one can be seen in the corner. 2. Better water to drink in joy than honey in a torment. 3. The dog barks at the brave, but bites the cowardly. 4. A smart man lacks ears, and a stupid one has more than one tongue. 5. Grief makes you old, but joy makes you younger. 6. Curls curl from joy, and split from sadness. 7. To the brave to sip peas, but not to see the radish for the timid. 7. Woe in rags, trouble naked, 9. As soon as it comes to attack, at least the abyss, 10. From a fool and crying with laughter rushing. 11, I thought of her, I didn’t guess how he got into trouble, 12. Famously he doesn’t lie quietly: either he rolls, or falls, or crumbles over his shoulders.

What other words of proverbs can you find synonyms for? Write them.

Task 65. Choose synonyms for words kind, short, beautiful.

Task 66. Using the synonyms given in the sentences, make a synonymous series with the meaning "very hot, very warm."

1. Hot summer day. The river is definitely frozen (Mamin-Sibiryak). 2. A hot summer day was quickly replaced by the coolness of an impending thunderstorm (Mamin-Sibiryak). 3. Hot heat; you can't go out; a burning stream flows freely through the open windows (Turgenev). 4. The sun stood in the sky and flooded the earth with scorching rays (V.K. Arseniev).

Describe a July day using these synonyms.

Task 67. What words should be excluded from the synonymic series and why?

1. Teacher, educator, historian, lecturer, mathematician. 2. Surgeon, doctor, doctor, paramedic, doctor, therapist. 3. Again, again, back, again. 4. Approximately, about, somewhere, in the area, approximately. 5. Run, walk, fly, rush, rush, walk. 6. Storm, snowfall, hurricane.

Task 68. Prove that the words again And sbrztno not synonyms. Choose synonyms for each of them and come up with sentences with them.

Task 69. Read dictionary entries from the two-volume Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language. Tell us how they are built, what attention is drawn to when characterizing each synonym. Explain why the words obstacle, barrier belong to different sets of synonyms.

1. Obstacle, barrier.

That which blocks the path of someone, smth., delays the movement.

Ten paces later, an obstacle came up - a fence. Having found a hole, squeezed into it (G. Markov, Strogoffs, Prince. 2, ch. 13:4). Crushing against gloomy barriers, / With a pearly, fiery arc / Falling, splashing waterfalls (Pushkin, Ruslan and Lyudmila, song 2).

2. An obstacle, a barrier, an obstacle, a hindrance, a brake, a snag (colloquial), a comma (colloquial), a quotation mark (simple) and a quotation mark (simple).

That which complicates, complicates something, hinders the accomplishment, implementation of something. Obstruction is the basic word for expressing meaning; the word barrier is used. in literary and book speech; obstacle is a bookish, obsolete word; hindrance more often used. in cases where it is a question of more or less insignificant obstacle; brake - something that delays, slows down the implementation of smth., this word is more often used. in combinations to be, to serve as a brake; snag, comma, quotation mark, quotation mark - a small but annoying obstacle, these words are used. in everyday speech, and the hitch and the comma are used. advantage in combinations that's the catch (comma), that's the catch (comma)

<...>On the way to any goal there are many obstacles. By overcoming these obstacles, a person is happy (Matveev, Seventeenth Anniversary, Part I, Discussion).<...>After several years of hard life, all obstacles were overcome, and his wishes came true: he became a lawyer (Novikov-Priboy, Tsushima, book. I, h, 4),<...>In this mood, the field marshal, naturally, seemed only an obstacle and a brake on the upcoming war. (L. Tolstoy, War and peace, vol. 4, part 4, XI).<…>“So they can send you from here too!” -- Not! - Genka lowered his voice: - There is one snag here. I finished the fourth grade this year, got it? -- Well? - And you need a seven-year period, understand? (Oseeva, Vasek Trubachev and his comrades, Prince. 2, ch. five). - Then, sir: some scenes of "Marriage", Here's a little quote: there are many characters - today's writers generally love the crowd, which is possible only in large troupes (Pismsky, Comedian, I). Now I’ve gotten used to it, / but for the first two or three days / a lot of different hitches / fell on me / ( FROM. Vasiliev, The story of a young miner).

Synonyms attract the writer or speaker by the fact that they, differing in shades of meanings, allow expressing an idea with the utmost accuracy.

Compare, for example, synonyms run away And rush. The clouds fled to our village ... So they flew to the pine forest, crossed the ravine and rushed on(V. Kozlov). It is clear that the verb rush compared to its synonymous verb run away indicates a greater intensity of action, a greater speed of movement. Therefore, we can say that the verbs used in the text run away And rush allowed the author to clarify the nature of the action, to emphasize the intensity of its manifestation.

There are many such examples among synonyms: (bonfire) burned --(bonfire) glowing, fast(step) -- impetuous(step), restlessness -- confusion, hot(air) -- sultry(air), etc.

Synonyms in this case perform differentiating function, or ideographic. Synonyms that differ in shades of meaning are called ideographic.

Words also differ in volume of meaning. writer, writer. Writer called a person who writes works of art, and writer- not only a writer, but also a publicist, critic,

Task 70. From the names of the colors, first write down the names of the red color and its shades, and then the names of other colors.

Red, scarlet, raspberry, burgundy, brown, brown, ore, carmine, red, orange, fiery, lilac, crimson, cobalt, pink, scarlet, bloody, brick, poppy, coral, strawberry, ruddy, ruddy, carrot, red, pomegranate, hazel, ruby, walnut, chestnut, sandy, mahogany, cherry, plum, cutters, orange, lilac, crimson, cyanotic, crimson, cinnabar.

Determine the semantic differences in the names of red. Compare your definitions with the interpretations given in the Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language.

Red, scarlet, crimson, ruddy, bloody, red; carmine, cinnabar, ruby ​​​​and ruby, pomegranate, pure, scarlet.

Red- one of the primary colors of the spectrum, intermediate between orange to purple, having the color of blood; scarlet, crimson And ginger serve to designate a bright, saturated red color, with scarlet for a lighter tone, and crimson for a darker one; in the modern language of the word scarlet crimson And ginger characteristic of literary and bookish speech, crimson And ginger use less often; word bloody use advantage in literary speech, to emphasize the sharpness and gloomy nature of the red tone; cumac- bright red, reminiscent of the color of kumach; words carmine, cinnabar And scarlet denote shades of red corresponding to these colors, and use. advantage in special speech, the word scarlet somewhat outdated; ruby And ruby-- ruby ​​colors, words used. to denote a bright red color usually associated with liquids, glass, etc.; pomegranate- thick red, reminiscent of the color of a pomegranate, the word is used. usually when describing the color of fabrics, more often velvet; word red in modern, the language has an outdated connotation to the use. advantage in poetic, literary and bookish speech.

In addition to the differentiating function, synonyms can perform stylistic function, i.e., to give speech a colloquial or bookish character, to express positive or negative expression. Synonyms that differ from each other in stylistic coloring are called stylistic.

Words that have a tinge of bookishness are found in a scientific, business, journalistic style, for example: sorrow(compare with the neutral word sadness), intelligence(cf. mind),Kara(cf. punishment), promote(cf. to help).

Words with a touch of colloquialism are used mainly in casual, colloquial speech. For example, unlike neutral words get sick, complain, find, which can be used in any style, words get sick, cry, dig permissible only in colloquial speech, the same can be said about the words awkward(cf. ridiculous),dress up(cf. dress up),at all(cf. at all),instantly(cf. instantly). Colloquial vocabulary, unlike colloquial, does not violate the generally accepted norms of the literary language. Wed examples: beat(neutral) -- pound(colloquial) -- peel(colloquial).

In some cases, synonyms simultaneously differ in shades of meaning and stylistic coloring. For example, synonymous adjectives interesting And amusing differ in shades of meaning: the word interesting used in the sense of "exciting attention with something significant", and amusing --"exciting only external interest." Besides, interesting -- the word is stylistically neutral, and amusing -- colloquial.

From a number of synonyms with the meaning "to direct, direct the gaze at someone, something, somewhere" watch, stare, stare, stare, gaze are neutral look And look, In contrast, the verb look emphasizes the duration, calmness, attentiveness of the gaze and has a bookish character. Words stare, stare mean “look closely, for a long time” and differ from the words synonymous with their rudeness, therefore they are inappropriate in book styles.

Task 71. Given the different meanings of the words sharp, old, find synonyms for them.

• 1. Spicy ---“having a form tapering towards the end (about objects, structures, etc.); elongated, very narrow (about the shape of something, about parts of the face, body).
• 2. Spicy --"well perceiving, distinctly distinguishing sounds and smells (about hearing, smell)".
• 3. Spicy --"extremely strong, difficult to bear (about physical pain, a heavy feeling, etc.)".
• 1. Old --"who has reached old age, who has lived for many years."
• 2. Old --“Long used (about things, objects)”.

Task 72. Read the sentences below using the correct word instead of dots. (teacher, lecturer).

1. Professors, associate professors give lectures in higher educational institutions ... 2. The guys loved theirs very much ... 3. It's hard to forget ... who showed us for the first time how to read and write. 4. For the evening were invited ... primary classes and ... physics, chemistry, mathematics. 5. Lesha Vostrikov was ill for a long time, and he had to additionally deal with ...

Task 73. Find in the text synonyms that mean "small in size". Write them down, taking into account the degree of increase of the sign. What type of synonyms are they?

1. Small, remote, passed through the earth, found a little red cap (Riddle). 2. We love lilies of the valley very much. Their white, pure flowers, like tiny porcelain bells, smell so delicate! (Sokolov-Mikitov). 3. They took out the pot and fraternally shared a microscopic amount of porridge (Korolenko).

Task 74. Correct the text by replacing, where necessary, the underlined words with synonyms: sticky, sticky, viscous; wet, moist, damp; stoop, stoop, stoop.

1. A young birch was covered with sticky leaves. 2. Sticky brown poplar buds were fragrant. 3. Bought sticky paper for flies. 4. Oppositely, sticky clay champed under the boots. 5. The old man with difficulty pulled his long pole out of the viscous mud, all tangled with green threads of underwater grasses. 6. If the salt is close to the water, then it becomes wet. 7. Near the fountain, spraying thin streams of water, the air was humid. 8. After a heavy rain, the trees in the garden became wet. 9. In the summer, in the midst of the midday heat, in the depths of this forest one felt cool, it smelled of damp earth, and the foot got stuck in piles of rotten and also damp foliage. 10. Reed flowers with beautiful tassels bent down to the water. 11. A large wagon tilted to the edge of the bridge, fell over the railing and collapsed, 12. The brig suddenly shuddered and leaned over to starboard.

Task 75. Distribute the synonyms below, taking into account their stylistic coloring, into three columns of the table.

Many, many, lots; bold, dashing, fearless; really, truly, indeed; forbid, forbid, order; walk, walk, trudge; stubborn, stubborn, persist; learn, study, cramming. Sample:

Task 76. Find synonyms in each passage and determine their stylistic coloring.

1. He shakes his hand, even as the bones crunched.

All in the corns sons paw (Helemsky).

2. And we happened to be surprised

Seeing one day

Not strict faces, but faces

Your tortured children (Smelyakov).

3. I carry my heart

like a banner

Like the banner of the working people .

Task 77. Read information about synonyms ask, beg, plead, plead, plead from the “Concise Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language” by V.I. Keyword:

These words are united by the meaning - to address someone with a request. The most common of these is the word ask. Beg- urgently ask. Cry(book poetic) - to make a request, a prayer. intercede(word of official style) - to ask for some business, to fuss about something. begging(colloquial) - to ask persistently, relentlessly.

Make sentences with each of these synonyms, taking into account their shades of meaning and stylistic coloring. In what sentences composed by you, the mutual replacement of synonyms is impossible and why?

The richness of synonyms in the Russian language, the possibility of their diverse stylistic use obliges each speaker or writer to be especially thoughtful in the choice of words. Compare for an example sentence: A sentry walks along the Kremlin wall And A sentry walks along the Kremlin wall. In the first example, the sharpness of the step, the solemnity of the situation are emphasized, the second sentence does not express this. So, it is not indifferent which synonym to use in speech: go or step.

If it is necessary to highlight the semantic or stylistic differences that the words of the same synonymous series contain, then the technique is used synonym oppositions.

K.S. Stanislavsky resorted to this technique, speaking out against the artificial manner of the actors' play:

To begin at least with the solemnly measured steps of the actors. After all, they are not walk, but parade on stage, not sit and rise not lie and lie down not stand, but posing. The same thing happened with the movements, and with the general acting plasticity ... Razke actors raise hands on stage No. They them uplift. Actor's hands fall down, and not easy descend; they are not cuddle up to the chest and are assigned on her, not straighten and stretch forward. It seems that the actors hands and hands not fingers, and fingers, to such an extent their movements are figuratively solemn.

We find the opposition of synonyms in the works of oral folk art. Here, for example, is how the difference between stinginess and greed, slander and lies in proverbs is revealed: Stingy looks like not to give to another, butgreedy looks as if to take away from another.Slander AndFalse not one and the same.Lie sometimes it’s simple, butslander always with intent.

The technique of opposing synonyms is sometimes used to emphasize not differences, but, on the contrary, proximity, almost the sameness of phenomena. Compare, for example, in a poem by M. Svetlov:

I don't know where the border is

Between north and south;

I don't know where the border is

Between comrade And friend.

Another way to use synonyms is to parallel use. Each of the synonyms, differing in shades of meaning, emphasizes, highlights one particular feature of an object, phenomenon, and in the aggregate, the synonyms contribute to a more vivid and comprehensive description of reality. For example, the poet Y. Helemsky created a figurative picture of a winter landscape, using the synonyms blaze, burn

Snowdrifts turn pink

Under the rays of dawn

blaze rowan,

AND are burning bullfinches.

When using synonyms that indicate a different degree of manifestation of a feature, they are usually put in the order of increasing feature expressed by them. For example, synonyms good, excellent, excellent used in this order: You played well today, excellent, excellent!

In artistic, journalistic works, the technique " stringing» synonyms. It consists in listing all or several words of one synonymous series. For example: And life seemed to himdelightful , miraculous and full, high meaning (Chekhov). I sometimes imagined what I see in front of mehuge , gigantic spider, the size of a man (Dostoevsky). And I realized that I would not break my oath, / but if I wanted to break it, I could not. / That I neverI'll throw off , notstrushu , / notsdreyflu , notI'll lie and notlie (Slutsky).

The presence of a large number of synonyms in the language makes it possible to avoid the repetition of the same or cognate words. Wed: Our forces are strong And Our forces are powerful.

Task 78. Find examples of juxtaposition of synonyms in the following excerpts from fiction. Establish differences in shades of meaning or stylistic coloring of these synonyms.

1. I could have done more, but it was in a hurry,

However, cherish those

What happened, lied for a laugh,

Never lied for lies (Twardowski).

2. Cloudy white robes

Opening with an unshakable hand,

For the first time

Not with faith

And with hope

The human race looks up to the sky,

Doesn't look, doesn't look, but

How his rockets illuminate

Break out of the darkness

Heaven's backwater corners (Slutsky).

3. Cold soft-boiled eggs - the food is very tasteless, and a good cheerful person will never eat them. But Alexander Ivanovich did not eat, but ate. He did not have breakfast, but made the process of introducing the proper amount of fats, carbohydrates and vitamins into the body. (Ilf, Petrov). 4. The footman Baklai taught the boys “bee language”, sometimes dragging his hair, saying: “And you, man, know: I give you, and the master deigns to favor you; you eat, and the master deigns to eat; you sleep, puppy, and the master deigns to rest" (Herzen),

Task 79. Find in the text from the poem "Frost, Red Nose" H, A. Nekrasov verbs-synonyms. Set the shades of the meanings of these words. Explain why the poet uses them.

Murdered, mournful couple,

Mother and father walked ahead.

Both guys with the dead

They sat, not daring to cry.

And, ruling Savraska, at the tomb

With the reins of their poor mother

For Daria - neighbors, neighbors

There was a sparse crowd.

Task 80. In excerpts from A. Rybakov's book "The Adventures of Krosh" find synonyms. Determine which group of synonyms they should be assigned to. Explain why the author used synonyms in each individual case.

• 1. As always, a lot of people crowded around our car. Even Lagutin came up several times. But he was not looking at the car, but at me. And Shmakov Petr drew attention to this.
• Why is he staring at you? Shmakov said.

I didn't know why Lagutin was staring at me. I didn't have it before...

Only towards the end of the day did I feel somewhat uneasy from Lagutin's stubborn gaze. Really, why is he staring at me?

• 2. The attitude towards us was the most indifferent. Even indifferent.
• 3. Why is it so? No matter how stupid Igor says, everyone agrees with him. And when I speak, an incredulous expression appears on the faces, as if nothing but nonsense can be expected from me.
• 4. When we bosh li, they fell silent and stared at us. We looked at them.
• 5. There are moments of mass psychosis, when the whole class starts laughing, yelling, doing all sorts of things for no reason. That moment has come for them.
• - Enough laughing! -- I said.

But they cackled like crazy.

The Russian language has the richest word-formation possibilities.

The dictionary of the Russian language is constantly enriched with new words. If the Russian language is compared with other languages, then it compares favorably in the variety and number of ways in which new words are formed. They are created with the help of prefixes, suffixes, alternating sounds at the root, adding two or more bases, by rethinking (link, satellite), splitting words into homonyms (month -- moon and month -- a period of time) to etc. The most productive is the morphological method of formation, with the help of which dozens of new words are created from the same root. Yes, from the root account- words formed: teacher, study, learn, teach, teach, relearn, memorize, accustom, teach, teaching, scholarship, student, apprenticeship, scientist, teacher, educational, scientific and others. According to the "Derivational Dictionary of the Russian Language" A.N. Tikhonov, the word-formation nest with this root includes more than 300 words.

Task 81. Read excerpts from the works of M. V. Lomonosov and N. G. Chernyshevsky. What is common in their statements about word formation in Russian?

Magnifying names, representing a huge thing, are produced by the abolition of the ending of the root name among Russians and Italians: casa, casaccia, casone, courtyard, courtyard, courtyard. On the contrary, the Germans and the French do not have such names. Likewise derogatory names like patio, dress, girl Not every language has different contentment. Russian and Italian are very rich in them, German is poor, French is even poorer (M. V, Lomonosov. Russian grammar).

There are a lot of diminutive endings in Latin; but there are almost absolutely no magnifying ones (muzhichische, etc.). In Greek, there is still much less than in Latin, they will reduce, they will say. names; but on the other hand there are diminutive proper names, however, rather uncommon, and almost in the past sense only, in German only one ending for reduction (words that take chen cannot be lein, and vice versa), In English, it will reduce, only proper names, names; in French also, and this form occurs in both languages ​​almost always only one for each name. We have many of these forms.

Our diminutives from common nouns have, in addition to the meaning of reduction, also the meaning of affection or tenderness - this connotation can take diminutive nouns almost only in Italian, which of all languages ​​known to us, only one can withstand to some extent rivalry with Russian in the formation of diminutives and augmentatives. (having the endings of both categories, but with much less variety than Russian).

It must be said that the folk (Great Russian) language is superior to the literary language in this respect; and that the folk Little Russian is even richer than the folk Great Russian in the variety and use of diminutives.

In addition to proper nouns, diminutive endings in the Russian folk language also accept indeclinable parts of speech (for example, es?(what?) - asinka, from here -- here, etc.) (N.G. Chernyshevsky. Word formation in Russian).

What is the meaning of Chernyshevsky's use of the term ending! Formulate the main provisions expressed by Chernyshevsky.

Task 82. Using the given words, make a list of diminutive suffixes for masculine, neuter, feminine nouns.

Voice, leaf, knot, shoulder, stove, beard, worker: wheel, peg, loaf, girl, girl, girl, firebrand, nanny, skate, frost, voice, cloud, letter, daughter, shirt, fish, little room, little face, pimple, freak, cart, worker, hut, hut, night, little man, testicle, little hand, daughter, little room, village, mouth, leaf, little head, horse, hour, river, cow, sister, girlfriend, apple, little sparrow, little book, dimple, old woman, little head, eyes, needle, nag, dove, leg, skirt, willow, droplet, fur coat, countrywoman, pen, cow, water, river, river, river, river.

Task 83. From the words of kinship, form names with diminutive, magnifying, affectionate, derogatory suffixes.

Grandfather, grandmother, mother, father, brother, sister, aunt, uncle,

Task 84. Get to know the diminutive forms of your own name Lyudmila. How are they educated? What are the options for this name?

Lyudmila, Lyuda, Lyudaka, Lyudaha, Lyudasha, Lyudashenka, Lyudashechka, Lyudashka, Lyudyenko, Lyudik, Lyudka, Lyudmilka, Lyudmilonka, Lyudmilochka, Lyudmilushka, Lyudok, Lyudonka, Lyudochek, Lyudochka, Lyudusenka, Lyudusechka, Lyuduska, Ludusya, Lyudukha, Lyudusha, Lyudushka, Lyudushka, Lyudushka, Lyudushka.

Luke, Lukonka, Lukochka, Luksha.

Lulenka, Lulechka, Lulik, Lyulka, Lyulya.

Lyusek, Lyusyonka, Lyueyonok.

Lusya, Lyusenka, Lyusechka, Lyusik, Lyueisha, Lyusksh-ka, Lyuska, Lyusyukha, Lyusyusha, Lyusyushenka, Lyusyush-ka, Lyusyuka, Lyusyavka.

(N.A. Petrovsky. Dictionary of Russian personal names).

Task 85. Write diminutive forms on behalf of Ivan.

Richness, flexibility and expressiveness differs and grammatical structure of the language. Let's take the view category as an example. Unlike the category of time, which indicates the relationship of the action to the moment of speech, the category of aspect indicates the way the action proceeds. So, in the species pair read -- read verbs characterize action in different ways. Verb read(perfect form) indicates an action that has exhausted itself and cannot continue further. Verb read(imperfective) indicates an action that is not limited.

In addition, the prefix formation of verbs is very developed in Russian, as a result of which verbs of the same root acquire a variety of meanings.

Task 86. From the verbs below, write out: 1) multi-species pairs; 2) synonymous verbs; 3) antonymous verbs. Explain what shade of meaning each prefix gives to the verb.

swim

Task 87. What is the semantic difference between the verbs?

Swim - swim, swim - swim, swim - swim, swim - swim, swim - melt, swim - swim - swim.

Task 83. Read an excerpt from an article by V.G. Belinsky. Do you agree with the critic's opinion that "this is all one verb" and that the semantic difference is due to the presence of the aspect category in the Russian verb? Argument your point of view.

Indeed, what wealth for depicting the phenomena of natural reality lies only in Russian verbs that have views! Swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, melt, swim, swim, swim -- it's all one verb to express twenty shades of the same action!

steppe

Far around

Lies wide

feather grass

Spreads!

Oh you, my steppe,

The steppe is free,

You are wide, steppe,

Spread out

To the Black Sea

Moved up!

In what other language would you convey the poetic charm of these expressions of the late Koltsov about the steppe: spreads, spreads, moves forward?

Task 89. Read the statements of V. Bryusov. What does he see as a peculiarity of the Russian verb?

The strength of the Russian verb lies in what school grammarians call species. Let's take four verbs of the same root: become, put, stand, become. From them with the help of attachments before-, at-, for-, from- and others, inflections of "recurrence" and suffixes of "multipleness" can form about 300 verbs, which in essence will be, according to grammar, different "kinds" of the same thing. No modern language can translate all the shades of meaning that are obtained in this way.<...>

How, for example, to convey in French the difference between: "I rearranged the chairs", "I rearranged them", "I rearranged them", "rearranged", "rearranged"?

Compare this statement with what V.G. Belinsky about the verb in Russian. How do their opinions coincide?

Task 90. Divide the following verbs into groups, taking into account their meaning: 1) move slowly, with difficulty; 2) walk back and forth; 3) walk without a goal; 4) walk for the purpose of rest; 5) walk in an unfamiliar place; 6) to perform an action fast, impetuous.

Throw, rush, crawl, loiter, dangle, walk, walk, trudge, drag, rush, roam, roam, push, wander, travel, rush, stretch, ventilate, stagger, wander, snoop, trudge.

Not only the number of words, their ambiguity, synonymy, word-formation and grammatical features of the Russian language, but also phraseology testify to its originality, originality and richness.

The phraseology of the Russian language is unusually diverse in its composition, has great stylistic possibilities. Phraseological units help to say a lot with a few words, since they determine not only the subject; but also its sign, not only the action, but also its circumstances. The complexity of the semantics of phraseological units distinguishes them from one-word synonyms. Yes, a solid combination. wide leg means not just “rich”, but “rich, luxurious, not embarrassed in means”. Phraseologism cover their tracks means not just "destroy, eliminate something", but "eliminate, destroy what can serve as evidence in something."

Task 91. Explain how phraseological units differ from synonymous words? What additional shades does each phraseological unit express?

bend your back(for whom) - and work (for whom), in two bills - in the twinkling of an eye - in one moment - in full swing and fast, even if you gouge out your eye, you can't see it and dark at the end of the world - where the raven did not carry bones and far away cheat and deceive skin and bones - living relics - more beautifully put in a coffin and skinny, thin, lather head - set pepper - set heat - rub with sand and scold.

Phraseology attracts with its expressiveness, the potential ability to positively or negatively evaluate phenomena, express approval or condemnation, ironic, mocking, or a different attitude towards it. This is especially evident in the so-called phraseological units-characteristics.

Task 92. Explain the meaning of phraseological units.

A man with a capital letter, milk on his lips has not dried up, a telegraph pole, a jack of all trades, an absolute zero, a wind in his head, a bright personality, a mind chamber, a white crow, a prodigal son, not a timid ten, a dog in the hay, a single berry.

Phraseological units deserve special attention, the evaluation of which is due to their origin. Indeed, in order to understand the accusatory nature of a phraseological unit, for example scapegoat, you need to know the history of the emergence of a set phrase.

Expression scapegoat is found in the Bible and is associated with a special rite among the ancient Jews to lay the sins of the whole people on a living goat, which is why they call a person who is blamed for someone else's guilt, who is responsible for others.

Phraseologisms, originating from ancient mythology, are quite diverse. Each such phraseological unit evokes some associations, correlates with the images of the heroes of antiquity, which determines their semantic richness and expressiveness.

Yes, idiom Procrustean bed comes from the nickname of the robber Polypemon. In Greek mythology, it is said that Procrustes laid all those he caught on his bed and cut off the legs of those who did not fit, and stretched out the legs of those for whom the bed was long. Procrustean bed means "that which is a measure for something, to which something is forcibly adjusted or adapted."

Ancient phraseological units serve as an excellent means for conveying the author's irony, ridicule.

Task 93. Explain the origin and meaning of the given phraseological units. Make up sentences with them and write them down.

The exploits of Hercules, Sisyphean labor, Pandora's box, Pyrrhic victory, Babylonian pandemonium.

Phraseological units are of particular interest, the figurativeness of which acts as a reflection of visibility, “pictureness”, enclosed in the freest phrase, on the basis of which a phraseological unit is formed. For example, when preparing for work, we roll up our sleeves to make it easier to do the job; meeting dear guests, we spread our arms wide, showing that we are ready to wrap them in our arms; when counting, if it is small, for convenience, we bend our fingers. Free phrases naming such actions of people have visibility, "pictures", which "by inheritance" is transmitted to phraseological units: roll up sleeves -"diligently, diligently, vigorously to do something"; with open arms -“friendly, cordial (to receive, meet someone)”; count on fingers"very little, little."

Task 94. Choose five phraseological units with a common word for them: head, nose, arm, legs.

Task 95. Answer the questions. Use a phraseological expression as an answer.

As they say: 1) about someone who often changes his mind; 2) about a person who came at the wrong time, out of place; 3) about a meek, harmless person; 4) about a talkative person; 5) about the disappearance of someone without a trace; 6) about very distant relatives; 7) about disorder, confusion reigning somewhere; 8) about who does not know anything known to everyone?

Task 96. Find speech errors in the use of phraseological units (unjustified replacement of the components of a phraseological unit, unmotivated expansion or reduction of its composition, change in the grammatical form of words in a phraseological unit); fix the text.

1. Without further ado, I will quote from the report. 2. We worked in the sweat of our faces, but, having completed the work, we felt relieved, 3. Although he was not from a timid dozen, he could not help but be frightened.

Task 97. Continue the conversation below in writing, using phraseological units in remarks. Write a dialogue that is opposite in content.

What were you doing yesterday? - Nothing, they scratched their tongues, - And we beat the buckets all day, poured from empty to empty. Was Vasily with you? -- Was. He told how his father lathered his neck, He counts the raven in the lessons, and drives the loafer at home.

Task 98. Explain what is the meaning of the "Zoological Elegy" and what is it based on? Write out from the text words, combinations of words taken from set phrases, popular expressions. Write these phraseological units, explain their meaning.

I was in an enchanted world

In distant magical lands.

He swims in the fabulous sea

On three legendary whales.

There the song of the swan is pouring,

The ugly duckling lives there

They are looking for lost sheep

Baranov at the new gate.

There is a blue bird

Cancer whistles like a robber,

There they bark at nine dog-knights

Uncut ten dogs.

The camel is there in the eye of the needle

Climb honors for labor

And in the skins of sheep there are wolves

Scapegoats are being pulled.

There are crocodile tears,

There crayfish hibernate with them,

To the cheerful creators of prose

They raise golden calves there.

The wise gudgeon huddles there,

The firebird sparkles with fire,

And the nag of history rushes

In harness with a Trojan horse...

How we all love these animals!

But I wandered, sad and angry;

Where are OUR dogs in the hay?

Where is OUR Buridan donkey?

Is it really impossible

Should we invent OUR animals?

Poet! Contemporary! Painter!

Get inspired!

Let it take off immediately

Fantasy red rooster!

And let us not have enough elephants,

We will make them from flies!

(P. Khmara)

The stigma is down, I didn’t even notice the elephant, like a squirrel in a wheel, but the casket just opened, a helpful fool is more dangerous than an enemy, we’d better look for a ford, there is still gunpowder in the powder flasks, lightness in thoughts is extraordinary, she carved herself, the hero is not our novel , without a rudder and without sails.

The richness of the dictionary and phraseology of the Russian language makes it possible to avoid the repetition of the same words, phrases in oral and written speech, to diversify speech, to make it richer.

There is a term in literature paraphrase or paraphrase. The dictionary of the modern Russian literary language defines its meaning as follows:

"An artistic trope, consisting in replacing the one-word name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its essential, defining features and signs, creating a complete and vivid picture." Some of the paraphrases over time, becoming widespread in the language, become stable combinations. For example, St. Petersburg, in addition to the names Petrograd, St. Petersburg, Leningrad, is called Northern Palmyra, the city on the Neva, the northern capital, the city / city of Peter, a window to Europe.

According to how diverse the text is in terms of vocabulary, they judge the speech culture of its author.

To check the degree of speech culture of students of one of the colleges, they were offered a text in which the word was repeated cat. They had to replace it with other words or phrases.

Do this work for you, and then get acquainted with the options that college students suggested.

Haircut "under the lion"

It's no secret that Americans in general and New Yorkers in particular adore various animals, especially cats. Therefore, it is no coincidence that one of the largest exhibitions is now held in New York. cats.

The exhibition presents cats from almost every country in the world. Recently it has become very fashionable to cut cats. And the most fashionable haircut is considered cats"under the lion"

It is thought that those representatives of the genus cats, who will be cut in this way will become the main contenders for the main prize.

Student options: Purrs, meows, fluffies, adorables, furry, pets, beautiful creatures, Leopold's buddies, Leopold's brothers, felines, pets, furry creatures, tailed mousers, exhibitors, adorable creatures, mustachioed contestants, mustachioed Leopolds and Murks, clawed friends, a purring breed.

Tell me which of the options do you consider successful or unsuccessful and why? Are there any options that match yours?

Task 100. Imagine that the article “Lion Haircut” is not about cats, but about dogs. Format the text accordingly.

Task 101. Read the text. Replace the repeated word donkey with other words (including pronouns), phrases.

Donkeys on Lamu Island

London-based International Defense Fund donkeys concerned about the situation donkeys on the small Kenyan island of Lamu. In this resort donkeys serve as the only means of transportation. According to the Foundation; examined 471 donkey, donkeys overexploited by the tourist business. Lifespan of Lamia donkeys several times less than donkeys in other places.

Task 102. Read the text. Replace the name of the reptile with other words, phrases.

A graveyard of dead turtles found near Warsaw

On Wisłostrada, Warsaw's noisiest thoroughfare, hundreds of dead were found by vagrants in a high-fenced dump turtles and reported it to the newspaper. However, knowledgeable people were not dumbfounded by the find.

This turtles from Kazakhstan,” noted Tomasz Mizera, a breeding specialist turtles. -- Fate turtles sad. Walk along the railway from the border Terespol to Warsaw. The mounds are just dotted turtles. At the eastern border crossings - heaps of dead snakes, turtles or listed in the Red Book of geckos.

His words are confirmed by border guards and police officers:

Apparently, they threw out a whole batch of contraband. Turtles could suffocate in cardboard boxes (up to 400 turtles), die of starvation or large temperature fluctuations.

These turtles, According to Polish journalists, they live in Kazakhstan in huge herds. Poachers approach the nest turtles on trucks, with an excavator. They are recruited by the thousands, the holes in the shells are sealed with plaster or tape, and they are taken across the cordon. In the record year 1992, 100,000 turtles.

Russians, Kazakhs, Belarusians sell turtles wholesale from 5 to 15 zlotys (that is, 5 dollars) apiece. Stores set the retail price twice as high. And those turtles, which follow through Poland only in transit, bring in the West a profit, in percentage second only to drugs sold.

turtles, living in the wild for a century, at home they survive only a few years. They are living toys. Children turtles tormented, abandoned or forgotten where they laid turtles for the annual hibernation...

Our countrymen who trade turtles, put Poland in the position of a country violating international agreements.

Task 103. Read the text of a persuasive speech written by a 10th grade student. The text is identical to the original. Look for spelling and punctuation errors. Explain them. Where do you see the shortcomings of the text? Remake it: remove repetitions, fix bad expressions. Write your choice.

Mom and dad, I do not want to go to the country for many reasons. First, I'm going to visit my grandmother, whom I haven't seen in a very long time. They live in the village and could have a good rest there, a few weeks. Secondly, I found a great job and would not want to lose it. And thirdly, I would like to relax at home before the start of the school year and I would not want to leave my friends and girlfriends.

The richness of speech is evidenced by the presence in it proverbs, sayings, winged words And expressions.

Proverbs and sayings are clots of folk wisdom, they express the truth, proven by the centuries-old history of the people, the experience of many generations. “And what a luxury, what a meaning, what is the use of every saying of ours! What a gold!” - so spoke about Russian proverbs A.S. Pushkin. “The proverb is not said in vain,” says folk wisdom. They express joy and sorrow, anger and sadness, love and hate, irony and humor. They summarize various phenomena of the reality around us, help to understand the history of our people. Therefore, in the texts, proverbs and sayings acquire a special meaning. They not only enhance the expressiveness of speech, give sharpness, deepen the content, but also help to find a way to the heart of the listener, reader, win their respect and favor.

Why are proverbs and sayings so attractive? The generalizing nature of proverbs and sayings allows expressing the essence of the statement in a figurative and extremely brief form. Folk sayings are often given to formulate individual provisions of the statement.

They serve as a starting point for the beginning of a speech, the development of a topic, the disclosure of any provisions, or they are the final chord, a conclusion, they are used to summarize what has been said. Here, for example, how A. Solzhenitsyn finished the Nobel lecture:

In Russian, proverbs about truth are favorite. They insistently express the considerable hard experience of the people, and sometimes strikingly.

One word of truth will win over the whole world.

Both my own activity and my appeal to writers of the whole world are based on such an allegedly fantastic violation of the law of conservation of masses and energies.

Proverbs and sayings are also given as illustrations, figurative parallels to the text. This use of proverbs and sayings allows you to express the idea more vividly and convincingly. Figurative illustrations are remembered for a long time by listeners. Interestingly beat a folk saying in one of his speeches M.A. Sholokhov:

The meetings of regional and regional writers' organizations died down, meetings filled with sharp polemics, fervently collected "bit by bit what I heard from my teacher, the living Russian language." The named collection - the result of thirty-five years of work - contains more than thirty thousand proverbs, sayings, sayings, jokes and riddles. The proverbs are arranged by topic: Russia is the motherland, the people are the world, learning is science, the past is the future, etc., there are more than one hundred and seventy topics in total. Here are some proverbs on the topic "Language - speech": Do not hurry with your tongue, hurry with your deeds; For a just cause, speak boldly (stand boldly); For a great deed - a great word; Win with a living word; Good speech is good to listen to; You will keep the horse on the reins, but you will not turn back the words from the tongue. Compiled in the middle of the 19th century. The collection continues to serve today.

Rich in folk sayings and "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V.I. Dal, whose dictionary entries contain about thirty thousand proverbs. For example, for the word truth The dictionary contains the following proverbs: Truth is the light of reason; The truth is brighter than the sun; The truth is purer than the clear sun; Everything will pass, only truth will remain; A good deed is to speak the truth boldly; Whoever lives the truth, he will make good; Without truth, not living, but howling; Do not sue for the truth: take off your hat and bow; The truth is not afraid of judgment; There is no trial for truth; Cover the truth with gold, stomp it in the dirt - everything will come out; The truth is that the awl in the bag: you can't hide it; In whom there is no truth, there is little good and etc.

Of particular interest are thematic collections of proverbs and sayings. They help to find the necessary material on a particular topic. There are collections of proverbs and sayings about labor (There is no good without labor: Proverbs and sayings about labor. M., 1985), about agriculture (The earth is rich in labor: Proverbs, sayings, catchphrases about agriculture and peasant labor. Rostov n / a , 1985).

In 1994, the Shkola-Press publishing house published the educational dictionary Russian Proverbs and Sayings. Folk sayings in it are united by topics: “Man”, “Life”, “Love, friendship, family”, “Prosperity”, “Trade”, etc. The originality of the dictionary lies in the fact that the dictionary entry explains not only the meaning of the entire expression , if it is not transparent enough, but also the meaning of individual words is clarified, obsolete grammatical forms are explained.

It is important not only to know a certain number of folk sayings, but also to understand their meaning in order to correctly apply them in speech practice. This purpose is served by the "Dictionary of Russian Proverbs and Sayings", containing about 1200 folk expressions. The dictionary explains the meaning of proverbs and sayings that have a figurative meaning, gives examples of their use in speech. For example, in shoot a stone - only lose arrows. Doing something obviously impossible means wasting time and effort. Wed: Crush water in a mortar - and there will be water. The sister looked sideways at the man's weaknesses with half-contemptuous condescension; as a not stupid woman, she understood that to shoot at a stone is only to lose arrows (M. Bitter. Varenka Olesova).

The dictionary “Russian proverbs, sayings and catchphrases” by V.P. is also useful. Felitsyna, Yu.E. Prokhorov. It contains 450 most common proverbs, sayings and popular expressions in the modern Russian language. Here is an example of a dictionary entry “Time for business, hour for fun”:

The expression of the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676), written by him on a book dedicated to falconry.

Fun (colloquial) - fun, entertainment.

Most of the time should be devoted to business, and less to entertainment.

It is usually said as a reminder to a person who, having fun, forgets about the matter.

The teaching began - now you can’t go on a visit ... This was carried out with us very strictly; Business before pleasure. During school hours - no entertainment, no guests (V. Veresaev. Memories).

It goes without saying what am I not against entertainment, but according to the conditions of our reality, entertainment needs restrictions: “business is time, and fun is an hour” (M. Gorky. About anecdotes and - about something else).

Well, business time, fun hour! said the teacher. - It's time to take lessons. Everyone began to sit down at their desks, take out notebooks and books. (B. Izyum-skip. Scarlet shoulder straps). A cheerful view of the world does not contradict sympathy and sympathy. Of course, according to the proverb - time is business, and time is fun - we must distinguish when and in what issues this cheerful look is appropriate. (N. Akimov. about the theatre).

Along with proverbs and sayings about the richness of speech testify winged words. These are well-aimed, figurative expressions that have become widespread, have become commonly used. They have been known since antiquity. So, Homer called “winged” words that quickly break from the mouth of the speaker and fly to the ear of the listener. As a rule, winged words and expressions are of book origin. These include famous quotes from fiction, scientific, journalistic literature, statements of famous people of the past and present: His example to others is science(Pushkin); There is something to despair of (Griboedov); Judas Golovlev(Saltykov-Shchedrin); No matter what happens(Chekhov); Like a squirrel in a wheel(Krylov); Best the enemy of the good(Voltaire); The sciences feed young men, give joy to the elders(Lomonosov); O times! Oh manners!(Cicero); Choose the lesser of two evils(Aristotle).

Interesting material about the history of popular expressions and words, their modern use is contained in the book by N.S. Ashchukin and M.G. Ashchukina "Winged Words".

The book of the Russian ethnographer S.V. Maksimov "Winged Words", consisting of short essays and notes on the history of words and expressions. Delving into the dense and luxurious forest of his native language, rich, strong and fresh, brief and clear, the author, in his words, worked on “walking expressions that exclusively belong to Russian speech, have their roots in the diverse Russian world, and even received the meanings of folk proverbs and proverb."

Task 104. Write proverbs, sayings, popular expressions known to you.

Task 105. Explain how you understand folk sayings:

1. Friendship is strong not by flattery, but by truth and honor; A bad friend is like a teka: you only see him on a bright day; The enemy agrees, and the friend argues. 2. A slob and a slut does not have a good shirt; Done hastily - done for fun.

Task 106. Add the second part of the proverbs.

1. Work with learning is boring ... 2, You like to ride ... 3. A friend for the time being ... 4. Better is the bitter truth of a friend ... 5. Who has not been to Moscow ... 6. Work until you sweat .. 7. Live without work... 8. Who takes care of everything... 9. Don't blame your neighbor... 10. Once you lied... 11. Who is a mountain for the Motherland... 12. Don't teach an eagle to fly. .. 13. Where the bird does not fly ... 14. Who is lazy to plow ... 16. Do not drive the horse with a whip ...

For reference. And the nightingale sing; Yes, the fruit of learning is tasty; so you will eat on the hunt; but drive with oats; the same enemy; but he knows his nest; that true hero; that bread will not be born; forever became a liar; love to carry sleds; than the flattery of the enemy; only smoke the sky; did not see beauty; nothing is given to him; when you sleep until noon.

Task 107. Write proverbs, restoring their beginning.

1. ... you can't bear the fish of their pond. 2. ... and laziness spoils. 3. ... from that you will gain. 4. ... walk boldly. 5. ... and will respond. 6. ... that ends well. 7. ... it is useful to drink water. 8. ... don't say that it's not hefty. 9. ... better than the new two. 10. ... cut once, 11. ... and one warrior in the field. 12. ... and have a hundred friends. 13. ... and ignorance is darkness. 14. ... yes daring. 15. ... then science.

For references. First, az yes beeches; Do not have a hundred rubles; How it backfires; I took hold of the tug; Easily; finished the job; Measure seven times; Small in stature; Old friend; Who will you hang out with? If in Russian it is tailored; Learning is light; Labor feeds; Everything is fine; Don't spit in the well.

Task 108. Remember proverbs with the word language. Write them.

Task 109. Remember and write down proverbs and sayings in which any numbers occur: 1, 2, 3.7, 100, etc.

For example: One with a bipod, and seven with a spoon. The promised three years are waiting.

Task 110. Compose and write a paraphrase, i.e. retelling in your own words the fables of I.A. Krylov.

On a mouse and a cat beast

- “Neighbor, have you heard a good rumor? - Running in, the mouse said to the rat. “The cat, they say, fell into the claws of a lion?” Now it’s time for us to relax!” - “Do not rejoice, my light,” the rat says to her in response, “and do not hope for a non-empty one! If it comes to their claws, then, surely, the lion will not be alive: there is no beast stronger than a cat!

Do not laugh at someone else's misfortune - your own on the ridge

Chizha was slammed by the villainess-trap; the poor thing in it was both torn and rushed about; and the young dove mocked him. “Aren't you ashamed,” he says, “I got caught in broad daylight! I would not have been so deceived, for this I boldly vouch.” An you look, right there he got entangled in a snare! And business! From now on, do not laugh at someone else's misfortune, dove.

The richness, diversity, originality and originality of the Russian language allow everyone to make their speech rich and original.

It should be remembered: a gray speech filled with verbal clichés does not evoke the necessary associations in the minds of the listeners. It is unlikely that a person who abuses standard expressions can excite listeners, convince them of something, influence them. A stereotyped, “hackneyed” phrase bounces off the listeners, does not give them the opportunity to delve into the essence of the statement.

In addition, poor, linguistically poor speech is perceived as a negative characteristic of a person, testifies to his superficial knowledge, low speech culture, and insufficient vocabulary. But the main thing: poverty, dullness, monotony of language is associated with poverty, dullness and not originality of thought.

A hundred times right K.I. Chukovsky, who wrote in the book "Living like life":

Not for this our people, together with the geniuses of the Russian word - from Pushkin to Chekhov and Gorky - created for us and for our descendants a rich, free and strong language, striking with its sophisticated, flexible, infinitely diverse forms, not for this we have been left in the gift is the greatest treasure of our national culture, so that we, having abandoned it with contempt, reduced our speech to a few dozen stamped phrases.

Practice #5

Issues for discussion .

1. Phonetic means and speech richness.

2. Vocabulary and phraseology as a source of wealth of speech.

1. Use of synonyms in speech.

2. Antonymy as a way to enrich speech.

3. Phraseologisms as a means of enriching speech.

Expressiveness of speech- such features of the structure of speech that maintain the attention of the listener or reader. Creation conditions: 1) independence of thinking, activity of the consciousness of the author of the speech; 2) indifference, the interest of the author of the speech to what he speaks or writes about, and to those for whom he speaks or writes; 3) good knowledge of the language, its expressive possibilities; 4) good knowledge of the properties and features of language styles.

Richness of speech- the maximum possible saturation of speech with different, non-repeating means of the language necessary to express meaningful information. Creation conditions: lexical richness (knowledge of the vocabulary and phraseological fund of the Russian language), semantic richness, syntactic richness (the ability to use the whole variety of syntactic constructions), intonation richness.

The task 1. Write out stylistically colored vocabulary from the following sentences: colloquial, slang, book,

1. Ah! And how touchy you are, these intellectuals! cried a friend. - I don’t think that you stole it (M. Bulgakov). 2. And the owner keeps indifferently - he rolls around (M. Zoshchenko). 3. But in general, keep in mind - life was not invented by us. And well thought out. The one who invented it is not a fraer. And we spoil it ourselves. We take and spoil. 4. The robber saw me - barefoot, icy, wrapped in a sheet. And flashed (V. Tokareva). 5. All the old women promised me certain death. And I showed them all shish. He took it and survived (V. Belov). 6. The first lessons of Castaneda were related to taking drugs, and it was the description of glitches that especially attracted the attention of readers of his first books. 7. I work well on location, but I don’t like shooting in the pavilion. 8. The detainees immediately confessed and began to pawn the rest. 9. Inflation in a month eats up money calculated for six months. We must defend our rights at any cost, strive for economic independence, without which words about freedom are an empty phrase (Journal "Echo of the Planet"). 10. To die is like from prison to the zone. They send the soul to such a heavenly transfer, the ordeal is called. Everything is as it should be, two escorts, all things, a punishment cell below, a nishtyak on top (V. Pelevin).

The task 2. Replace the dots with verbs that are appropriate but meaningful.

1. The dilapidated church was decided. Guys... camp near the glacier and steel... bonfires. 3. Honorary doctorate solemnly ... in the mantle. 4. Prisoners of war ... escape from the camp. 5. For high school students... a free trip to Moscow in the summer. 6. The words of a woman ... he hurts. 7. Tourists... a halt on the bank of the river. 7. In the hospital, medical services ... for free. 8. On the city ... a huge cloud blocked the sun. 9. It is necessary ... bloodshed. 10. The next morning on the streets ... armed clashes.

The task 3. Find and write out synonyms. Underline obsolete words or phrases.

1. (Raskolnikov) looked with hatred at his closet. It was a tiny cell, about six paces long. He went to the window, stood on tiptoe and for a long time, with an air of extreme attention, looked out in the yard. 3. He wandered along the embankment of the Catherine Canal for half an hour already ... and looked several times at the descents into the ditch. He could not understand and explain to himself why, tired and exhausted, it would be most advantageous for him to return home by the shortest and most direct way, returned home through Sennaya Square, to which it was quite superfluous for him to go. The hook was small, but obvious and completely unnecessary; everywhere people were teeming with people. A lot of people crowded around. For some reason, he was drawn to talking to everyone. A large group of women crowded at the entrance. or some bullying word, then immediately pounced on the impudent and began to scold them. She wanted to go somewhere, but seemed to have forgotten where (F. M. Dostoevsky).

The task 4. Replace, if possible, the highlighted borrowed words with suitable words from the list below.

Interactive broadcast, mutation views, exclusive model, correct tone, fight for electorate, spacious recreation, discussion in corridors, local power, art underground, lucky businessman, presentation models, transparency slogan limit time, our beloved tagline.

Replacement words: change; transparency, understandability; motto, slogan; presentation (display); Feedback; underground; unique, unique; local; right; voters; a place to rest; corridors, recreation rooms; entrepreneur.

The task 5. Pick up Russian words-synonyms for words of foreign origin.

Applaud, argument, voyage, detective, image, imitate, lethal, marketer, claim, prolong, punctual, status, statute, tolerant, fatal.

The task 6. Insert suitable words from these synonymous series into sentences.

1. In his speech, the director of the plant admitted that he had done .... Yes, something I, brother, did not calculate, I'm sorry, ... left. Everything is fine in my coursework, but in the fifth task I did this ... and didn’t notice! And it happens to an old woman .... Deadlines are necessary2. Organs-implants are alien to the body, it must ... to them. The young horse still could not... to run harness, lost his stride. Having lost their eyesight, people... live by developing other channels of communication with the outside world.

Synonyms: 1. Error, miscalculation, oversight, error; hole, overlay (spacious); slip (colloquial); blooper (jarg) Adapt, adapt, adapt, get used to.

The task 7. Pick up Russian correspondences to borrowed words, pay attention to how the meaning of the sentence and its stylistic coloring change as a result.

1. The prima donna agrees with the opinion that "the main thing that gives this competition is promotion." 2. Today is a non-working Saturday, tomorrow is a non-working Sunday. And on Monday, the day of memory of the fallen soldiers is also non-working. So, long weekend. 3. This is Belmondo a la Russe. 4. Nothing interesting: entertainment for teenagers. 5. No, just listen! Batteries - "energizer", drinks - "energizer", tablets - "energizer"! 6. In 1914, the Duke of Monaco issued a cry: "Cops, bobbies, pharaohs of all countries, unite!". 7. You will not be able to skimp on the boss's request. 8. From frequent repetition, words devalue, lose their significance. 9. Solve, finally, this question, what kind of infantilism! 10. "School of Survival" teaches behavior in extreme conditions. I. Before the elections, many parties acted as an alliance. 12. Exclusive photographs of the president were placed in Ogonyok. 13. These musicians represent some kind of infernal action on the stage! 14. There are only holes in the municipal economy.

Words to insert: teenager, neglect, childishness, policeman, depreciate, union, urban, energy-intensive, weekends, promotion (promotion, slang), in Russian (in the Russian manner, mode), extremely complex, hellish, exceptional (rare, unique).

The task 8. Underline the antonyms in the following sentences. 1. Warm medicine for cold weather (Advertisement). 2. The share of exports of goods is not comparable with the share of imports. 3. What

civilization understands as progress, can be seen as regression in some way. 4, Praise from others to me - that ash. From you and blasphemy - praise (A. Akhmatova). 5. She has not eyes, but eyes, and not lips - her mouth (M. Tsvetaeva). 6. Falls, sunsets remained behind our backs - well, at least an insignificant, well, at least an invisible rise! I want to believe that our black pea coats will give me the opportunity to see the sunrise today. (V. Vysotsky). 7. If a friend suddenly turned out to be neither a friend nor an enemy - and so ... (V. Vysotsky). 8. The well-fed does not understand the hungry (Eat Good glory lies, and bad glory flees (Eat He speaks white, but does black (Eat.).

The task 9. Make antonymic pairs using borrowed prefixes, for example: democratic - anti-democratic.

Constructive, harmonious, moral, monopolistic, emigrant, integration, dollarization, regular, comfort.

The task 10. Write down pairs of words with the opposite meaning ^, for example: lawlessness - legality, pirate - legal.

Chaos, low-income, democracy, stabilization, progress, corporate, universal, fake, mass, elitist, nationalization, privatization, cash out, deterioration, denationalization, peaceful, legality, opposition, exclusive, commercial, local, cooperation, consent, piracy, recession, available, crisis, rich, fake, poor, legal, licensed, power, rise, public, private, totalitarianism, cash out.

The task 11. Choose from these words antonyms, synonyms and paronyms. Make sentences with paronyms.

Hardened - hardened, movable - real estate, curiosity - curiosity, precedent - incident, minimum - maximum, racket - extortion, diversity - pluralism, militant - militant, emigrant - immigrant, diplomatic - diplomatic, misanthrope - altruist, pretender - applicant, great - insignificant, priority - primacy, careful - thrifty, fallen - fallen, try - test, dangerous - cautious.

The task 12. Choose a synonym from the list of borrowed words below for one of the members of these antonymic pairs.

Indifferent - interested, ordinary - special, short - long, original - fake, shorten - extend, take into account - disregard.

Substitution words: ignore, roll over, indifferent, original, extraordinary, concise.

The task 13. Expand the following statements so as to eliminate the ambiguity of the highlighted words:

1. The doctor decided the medicine leave. 2. I auditioned your comments. 3. We bypassed area. 4. Author misspoke in the preface. 5. Doctors overlooked disease symptoms. 6. After a severe attack, the patient became depart. one. Grandmother blew out lamp. 8. Professor threw this idea.

The task 14. Insert, if necessary, letters instead of dots.

Off...shorty, ace..., appeal, o...nonent, quantity, te...niska, imitation...itation, idyl...ia, il...uspicious, communiqué, off-. ..ort, dil...etant, kids...ping, bestseller...ep, ap..robbing.

The task 15. Write stylistic marks (colloquial, spacious, slang, bookish) for the following words. Make suggestions with them.

Knight of the pen, reporter, newsboy, journalist, paparazzi, stringer, scribbler, scribbler (about a journalist); botanist, crammer, unique, newton (about an excellent student); instruct, educate, heal (about the process of education); computer scientist, programmer, user, user.

The task 16. Before you is a favorite journalistic technique - altered quotes. Restore the original expression.

Man does not live by cheese alone. Woe from teeth. Don't dig Isaakia's hole. The brilliance and poverty of a miner. Features of the national costume. Where yours did not disappear.

The task 17. Correct "misprints" of newspaper publications.

This is magnificence. Trotsky Cathedral. Magnificent knight. We underestimated this employee. We remove cosmetics from the bridge of the nose to the coccyx. Horse-coffin. Return the manuscript to the author. Man's marathon. Reporting from the scene. Television company. Advertisement break. Cheerful morning ("Journalist").

The task 18. Underline the homonyms, stress them. Write them in their original (dictionary) form, for example: arrows- shooter, arrows - arrow.

1. Where the arrows point, our arrows go there, 2. No matter how far the road, we know: honor is dear, and even though we cry and are cowardly, we are quietly cowardly and sing a song for courage. 3. The tailor mends our clothes, but the enemy obstructs. 4. I cry for laxity: I cry bitter tears, but it's too late. 5. What is the dispute about? He's at work arguing. 6. They threw stones from plums, so the drain became clogged. 7. There is no awl anywhere - how did you sew a boot? 8. For gentle ladies - flowers, and for you - ladies' burdock. 9. Wet earth soars - grandfather in the bone bath soars

Task 19. Richness of speech. Compare two texts and evaluate them in terms of correctness and richness of speech. What language means make speech rich?

1. It was evening. The sun was setting below the horizon. Its rays were barely visible through the trees. Dawn appeared in the sky.

2. “It was getting dark; the sun hid behind a small aspen grove that lay half a verst from the garden: its shadow stretched endlessly across the motionless fields. The sun's rays, for their part, climbed into the grove, doused the trunks of aspens with such a warm light that they became like pine trunks, and their foliage almost turned blue and a pale blue sky rose above it, slightly reddened by the dawn. (I. Turgenev. Fathers and children)

Task 20. Richness of speech. Choose synonyms for the word "good". Determine what are the differences between them.

Task 21. Richness of speech. What features of the Russian language are discussed in this text?

How, for example, to convey in French the difference between: "I rearrange the chairs", "I rearrange them", "I rearrange them", "rearranged", "rearranged"? Or is it possible to find words of the same root in another language to convey the phrase: “When the tincture was infused, I insisted that it was time to instruct the workers how to set the funnel on the bottle?” (V. Bryusov).

Task 22. Expressiveness of speech. Match the tropes and stylistic figures with their definitions.

Task 23. Expressiveness of speech. Specify the means of expression used in these examples.

A. 1. Dawn. A succession of clouds, like camels, slowly chewed the last star (Yu. Davydov). 2. The rainy day is extinguished; on a rainy night, darkness spreads across the sky like lead clothes (A. Pushkin). 3. A curly-haired lamb walks in the blue grass (S. Yesenin). 4. In my Moscow - the domes are burning, In my Moscow - the bells are ringing (M. Tsvetaeva). 5. Everything was ten times more audible than during the day, every word, every splash of the oar, every heartbeat (E. Zamyatin). 6. I am floating along a long and unsteady river, Where dreams speak a double language (F. Grigoriev). 7. On the asphalt of the melted suburb, dropping her coat and primers, a girl in a crystal ball of jump ropes quietly separated from the ground (A. Voznesensky). 8. The forest showered its peaks, the garden bared its forehead, September died. And the dahlias burned with the breath of the night (A. Fet). 9. All day long silhouettes of crimson hearts fall from maples (N. Zabolotsky).

B. 1. The rain lisped in the leaves, in the dahlias (G. Semyonov). 2. The nuts laughed on the clean floor with a fractional laugh, the mirror winked and swayed, the dormant walls straightened up, became cheerful, like soldiers, heel to heel (V. Shishkov). 3. And the fireman climbed out onto the deck, all black, with eyes lined with coal dust, with a fake ruby ​​on his index finger (V. Nabokov). 4. In a bare room, where officials were sitting at their tables behind a low partition, in a stifling wave of the sun, there was again a crowd, which, it seemed, only then came to look with all their eyes at how these gloomy gentlemen write (In . Nabokov). 5. In the morning, when the first rays kissed the dew, the earth came to life, the air was filled with the sounds of joy, delight and hope, and in the evening the same earth calmed down and drowned in severe darkness (A. Chekhov). 6. Sometimes the moon peeped through the clouds for a moment, but the gloomy clouds tried to obscure it, as if they did not want it to shine on the earth (V. Arseniev).

Task 24. Expressiveness of speech. Correct speech errors made when using tropes.

1. A person is a blank slate on which the external environment embroiders the most unexpected patterns. 2. The judge was as simple and modest as his office. 3. The steppe blossomed: red and yellow tulips, blue bells, steppe poppies stood like torches. 4. The young growth of our skaters took to the ice. 5. An accordion with a girl glued to it was found at the scene. 6. Underground heroes (about miners) in the fourth quarter reached higher levels. 7. For some reason, the ship always goes home faster, as if it wants to cling to its native land as soon as possible. 8. The mind gave us steel arms-wings, and a fiery motor instead of a heart. 9. The stewardess looked at me with a gentle eye and skipped ahead. 10. Liza and her mother lived in poverty, and in order to feed her old mother, poor Liza gathered flowers in the field.

Task 25. Expressiveness of speech. Find and name the means of expression (tropes, stylistic figures) used in the poem.

Exercise 1.Give 2-3 statements of writers, linguists or public figures about the richness of the Russian language.

Task 2. In the following excerpts from the novel "The Twelve Chairs" by I. Ilf and E. Petrov, find synonyms, determine their types and stylistic function.

1. And since both hands were occupied with a chair, they began to kick each other with their feet. The stranger's boots were with horseshoes, and at first Ippolit Matveyevich had a rather bad time. But he quickly adapted himself and, jumping now to the left, then to the right, as if dancing the Krakowiak, dodged the blows of the enemy and tried to hit the enemy in the stomach. He failed to get into the stomach, because the chair interfered, but he hit the opponent's kneecap, after which he could only kick with his left foot.

2. There were foreign magazines on the tables of the art department, photo clippings lay on the floor: someone's shoulder, someone's legs and pieces of the landscape.

3. Suddenly Ostap roared and grabbed Vorobyaninov by the biceps.

- Look, look! he shouted. Ostap, laughing, leaned out of the window and barked:

- Pashka! Are you going to the hustle?

4. At the end of his speech, both correspondents, listening to thin pops, quickly wrote down: "Loud applause turning into an ovation ...".

5. The janitor, groaning, trudged to the door, opened it and stepped back in great confusion. He plodded down the highway, hunched over and clutching his wet fist to his chest.

Task 3.Find as many synonyms for the words as you can.

run; Great; play; fast; problem; get poorer; smart; say; naughty; get sick; strong; do.

Task 4.Find as many definitions for the words as you can.

Task 5. Choose antonyms for the words

Motion; Start; solid; strength; disease; spacious; noise; top; respect; reward; harm; be lazy; tired; bad weather.

Task 6. Replace a) phraseological units with phrases close to them in meaning and b) words and phrases with phraseological phrases close to them in meaning. Determine the semantic and stylistic differences of the obtained synonymic series. Prove that phraseological units enrich speech:

a) add fuel to the fire, exaggerate, in all honesty, pour water on someone's mill, bring to clean water, keep your ears open, keep your mouth shut;

b) get scared, hide, cure, unexpectedly, a frivolous person, fail to understand something, work hard.

The main sources of the richness of speech at the morphological level are the synonymy and variance of grammatical forms, as well as the possibility of using them in a figurative sense. These include: 1) variance of case forms of nouns: a piece of cheese - a piece of cheese, to be on vacation - to be on vacation, bunkers - bunkers, five grams - five grams and others, characterized by different stylistic coloring (neutral or bookish, on the one hand, colloquial, on the other); 2) synonymous case constructions that differ in semantic shades and stylistic connotations: buy for me - buy for me, bring to my brother - bring for brother, didn't open the window - did not open the windows, go through the forest - walk through the forest 3) synonymy of short and full forms of adjectives that have semantic, stylistic and grammatical differences: the bear is clumsy - the bear is clumsy, the young man is bold - brave young man, the street is narrow - the street is narrow; 4) synonymy of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives: below - lower, smarter - smarter, smarter - the smartest - smarter than everyone; 5) synonymy of adjectives and forms of indirect cases of nouns: library book - a book from the library, university building -university building, laboratory equipment - laboratory equipment, Yesenin's poems - Yesenin's poems; ^ 6) variance in combinations of numerals with nouns: with two hundred inhabitants - residents, three students - three students, two generals- two generals; 7) synonymy of pronouns (for example, everyone - everyone - any; something - something - anything - anything; someone - anyone - anyone; someone someone; some - some - some - some - some); 8) the possibility of using one form of number in the meaning of another, some pronouns or verb forms in the meaning of others, i.e. grammatico-semantic transfers, in which additional semantic shades and expressive coloring usually appear. For example, using the pronoun we in meaning you or you to express sympathy, empathy: Here we (you, you) have already stopped crying; use we in meaning I (author's we): As a result of the analysis of the factual material, we came to the following conclusions ... (I came); use of the future tense in the sense of the present: You can't take the words out of the song (proverb); You can't even pull a fish out of the pond without difficulty. (proverb), etc. "Rich opportunities to diversify speech are provided by the syntax of the Russian language with its unusually developed synonymy and variance, a system of parallel constructions, an almost free word order. Syntactic synonyms, parallel turns of speech that have a common grammatical meaning, but differ in semantic or stylistic shades, in many cases can be interchangeable, which allows you to express the same idea in a variety of linguistic means.Compare, for example: She is sad - She is sad; No joy - No joy- What joy is there; The school year ended, the guys left for the village; -The school year is over - the guys left for the village; - Because the school year ended, the guys left for the village; - After (as soon as, when) the school year ended, the guys left for the village. Synonymous and parallel syntactic constructions allow, firstly, to convey the necessary semantic and stylistic shades, and secondly, to diversify the verbal means of expression. However, in an effort to avoid syntactic uniformity, one should not forget about the semantic and stylistic differences between such constructions 100 . The same sentence in speech can acquire different semantic and stylistic shades depending on the word order. Thanks to all sorts of permutations, you can create several variants of one sentence: Nikolai and his brother were at the stadium - Nikolay was with his brother at the stadium - Nikolai was at the stadium with his brother etc. There are no formal grammatical restrictions for permutation of words. But when the order of words changes, the shade of thought changes: in the first case, the main thing who was at the stadium, in the second - where was Nikolai, in the third - with whom. As noted by A.M. Peshkovsky, a sentence of five complete words (I will go for a walk tomorrow) depending on their permutation allows 120 options 101 , i.e. gives more than a hundred options for semantic and stylistic shades. Therefore, word order is also one of the sources of speech richness. To give the same syntactic construction a variety of shades, in addition to word order, intonation helps. With the help of intonation, you can convey many semantic shades, give speech one or another emotional coloring, highlight the most important, significant, express the attitude of the addressee to the subject of speech. Take, for example, the proposal My brother arrived in the morning. By changing the intonation, one can not only state the fact of the brother's arrival, but also express one's attitude (joy, surprise, indifference, dissatisfaction, etc.). By moving the intonational center (logical stress), you can change the meaning of this sentence, Brother came in the morning (contains the answer to the question when brother arrived?); Brother arrived in the morning (who arrived in the morning?). Intonation has the ability to "express semantic differences that are incompatible in the same context in sentences with the same syntactic structure and lexical composition: ^ What's her voice like? What a voice she has! Your ticket? (those. your or not yours) - Your ticket! (those. present!) 102 . Intonation can give the same words completely different shades, expand the semantic capacity of the word. For example, the word Hello you can say joyfully, affectionately, affably and rudely, dismissively, arrogantly, dryly, indifferently; it can sound like a greeting and as an insult, humiliation of a person, i.e. take on the exact opposite meaning. "The range of intonations that expand the semantic meaning of speech can be considered unlimited. It would not be a mistake to say that the true meaning of what was said is constantly not in the words themselves, but in the intonations with which they are pronounced" 103. Thus, speech richness presupposes, firstly, the assimilation of a large stock of linguistic means, and secondly, the skills and abilities to use the variety of stylistic possibilities of the language, its synonymic means, the ability to express the most complex and subtle shades of thoughts in various ways.

25. Expressiveness and its basic conditions

The expressiveness of speech is understood as such features of its structure that make it possible to enhance the impression of what is said (written), to arouse and maintain the attention and interest of the addressee, to influence not only his mind, but also feelings, imagination. The expressiveness of speech depends on many reasons and conditions - proper linguistic and extralinguistic. One of the main conditions of expressiveness is the independence of thinking of the author of the speech, which implies a deep and comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the subject of the message. Knowledge extracted from any sources must be mastered, processed, deeply comprehended. This gives the speaker (writer) confidence, makes his speech convincing, effective. If the author does not properly think over the content of his statement, does not comprehend the issues that he will present, his thinking cannot be independent, and his speech cannot be expressive. To a large extent, the expressiveness of speech also depends on the attitude of the author to the content of the statement. The inner conviction of the speaker (writer) in the significance of the statement, interest, indifference to its content gives speech (especially oral) emotional coloring. An indifferent attitude to the content of the statement leads to a dispassionate presentation of the truth, which cannot affect the feelings of the addressee. In direct communication, the relationship between the speaker and the listener is also essential, the psychological contact between them, which arises primarily on the basis of joint mental activity: the sender and addressee must solve the same problems, discuss the same questions: the first - setting out the topic of his message, the second - following [ 200 ] behind the development of his thought. In establishing psychological contact, it is important to relate to the subject of speech of both the speaker and the listener, their interest, indifference to the content of the statement. In addition to a deep knowledge of the subject of the message, the expressiveness of speech also implies the ability to convey knowledge to the addressee, to arouse his interest and attention. This is achieved by careful and skillful selection of language means, taking into account the conditions and tasks of communication, which in turn requires a good knowledge of the language, its expressive capabilities and features of functional styles. One of the prerequisites for speech expressiveness is skills that allow you to easily choose the language tools you need in a particular act of communication. Such skills are developed as a result of systematic and conscious training. The means of training speech skills is the careful reading of exemplary texts (fiction, journalistic, scientific), a keen interest in their language and style, Attentive attitude to the speech of people who can speak expressively, as well as self-control (the ability to control and analyze their speech in terms of its expressiveness). The speech expressiveness of an individual also depends on the conscious intention to achieve it, on the author's target setting on it. The expressive means of language usually include tropes (figurative use of language units) and stylistic figures, calling them figurative and expressive means. However, the expressive possibilities of the language are not limited to this; in speech, any unit of the language of all its levels (even a single sound), as well as non-verbal means (gestures, facial expressions, pantomime) can become a means of expressiveness. Phonetic means of expression. euphony of speech

defective book sheet: [stbr], [ykn]; (Yu. Trifonov); (Yu. Trifonov);(E. Bagritsky) "The Word of El". ^ � � th -sheni-. Kislik)[ 204 ] Colleague, employee, Drinking buddy, interlocutor - How many of these COs! Weightless without each other, Carried by terrible time, Let's fall into these Somas Like a squirrel in a wheel. (V. Livshits)(V. Khlebnikov) 107 V.V. Mayakovsky in the article "How to make poetry?" gives examples of combinations at the junction of words, when a new meaning arises, not noticed by the authors of poetic texts; in other words, amphiboly appears on the phonetic [ 205 ] level: “... in Utkin's lyrical poem, recently published in the Searchlight, there is a line: he will not come just like a summer swan will not come to winter lakes. It turns out a certain "belly"» 108 . Amphibole at the sound level can also be noted in A. Voznesensky's poem "Brighton Beach": What are you guilty of, Willy? What am I, Willy, guilty of? Are you, are we? Are we, are you? - Heaven doesn't speak. The aesthetic perception of texts is violated when real participles of the present and past tenses are used in speech.

Phonetic means of expression. euphony of speech

As you know, sounding speech is the main form of the existence of a language. The sound organization of speech, the aesthetic role of sounds is dealt with by a special section of stylistics - phonics. Phonics evaluates the peculiarities of the sound structure of a language, determines the conditions of euphony characteristic of each national language, explores various methods of enhancing the phonetic expressiveness of speech, and teaches the most perfect, artistically justified and stylistically expedient sound expression of thought. The sound expressiveness of speech primarily lies in its euphony, harmony, in the use of rhythm, rhyme, alliteration (repetition of the same or similar consonant sounds), assonance (repetition of vowel sounds) and other means. First of all, phonics is interested in the sound organization of poetic speech, in which the significance of phonetic means is especially great. Along with this, the sound expressiveness of fiction and some genres of journalism (primarily on radio and television) is also being studied. In non-artistic speech, phonics solves the problem of the most appropriate sound organization of linguistic material, which contributes to the accurate expression of thought, since the correct use of phonetic means of the language ensures quick (and without interference) perception of information, eliminates discrepancies, and eliminates unwanted associations that interfere with the understanding of statements. For fluency of understanding, the euphony of speech is of great importance, i.e. a combination of sounds that is convenient for pronunciation (articulation) and pleasing to the ear (musicality). One of the ways to achieve sound harmony is considered to be a certain alternation of vowels and consonants. At the same time, most consonant combinations contain sounds [m], [ 202 ] [n], [p], [l], which have a high sonority. Consider, for example, one of the poems by A.S. Pushkin: Chased by spring rays, Already snow from the surrounding mountains Have fled in muddy streams To flooded meadows. With a clear smile, nature greets the morning of the year through a dream: The heavens shine blue. Still transparent, the forests seem to turn green like fluff. A bee flies from a wax cell for tribute in the field... The sound instrumentation of this poem is interesting. Here, first of all, there is a uniform combination of vowels and consonants (and their ratio itself is approximately the same: 60% of consonants and 40% of vowels); approximately uniform combination of deaf and voiced consonants; there are almost no cases of accumulation of consonants (only two words contain, respectively, three and four consonants in a row - [skvos"] and [fstr" and "ch" ajult]. All these qualities together give the verse a special musicality and melody. They are inherent in the best prose works. However, the euphony of speech can often be disturbed. There are several reasons for this, the most common of which is the accumulation of consonant sounds: defective book sheet: [stbr], [ykn]; competition of adult builders: [rsvzr], [xstr]. More M.V. Lomonosov advised "to avoid consonants that are obscene and nasty to the ear, for example: the gaze is nobler than all the senses, for six consonants placed side by side - vst-vz, the tongue is very stuttering" 106 . To create harmony, the number of sounds included in the consonant combination, their quality and sequence are important. In Russian (this has been proven), the combination of consonant sounds obeys the laws of euphony. However, there are words that include more consonants than the normative: meeting, disheveled, stumble; there are lexemes containing two or three consonants [ 203 ] at the end, which makes pronunciation much more difficult: range, meter, ruble, stale, dating etc. Usually, with the confluence of consonants in oral speech in such cases, an additional "syllabicity" develops, a syllabic vowel appears: [rubl"], [m" etar], etc. For example: This Smury came to the theater about two years ago ... (Yu. Trifonov); In Saratov, there was a performance staged by Sergei Leonidovich back in the spring (Yu. Trifonov); The earth is bursting with heat. The thermometer is blown. And roaring at me, the worlds are showered with Drops of mercury fire. (E. Bagritsky) The second reason that violates the euphony of speech is the accumulation of vowel sounds. Thus, the opinion that the more vowel sounds in a speech, the more harmonious it is, is incorrect. Vowels give rise to euphony only in combination with consonants. The confluence of several vowels in linguistics is called gaping; it significantly distorts the sound structure of Russian speech and makes articulation difficult. For example, the following phrases are difficult to pronounce: Letter from Olya and Igor; Such changes are observed in the aorist; title of the poem by V. Khlebnikov "The Word of El". The third reason for the violation of euphony is the repetition of the same combinations of sounds or the same words: ^ ...They make a wreck of relations� � th (N. Voronov). Here, in the words next to each other, the combination is repeated -sheni-. True, in poetic speech it is very difficult to distinguish between a violation of euphony and paronomasia - an intentional play of words similar in sound terms. See for example: So we heard the first song of winter, quietly translucent, transported through the first winter. (I. Kislik) Colleague, employee, Drinking buddy, interlocutor - How many of these COs! Weightless without each other, Carried by terrible time, Let's fall into these Somas Like a squirrel in a wheel. (V. Livshits) The euphony also decreases due to the monotonous rhythm of speech created by the predominance of monosyllabic or, conversely, polysyllabic words. One example is the creation of so-called palindromes (texts that have the same reading both from beginning to end and from end to beginning): ... Frost into the knot, I climb with my eyes. Nightingales call, a cart of hair. Wheel. It's a pity. Touchstone. Sleigh, raft and cart, the call of the crowds and us. Gord doh, move drog. And I'm lying. Really? (V. Khlebnikov) Unsuccessful phonetic organization of speech, difficult articulation, unusual sounding of the phrase distract the reader's attention, interfere with the perception of the text by ear. Russian poets. and writers have always closely followed the sound side of speech, noted the shortcomings of the sound design of a particular thought. For example, A.M. Gorky wrote that young authors often do not pay attention to the "sonic whims" of live speech, and gave examples of violations of euphony: actresses with passionate looks; wrote poetry, cleverly choosing rhymes and others A.M. Gorky also noted that the annoying repetition of the same sounds is undesirable: She suddenly found that our relationship needed - even needed - to be understood differently. 107 V.V. Mayakovsky in the article "How to make poetry?" gives examples of combinations at the junction of words, when a new meaning arises, not noticed by the authors of poetic texts; in other words, amphiboly appears at the phonetic level: “... in Utkin's lyric poem, recently published in the Searchlight, there is a line: he will not come just like a summer swan will not come to winter lakes. It turns out a certain "belly"» 108 . Amphibole at the sound level can also be noted in A. Voznesensky's poem "Brighton Beach": What are you guilty of, Willy? What am I, Willy, guilty of? Are you, are we? Are we, are you? - Heaven doesn't speak. The aesthetic perception of texts is violated when real participles of the present and past tenses are used in speech. dragging, dragging, grimacing, grimacing, gritting, because they seem discordant 109 . Thus, each native speaker should try to avoid the obsessive repetition of the same and similar sounds, the use of dissonant word forms, difficult-to-pronounce combinations of sounds when connecting words, skillfully use the expressive possibilities of the sounding part of speech

Vocabulary and phraseology as the main source of expressive speech

The expressive possibilities of a word are associated primarily with its semantics, with its use in a figurative sense. There are many varieties of figurative use of words, their common name is paths (Greek Iropos - turn; turn, image). The path is based on a comparison of two concepts that seem to our consciousness to be close in some respect. The most common types of tropes are comparison, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, litote, personification, epithet, paraphrase. Thanks to the figurative metaphorical use of the word, imagery of speech is created. Therefore, tropes are usually attributed to means of verbal imagery, or depicted! nym 110 . Metaphorization - one of the most common ways to create imagery - covers a huge number of commonly used, neutral and stylistically marked words, primarily polysemantic ones. The ability of a word to have not one, but several meanings of a usual nature, as well as the possibility of updating its semantics, its unusual, unexpected rethinking, is the basis of lexical figurative means. The strength and expressiveness of the tropes is in their originality, novelty, unusualness: the more unusual, original this or that trope, the more expressive it is. Tropes that have lost their imagery over time (for example, general language metaphors such as keen eyesight, the clock is ticking, river arm, bottle neck, warm relationship, iron character or comparisons that have turned into speech clichés, such as reflected as in a mirror; cowardly like a hare; passes through the red thread) do not contribute to the expressiveness of speech. Vocabulary with emotionally expressive coloring is especially expressive. It affects our feelings, evokes emotions. Let us recall, for example, what vocabulary was used by the excellent connoisseur of native speech I.S. Turgenev in the novel "Fathers and Sons" to characterize the meager, beggarly economy of the peasants: villages with low huts; crooked threshing sheds; shabby men on bad nags etc. The expressiveness of speech is achieved through a motivated, purposeful collision of words of different functional-style and emotional-expressive coloring. For example, S. Yesenin: And thoughts are swarming in my head: What is the homeland? Are these dreams? After all, for almost everyone here I am a gloomy pilgrim, God knows what a distant side. And it's me! I, a citizen of the village, Which will be famous only for that, That here once a woman gave birth to a Russian scandalous piit. Here are book words thoughts, homeland, pilgrim, piit combined with conversational God knows, is it colloquial woman, official business citizen. The motivated collision of words from different spheres of use is widely used as one of the most striking means of the comic. Here are examples from newspaper feuilletons: Where did the mentor Tamara, still a very young girl, get such a quivering readiness to immediately be duped by the first charlatan that came across? (a combination of book poetic vocabulary with vernacular); However, how did the work of the investigative team end, which spent more than two years to punish Yambulatov? (simple, slammed away and book. punish). In addition to metaphorization and emotionally expressive coloring of a word, polysemantics in their non-figurative meanings, homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, restricted vocabulary, archaisms, neologisms, etc. are used as expressive means. Polysemantic words and homonyms are often used for ironic and parodic purposes, to create puns. To do this, in the same context, homonymous words or different meanings of the same word deliberately collide. For example, in a sentence They scolded the play, they say, it went, but the play still went(E. Meek) the author collides two homoforms: 1) went - short form of adjective vulgar and 2) went - past tense form of the verb go. Or: And they explained for a long time, // What does a sense of duty mean (A. Barto). Many jokes and puns are based on individual author's homonyms: bagel - sheep; bespech- ness (technical) - the absence of a stove in the apartment, steam heating; chickenpox (disapproved) - a frivolous girl; decanter - the countess's husband, etc. 111 To pay attention to one or another detail, to express a certain attitude to the named object or phenomenon, to evaluate it and, therefore, to enhance the expressiveness of speech allows the skillful use of synonyms. For example: Kudrin laughed. Everything that had happened seemed to him wild nonsense, absurdity, chaotic nonsense, which is worth giving up on and it will crumble, vanish like a mirage. (B. Lavrenev). Using the technique of stringing synonyms nonsense - absurdity - not fluff, The author achieves great expressiveness of the narrative. Synonyms can perform the function of comparison and even opposition of the concepts they denote. At the same time, attention is drawn not to what is common, which is characteristic of similar objects or phenomena, but to the differences between them: Nikitin wanted ... not just to think, but to reflect (Yu. Bondarev). As an expressive means of creating contrast, sharp opposition, antonyms are used in speech. They underlie the creation of antithesis (Greek antithesis - opposition) - a stylistic figure built on a sharp opposition of words with opposite meanings. This stylistic device is widely used by poets, writers, and publicists to give speech emotionality and extraordinary expressiveness. So, the prologue to A. Blok's poem "Retribution" is entirely built on the opposition of antonymous words beginning - end, hell - heaven, light- darkness, holy - sinful, heat - cold and others: Life is without beginning and end... Know where the light is, you will understand where the darkness is. Let everything pass slowly, What is holy in the world, what is sinful in it, Through the heat of the soul, through the coldness of the mind. Antithesis allows you to achieve aphoristic accuracy in the expression of thought. It is no coincidence that antonymy underlies many proverbs, sayings, figurative expressions, catchphrases. For example: An old friend is better than two new ones; A small deed is better than a big idleness; Learning is light and ignorance is darkness; Bypass us more than all sorrows and lordly anger and lordly love (A. Griboyedov). Antonyms in such cases, creating a contrast, emphasize the idea more clearly, allow you to pay attention to the most important thing, and contribute to the brevity and expressiveness of the statement. Words-paronyms have considerable expressive possibilities. They serve as a means of creating humor, irony, satire, etc. For example: - He[great-grandson] studying at a school with a mathematical inclination. - With an inclination where? - Algebra leaning (from the dialogue of famous TV heroes Avdotya Nikitichna and Veronika Mavrikievna); When is your wedding procession? - What are you talking about? What card? (IN. Mayakovsky). A vivid means of expressiveness in artistic and journalistic speech are individual author's neologisms (occasionalisms), which attract the attention of the reader (or listener) with their unexpectedness, unusualness, exclusivity. For example: Why are you looking away, America? What are your announcers mumbling about? What do they intend to explain to you, super-experienced television nightingales? (R. Rozhdestvensky); Tankophobia is gone. Our soldiers hit the "tigers" with direct fire (I. Ehrenburg). Lexical repetitions enhance the expressiveness of speech. They help to highlight an important concept in the text, to delve deeper into the content of the statement, give the speech an emotionally expressive coloring. For example: Hero - defender, hero - winner, sepou - the bearer of all the high qualities in which he is dressed by the popular imagination (A.N. Tolstoy); In war, you need to be able to endure grief. Grief feeds the heart fuel motor. Grief fuels hatred. Vile foreigners captured Kiev. This - sorrow for each of us. This is the grief of all the people (I. Ehrenburg). Often the same word, used twice, or words with the same root are contrasted in the context and reinforce the subsequent gradation, giving the context a special significance, aphorism: Not eternal for times, I am eternal for myself (E. Baratynsky); I would be glad to serve, it's sickening to serve (A. Griboyedov). It is no coincidence that tautological and pleonastic combinations underlie many phraseological units, proverbs and sayings: don't know; saw the views; till the end of time; if yes if only; leave no stone unturned; without any reasons; it was and was overgrown; friendship is friendship, and service is service etc. A living and inexhaustible source of expressiveness of speech are phraseological combinations characterized by figurativeness, expressiveness and emotionality, which allows not only to name an object or phenomenon, but also to express a certain attitude towards it. It is enough to compare, for example, those used by A.M. Gorky phraseological turns ask pepper, skin with equivalent words or phrases (to scold, scold, punish; mercilessly, cruelly exploit, oppress someone), to see how much the first is more expressive and figurative than the second: - But when will we come to the volost? ... - You are a joker! He, the stavoi, will ask pepper; He owns ... he has hundreds of thousands of money, he owns steamships and barges, mills and lands ... he skins a living person ... Due to their figurativeness and expressiveness, phraseological units can be used unchanged in the usual lexical environment. For example: Chelkash looked around triumphantly: - Of course, they swam out! (M. Gorky). In addition, phrasemes are often used in a transformed form or in an unusual lexical environment, which allows increasing their expressive possibilities. The methods of using and creative processing of phraseological units for each artist of the word are individual and quite diverse. So, for example, Gorky's phrase bend (bend) in three deaths ("cruelly exploit, tyrannize") used in an unusual context, semantically changing it: Next to him, an old soldier... walked Advocate, bent over in three deaths, without a hat..., thrusting his hands deep into his pockets. General language phraseological turnover measure with eyes the writer deliberately dismembers with the help of explanatory words, as a result of which his figurative core stands out more clearly: He [prisoner] He measured Yefimushka from head to toe with narrowed eyes that burned with malice. A favorite technique for transforming phraseological units in Gorky's early stories is to replace one of the components: fall out of sight (dictionary phraseology - disappear from the eyes), bow your head (droop in spirit), tear your nerves (wag your nerves) and others. Compare the methods of using phraseological units by V. Mayakovsky: ^ They won’t leave a stone on a stone, they won’t leave a leaf on a leaf, they will beat (a phraseological neologism is formed according to the model presented in the same context: stone on stone)", I would close America, clean it a little, and then open it again (development of the motive given by the phraseological unit). Increases the expressive possibilities of phraseological units, their ability to enter into synonymous relations with each other. The reduction of phrasemes into a synonymous series or the simultaneous use of lexical and phraseological synonyms significantly enhances the expressive coloring of speech: We are not a couple ... A goose is not a comrade to a pig, a drunk sober is not related (A. Chekhov); They scratch their tongues all day, wash the bones of their neighbors (from colloquial speech).

The expressive power of grammar

Grammatical means of expressiveness are less significant and less noticeable in comparison with lexico-phraseological ones. Grammatical forms, phrases and sentences correlate with words and to some extent depend on them. Therefore, the expressiveness of vocabulary and phraseology comes to the fore, while the expressive possibilities of grammar are relegated to the background. The main sources of speech expressiveness in the field of morphology are forms of a certain stylistic coloring, synonymy and cases of figurative use of grammatical forms. A variety of expressive shades can be conveyed, for example, by using one form of the number of nouns instead of another. Thus, the forms of the singular number of personal nouns in the collective sense vividly convey the generalized plurality. This use of singular forms is accompanied by the appearance of additional shades, most often negative ones: Moscow, burnt by fire, given to the French (M. Lermontov). Expressiveness is characteristic of plural forms, collective names used metaphorically to refer not to a specific person, but to a typified phenomenon: We all look at the Napoleons (A. Pushkin); Silences are blissful in the world (A. Griboyedov). Usual or occasional use of plural nouns singularia tantum can serve as a means of expressing disdain: I decided to run on courses, study electricity, all sorts of oxygen! (V. Veresaev). Pronouns are characterized by richness and variety of emotional and expressive shades. For example, pronouns some, someone, some, used in the name of the person, bring into speech a touch of contempt (some doctor, some poet, some Ivanov). The uncertainty of the meaning of pronouns serves as a means of creating a joke, a comic. Here is an example from V. Pikul's novel "I have the honor": When his wife was Astrakhan herring. I think - why would a lady with our smelly herring drag around Europe? He cut her belly (not a lady, of course, but a herring), so from there, dear mother, diamond after diamond - they rained down like cockroaches Special expressive shades are created by contrasting pronouns we - you, our - your when emphasizing two camps, two opinions, views, etc.: Millions of you. Us - darkness, and darkness, and darkness. Try it, fight with us! (A. Blok); We stand against the society whose interests you are ordered to defend, as irreconcilable enemies of it and yours, and reconciliation between us is impossible until we win ... You cannot refuse the oppression of prejudices and habits, - the oppression that spiritually mortified you, - nothing prevents us from being internally free - the poisons with which you poison us are weaker than those antidotes that you - unwittingly - pour into our consciousness (M. Gorky). Verbal categories and forms with their rich synonymy, expression and emotionality, and the ability to use figuratively have great expressive possibilities. The possibility of using one verb form instead of another makes it possible to widely use in speech synonymous replacements of some forms of tense, aspect, mood or personal forms of the verb with others. The additional semantic shades that appear in this case increase the expression of the expression. So, to indicate the action of the interlocutor, forms of the 3rd person singular can be used, which gives the statement a disparaging connotation (He's still arguing!) 1st person plural (Well, how do we rest? - in the meaning of "rest, rest") with a touch of sympathy or special interest, an infinitive with a particle would with a hint of desire (You should rest a little; You should visit him). The past tense of the perfect form, when used in the meaning of the future, expresses a special categorical judgment or the need to convince the interlocutor of the inevitability of action: - Listen, let me go! Drop off somewhere! I completely disappeared (M. Gorky). Many expressive mood forms (May there always be sunshine!; Long live world peace!). Additional semantic and emotionally-pressive nuances appear when some mood forms are used in the meaning of others. For example, the subjunctive mood in the meaning of the imperative has a connotation of a courteous, cautious wish ( You would go to your brother); the indicative mood in the meaning of the imperative expresses an order that does not allow objections, refusals (Call tomorrow!); the infinitive in the meaning of the imperative mood expresses categoricalness (Stop the arms race!; Prohibit testing of atomic weapons!). Particles contribute to strengthening the expression of the verb in the imperative mood yes, let, well, come on and etc.: - Come on, sweet buddy. // Judge in simplicity (A. Tvardovsky); Shut up!; Well, say/ 112 The expressive possibilities of syntax are primarily associated with the use of stylistic figures (figures of speech, syntactic constructions): anaphora, epiphora, antitheses, gradation, inversion, parallelism, ellipsis, silence, non-conjunction, polyunion, etc. 113 The expressive possibilities of syntactic constructions, such as as a rule, are closely connected with the words that fill them, with their semantics and stylistic coloring 114 . Thus, the stylistic figure of antithesis, as noted above, is often created by using antonyms; the lexical basis of the antithesis is antonymy, and the syntactic basis is the parallelism of the construction. Anaphora and epiphora are based on lexical repetitions: In the silence and essence of the forest I think about life under a pine tree. That pine tree is clumsy and old, That pine tree is harsh and wise, That pine tree is sad and calm, Quieter than the jets in the big, big river, Like a mother, Gently strokes my cheek with a coniferous palm. (V. Fedorov) The stringing of synonymous words can lead to gradation, when each subsequent synonym strengthens (sometimes weakens) the meaning of the previous one: She [German] was there, in a hostile world that he did not recognize, despised, hated (Yu. Bondarev). The expressiveness of speech depends not only on the semantic volume and stylistic coloring of the word, but also on the methods and principles of their combination. See, for example, how and what words V. Vysotsky combines into phrases: Trusting Death was wrapped around the finger, She hesitated, forgetting to wave her scythe. They no longer caught up with us and the bullets lagged behind. Will we be able to wash ourselves not with blood, but with dew ?! ^ Death - trusting; death wrapped around the finger (i.e. deceived); bullets did not catch up, but lagged behind; wash yourself with dew And wash with blood. The search for fresh, well-aimed combinations, expansion, renewal of lexical compatibility are characteristic primarily of artistic and journalistic speech: She - young woman, Greek, suspected of loving freedom (from newspapers). phrase suspected of love for freedom gives a clear idea of ​​the situation in which love of freedom is considered a very suspicious quality. Since the time of Ancient Greece, a special semantic type of phrases has been known - oxymoron (Greek oxymoron - witty-silly), i.e. "a stylistic figure consisting in the combination of two concepts that contradict each other, logically excluding one another" 115 (hot snow, ugly beauty, truth of lies, ringing silence). Oxymoron allows you to reveal the essence of objects or phenomena, emphasize their complexity and inconsistency. For example: Sweet despair seized the Pain of delight, In your eyes, Wide open, Like a farewell, I saw myself Young. (B. Fedorov) An oxymoron is widely used in fiction and journalism as a bright, catchy title, the meaning of which is usually revealed by the content of the whole text. So, in the newspaper "Soviet Sport" a report from the World Team Chess Championship is entitled "Original Template". Grandmaster Polugaevsky's attempt to make wider use of the typical positions that appeared on the board analyzed in detail in textbooks on chess theory, the knowledge of which makes it easier for an athlete to find a way out, is called an original template. According to the apt definition of A. S. Pushkin, "language is inexhaustible in the combination of words", therefore, its expressive possibilities are also inexhaustible. Updating links between words leads to updating verbal meanings. In some cases, this is manifested in the creation of new, unexpected metaphors, in others, in an almost imperceptible shift in verbal meanings. Such a shift can be created not by close, but by distant connections of words, separate parts of the text, or the entire text as a whole. This is how, for example, a poem by A.S. Pushkin "I loved you", which is an example of expressiveness of speech, although it mainly uses words that do not have bright expressive coloring and semantic connotations, and only one paraphrase (Love is still, perhaps, / In my soul, it has not completely died out). The poet achieves extraordinary expressiveness through the ways of combining words within the entire poem, organizing its speech structure as a whole and individual words as elements of this structure. The syntax of the Russian language, in addition, has a lot of emotionally and expressively colored constructions. So, infinitive sentences that have a coloring of colloquialism are characterized by a variety of modal-expressive meanings: You don't see fights like this (M. Lermontov); ^ Do not hide // Do not hide the amazement // Neither the horns nor the masters (V. Fedorov). The emotional-evaluative attitude to the content of the statement can be expressed using exclamatory sentences: ^ How beautiful life seems to me when I meet restless, caring, enthusiastic, searching, generous-hearted people in it! (V. Chivilikhin); sentences with inversion: Fate's verdict has come true! (M. Lermontov), ​​segmented and packaged structures: Winter is so long, so endless; Where we will live, the forest is real, not like our grove ... With mushrooms, with berries (V. Panova); It is more emotional, expressive and convincing than indirect. For example, let's compare an excerpt from the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Dear Lessons" in the first and second editions: I Voronov ordered to ask, and less than a minute later, a young, very decently and elegantly dressed young lady entered the office. II - Ask, - said Voronov. And a young, in the latest fashion, elegantly dressed young lady entered the office.

They give liveliness to the statement, emphasize the dynamism of the presentation of a definitely personal proposal; nominative ones are distinguished by great semantic capacity and expressiveness; a variety of emotions express vocative and other sentences: All the people of the earth // Let the alarm sound: // Let's protect the world! // Let's stand as one - // Say: we won't let // Re-ignite the war (A. Zharov); Eh, roads! // Dust and fog, // Cold, anxiety // Yes, steppe weeds (L. Oshanin); - Verochka, tell Aksinya to open the gate for us! (Pause.) Vera! Don't be lazy, get up, dear! (A. Chekhov). The expressive possibilities of syntactic (as well as other) means of the language are updated due to various stylistic methods of using them in speech. Interrogative sentences, for example, are a means of expression if they not only contain an incentive to receive information, but also express a variety of emotionally expressive shades. (Is it morning?; So you won't come?; Again this nasty rain?); awaken the addressee's interest in the message, make them think about the question posed, emphasize its significance: Will you sail far on the wave of the crisis?; Is the postman's bag heavy?; Does it give us warmth?; Will the CIS strengthen its positions? (these are some of the titles of the articles). Rhetorical questions that are widely used in public speaking contribute to attracting the attention of the addressee and strengthening the impact of speech on his feelings: Don't we have creativity that overflows? Don't we have a smart, rich, flexible, luxurious language, richer and more flexible than any of the European languages? ^ Why should we boredly squeak with feathers when our ideas, thoughts, images should rattle like the golden trumpet of the new world? (A.N. Tolstoy). In the practice of oratory. art, a special technique for using interrogative sentences has been developed - a question-answer move (the speaker puts questions and answers them himself): How did these ordinary girls become extraordinary soldiers? They were ready for a feat, but they were not ready for the army. And the army, in turn, was not ready for them, because most of the girls went voluntarily (S. Aleksievich). The question-answer move dialogizes monologue speech, makes the addressee the interlocutor of the speaker, activates his attention. Dialogization enlivens the narrative, gives it expressiveness. Thus, the expressiveness of speech can be created by the most common, stylistically unmarked language units due to their skillful, most appropriate use in the context in accordance with the content of the statement, its functional and stylistic coloring, general expressive orientation and purpose. As a means of speech expressiveness in a certain situation, deviations from the norms of the literary language are deliberately used: the use of units of different stylistic coloring in one context, the collision of semantically incompatible units, non-normative formations of grammatical forms, non-normative construction of sentences, etc. This use is based on a conscious choice linguistic means based on deep knowledge of the language 116 . It is possible to achieve speech expressiveness only with the correct correlation of the main aspects of speech - logical, psychological (emotional) and linguistic, which is determined by the content of the statement and the author's goal setting.

The dictionary of the Russian language, as is known, is enriched, first of all, due to word formation. The rich word-formation capabilities of the language allow you to create a huge number of derivative words according to ready-made models. For example, in the Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language (M., 1985) only with the prefix on the- about 3000 words are given. As a result of word-formation processes in the language, large lexical nests arise, sometimes including several dozen words.

For example, a nest with a root empty-: empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, wasteland, wasteland, wasteland, empty, empty, devastation, desolator, devastating, desert, deserted, wasted, empty, empty, empty , desolation, empty etc.

Word-building affixes introduce various semantic and emotional shades into words. V.G. Belinsky V.G. Belinsky is a Russian writer, literary critic, publicist, Western philosopher. For more details see: Slavin. L. I. 'The Tale of Vissarion Belinsky'.

Indeed, what wealth for depicting the phenomena of natural reality lies only in Russian verbs that have kinds! Swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim...: it's all one verb to express twenty shades of the same action! "Suffixes of subjective assessment are diverse in Russian: they give words shades of endearment, humiliation, disdain, irony, sarcasm, familiarity, contempt, etc. For example, the suffix yonk(a) gives the noun a contempt connotation:, horse, hut, room; suffix -enk (a) touch of sweetness: ruchenka, nochenka, girlfriend, zorenka etc.

The ability to use the word-formation capabilities of the language significantly enriches speech, allows you to create lexical and semantic neologisms, including individual author's ones.

Grammatical resources of speech wealth

The main sources of richness of speech at the morphological level are the synonymy and variance of grammatical forms, as well as the possibility of using them in a figurative sense.

These include:

1) variance of case forms of nouns: a piece of cheese a piece of cheese, be on vacation be on vacation, bunkers bunker, five grams five grams and others, characterized by different stylistic coloring (neutral or bookish, on the one hand, colloquial on the other);

2) synonymous case constructions that differ in semantic shades and stylistic connotations: buy for me buy for me, bring my brother bring for my brother, did not open the window did not open the window, go through the woods go through the woods;

3) synonymy of short and full forms of adjectives that have semantic, stylistic and grammatical differences: the bear is clumsy the bear is clumsy, the young man is bold the young man is bold, the street is narrow the street is narrow;

4) synonymy of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives: lower lower, smarter smarter, smartest smartest smartest of all;

5) synonymy of adjectives and forms of indirect cases of nouns: library book book from the library, university building university building, laboratory equipment laboratory equipment, Yesenin's poems Yesenin's poems;

6) variance in combinations of numerals with nouns: with two hundred residents - residents, three students, three students, two generals - two generals;

7) synonymy of pronouns (for example, every every every; something; something; something; something; somebody somebody somebody; someone someone; some some some some some some some);

8) the possibility of using one form of number in the meaning of another, some pronouns or verb forms in the meaning of others, i.e. grammatico-semantic transfers, in which additional semantic shades and expressive coloring usually appear. For example, using the pronoun we in meaning you or you to express sympathy, empathy: Here we (you, you) have already stopped crying; use we in meaning I(author's we): As a result of the analysis of the factual material, we came to the following conclusions ... (I came); use of the future tense in the sense of the present: You can't take the words out of the song(proverb); You can't even pull a fish out of the pond without difficulty.(proverb), etc. For more details, see: Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. c. 151166, 179193, 199220, as well as textbooks and manuals on the modern Russian language.

Rich opportunities to diversify speech are provided by the syntax of the Russian language with its unusually developed synonymy and variance, a system of parallel constructions, and an almost free word order. Syntactic synonyms, parallel turns of speech that have a common grammatical meaning, but differ in semantic or stylistic nuances, can in many cases be interchangeable, which allows one and the same idea to be expressed by various linguistic means. Compare, for example: She is sad She is sad; No joy No joy What kind of joy is there; The school year ended, the guys left for the village; The school year ended, the guys left for the village; Because the school year ended, the guys left for the village; After (as soon as, when) the school year ended, the guys left for the village.

Synonymous and parallel syntactic constructions allow, firstly, to convey the necessary semantic and stylistic shades, and secondly, to diversify the verbal means of expression. However, in an effort to avoid syntactic monotony, one should not forget the semantic and stylistic differences between such constructions. For more details, see: Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. c. 350 368..

The same sentence in speech can acquire different semantic and stylistic shades depending on the word order. Thanks to all sorts of permutations, you can create several variants of one sentence: Nikolay was at the stadium with his brother Nikolai was at the stadium with his brother Nikolai was at the stadium with his brother etc. There are no formal grammatical restrictions for permutation of words. But when the order of words changes, the shade of thought changes: in the first case, the main thing who was at the stadium, in the second where was Nikolai, in the third with whom. As noted by A.M. Peshkovsky, a sentence of five complete words (I will go for a walk tomorrow) depending on their permutation, it allows 120 options. For more details, see: Peshkovsky A.M. Questions of the methodology of the native language, linguistics and stylistics .. M .: Gosizdat. 1930s. 157., i.e. gives more than a hundred options for semantic and stylistic shades. Therefore, word order is also one of the sources of speech richness.

To give the same syntactic construction a variety of shades, in addition to word order, intonation helps. With the help of intonation, you can convey many semantic shades, give speech one or another emotional coloring, highlight the most important, significant, express the attitude of the addressee to the subject of speech. Take, for example, the proposal My brother arrived in the morning. By changing the intonation, one can not only state the fact of the brother's arrival, but also express one's attitude (joy, surprise, indifference, dissatisfaction, etc.). By moving the intonational center (logical stress), you can change the meaning of this sentence, Brother came in the morning(contains the answer to the question when brother arrived?); Brother arrived in the morning (who arrived in the morning?).

Intonation has the ability to "express semantic differences that are incompatible in one context in sentences with the same syntactic structure and lexical composition: What's her voice like? What a voice she has!; Your ticket?(those. your or not yours) Your ticket!(those. present!) Intonation can give the same words completely different shades, expand the semantic capacity of the word. For example, the word Hello you can say joyfully, affectionately, affably and rudely, dismissively, arrogantly, dryly, indifferently; it can sound like a greeting and as an insult, humiliation of a person, i.e. take on the exact opposite meaning. "The range of intonations that expand the semantic meaning of speech can be considered unlimited. It would not be a mistake to say that the true meaning of what was said is constantly not in the words themselves, but in the intonations with which they are pronounced."

Thus, speech richness presupposes, firstly, the assimilation of a large stock of linguistic means, and secondly, the skills and abilities to use the variety of stylistic possibilities of the language, its synonymic means, the ability to express the most complex and subtle shades of thoughts in various ways.