Models of economic systems and economic relations. Possible models of economic systems

economic system - this is a form of organization of the economy, a complex of socio-economic and organizational relations between producers and consumers of material goods, the interconnection and interdependence of which ensures the functioning of the system and the efficient use of limited resources. The type of economic system is based on the historically dominant form of ownership, the level of development of the productive forces and the maturity of production relations.

The most significant qualitative features underlying the allocation of types of economic systems are:

the economic state of the development of society at a certain stage of its development;

· the main motives of the economic activity of the economic system, its structure;

the form of ownership of economic resources;

a way of coordinating the activities of economic entities;

Organizational forms of coordinating the actions of economic entities, etc.

At the present stage, social economic development society, economic science distinguishes the following types of economic systems: traditional, administrative-command, market and mixed.

Traditional economic system , inherent in underdeveloped countries and based on established traditions and customs, passed down from generation to generation, playing an important role in regulating production relations and distributing wealth. The production potential of these countries is the low level of technology, the use of manual labor, underdeveloped infrastructure. They are dominated by poverty and poverty, etc.

Administrative command system in which all decisions on economic problems are made by the state. At the same time, it is the main owner of resources, carries out targeted directive economic planning at all levels of economic activity, regulates the distribution of resources and the created product. The economic basis of the system is state property.

Market system (pure capitalism), which is based on the dominance of private ownership of the means of production, on the operation of free market mechanisms that regulate economic behavior and business management, on state non-intervention, on self-interest and competition.

mixed system , which combines the advantages of a market system and a centralized economy, that is, the use of various methods of state regulation that provide uniform "rules of the game" in the market, the conduct of a socially oriented policy in the interests of all members of society.

Business Models in a market economy reflect the national characteristics of the organization of economic life, the stage of combining market and state regulation, taking into account historical, cultural, natural-climatic and resource factors, etc. The choice of a model is determined by the extent to which it contributes to economic growth and competitiveness of the economy, technical and technological development of production, integration of the national economy into the international economic system based on the harmonization of national legislation with international standards.

All business models can be conditionally divided into :

1. Socially oriented models (an example would be the Swedish model of the economy);

2. State-regulated models (inherent in the Japanese, American and German economic models).

From diversity economic business models the highest priority are:

· American model (liberal model of capitalism), in which private property is dominant, and the regulatory role of the state is minimal, reduced to the establishment of the rules of the game; small business is actively encouraged; the enrichment of the most active part of the population is based on a high level of labor productivity and an orientation towards achieving personal success with a sharp differentiation between the rich and the poor; an acceptable standard of living for low-income groups of the population is ensured.

· Japanese model (corporate economy), a distinctive feature of which is a high level of state influence on the main areas of the economy associated with planning and coordinating the activities of the government and the private sector; widespread employment of workers for life, united by common interests and involved in management and decision-making; preservation of national traditions while borrowing from other states everything that is necessary for the development of the country; the social orientation of the model (observance of the social rights of a citizen, the fight against social inequality, imposing obligations on corporations to comply with the solution of social problems).

· German model (social market economy), based on a high level of state influence on the economy (setting the rules of the game, influencing prices, technical standards, active social policy); planning the main macroeconomic indicators; implementation of the principle of social partnership (participation of employees of the enterprise in its ownership); the decisive role of banks, in which the central bank is given full autonomy; encouragement of small and medium enterprises, farms, long-term programming, etc.

· Swedish model (socially oriented economy ), which is characterized by a strong social policy aimed at reducing wealth inequality through the redistribution of national income in favor of the poorest segments of the population; government intervention in the pricing process (setting fixed prices); the predominant role of the public sector in ensuring the standard of living and the development of infrastructure elements of the economy, and the private sector in the development of production.

· Russian model takes into account territorial and natural-geographical conditions; the unity of nations ensures the rights of each people to their own national way of life, and the separation of peoples makes them economically dependent; active involvement of the state in economic life; potential self-sufficiency; social orientation of the economy; multistructural economy, etc.

The concept of "economic system" reflects the totality of production relations and institutions that form the economic structure of society. Economic systems differ in the rates of economic development and mechanisms for solving the main economic problems: a decision-making mechanism based on traditions, customs, habits; mechanism of command-administrative, centralized decision-making by state bodies; market mechanism. Depending on the nature of the mechanism that prevails in decision-making on the main problems of the economy, economic systems can be represented in the form of three models: traditional, command-administrative, market.

Model of the traditional economic system was based on the dominance of communal ownership of the means of production, the primacy of religious and socio-cultural values ​​in relation to economic activity. Choosing and solving the problem of "what?" determined by customs, traditions, social and group instincts, limited themselves to the tasks of maintaining the existing economy. Inventions and innovations (innovations) are perceived as destroyers of foundations and traditions, threaten the stability of the social structure and are not taken into account when choosing a solution to the “how?” problem.

The heredity of belonging to a particular community (caste, estate, class) predetermined not only the place of a particular person in production, society, but also reflected in the size of his share of the "social pie". Revered traditions and customs determine the choice of a solution to the problem of "who?". They also regulate the scale of personal wealth, the amount of income, the sources of their replenishment. FROM positive side the mechanism of traditions is perceived only as a tool for ensuring stability. On the negative side, it is characterized by socio-economic stagnation, the lack of economic growth due to the evolutionary nature of development. Traditional systems are preserved in some underdeveloped countries - in their separate territories.

Command and control system model based on state ownership of material resources. For this reason, important economic decisions (above all, what, how and for whom to produce) are made centrally by the state planning body. They also set priorities in the economic life of society. Preference is given to the production of means of production. A characteristic feature of such a model is the vertical hierarchy system. In accordance with it, the indicators of the state plan for the production, distribution and consumption of goods in the form of directive (mandatory orders) tasks are brought to specific industries, enterprises, territories.

A positive feature of this economic model was the possibility of concentrating labor forces and means of production in a certain place and time. This opportunity was repeatedly realized at critical moments for the socialist countries. However, in periods without social and natural upheavals, the command system was not able to increase the efficiency of the use of economic resources and accelerate scientific and technological progress. As a result, the rates of economic growth and development have fallen to a critical level. In conditions of universal employment of labor and raw materials and almost full utilization of production capacities, there was a shortage of necessary goods.

Model of a market economic system based on the dominance of private ownership of material resources. Here, each individual manufacturer seeks to best satisfy the revealed desire of the consumer to have a specific product and the willingness to give money for it. Focusing on the consumer, the manufacturer makes decisions about what, in what quantity and by what time to produce. He seeks to organize the production of new products, to offer consumers a wider range of products. The problem of "how to produce?" is decided by each manufacturer on the basis of their own desire to get the most profit. Since the realization of this desire is possible with a reduction in costs, each manufacturer seeks to profitably acquire the best resources and use them most efficiently, to implement the achievements of scientific and technical progress in a timely manner.

All this contributes to the economic development of the country. The problem of distribution of benefits is solved taking into account the income of consumers - those with a higher income have the opportunity to purchase goods in a wider range, in greater quantity and of higher quality, and part of society - the disabled, the elderly, orphans, and so on, who do not have sources of income turns out to be without means of subsistence. For this reason, the market economy model is presented as a cruel system that puts a person in a one-on-one position with his problems. But it ensures the most expedient and efficient use of economic resources, a higher level of economic growth and development.

Model of a mixed economic system eliminates the shortcomings of the considered systems. There was no peace in any country, and there is neither a command-administrative nor a market system for organizing the economic life of society in a “pure form”. Really functioning economies of countries are types of a mixed economic system. They represent a different combination of mechanisms of market organization and state regulation to solve the social and economic problems of society.

The mixed economy model ensures the most efficient and rational use of resources, promotes the development and use of advanced technologies. An important non-economic argument in favor of a mixed economy is its emphasis on personal freedom.

The individual decisions of market participants are motivated by their own private interests and are not at all aimed at ensuring that the economy as a whole functions successfully. Coordination of all independently made decisions is carried out by the market mechanism - the heart of the market. It provides both bringing the decisions of individual economic entities to each other, and linking these decisions through the price system and competition. The market mechanism “brings order to potential chaos”, primarily through prices. Prices act as a signal that provides information about market conditions for both consumers and producers. Through prices, countless individual economic decisions are summed up and balanced. Prices are considered organizing force in a market economy.

plays an important role in the market mechanism competition. It directs private interests to the production of socially necessary goods. Competition leads to the fact that limited resources are used more fully and efficiently. They rush to those industries that produce products that are necessary for the consumer and cost-effective for the producer. Unprofitable enterprises are deprived of the opportunity to receive limited resources. Competition is called the main governing And controlling power in a market economy.

The advantages of the market mechanism economists include:

Efficient resource allocation. The market directs resources to the production of goods for which there is a demand;

Flexibility, high adaptability to changing conditions. So, when in the 70s. energy prices rose sharply, the market responded to this with the development of alternative energy sources, the introduction of resource-saving technologies, the introduction of a regime of austerity of energy resources;

Optimal use of the results of scientific and technical progress. In an effort to get the highest possible profit, commodity producers take risks, develop new products, introduce the latest technology, which allows them to have a temporary advantage over competitors;

Freedom of choice and action for consumers and entrepreneurs. The latter are independent in making their decisions, concluding various transactions, hiring labor, etc.;

The ability to meet a variety of needs, improve the quality of goods and services.

But the market mechanism is also inherently limited, which manifests itself in the fact that it:

Does not contribute to the conservation of non-reproducible resources;

Does not provide environmental protection; only legislative acts can force entrepreneurs to invest in the creation of various kinds of environmentally friendly industries;

Cannot regulate the use of resources that belong to all mankind, such as the fish resources of the ocean;

Ignores the potentially negative consequences of decisions made;

Does not create incentives for the production of goods and services for collective use (roads, dams, public transport, education, healthcare, etc.);

Does not guarantee the right to work and income, does not ensure the redistribution of income; individuals have to make their own decisions in order to change their financial situation. According to P. Samuelson, the market mechanism reproduces significant inequality;

Does not provide fundamental research in science;

Subject to unstable development.

The solution of the above problems is assumed by the state.

Modern market economy industrialized countries is characterized, firstly, by the saturation of mass-produced goods, a strict focus on meeting the needs of certain groups of buyers.

Secondly, it is characterized by flexible, adaptive production, capable of meeting the most complex consumer needs.

Thirdly, the target functions of firms are changing. Although profit is still the main driver of entrepreneurial activity, firms are interested in: expanding the market, modifying the product, improving product quality and reducing costs in order to maintain competitiveness.

Fourth, there is a change in the forms of entrepreneurial activity. Starting from the mid-1970s, along with large corporations, small business began to play an important role in the market economy of the leading Western countries. This organizational structure turned out to be quite flexible, mobile and sensitive to the rapid change in consumer demands, the need to introduce new technological capabilities, and the widespread use of the creative potential of an individual. Small business has become a powerful economic force along with large corporations, the state and trade unions.

Fifth, in the modern market economy, a new type of labor relations is emerging, involving the participation of employees in the management and ownership of the company. Some economists call the current stage of economic development the “participatory economy”. The involvement of company personnel in management is implemented by providing internal shares, and, as a rule, at preferential prices. At the same time, firms that distribute shares among their workers and employees are encouraged by various kinds of tax benefits. At enterprises that practice the participation of workers and employees in joint-stock ownership and decision-making, employment increases, motivation and labor productivity increase, staff turnover decreases, and sales increase.

Sixth, the modern market economy is characterized by energy and material saving character.

Seventh, there is a process of forming a “service-intensive” economy. More than 60% of the value of US GDP is the cost of services, and in Russia - more than 40%.

Eighth, in the modern market economy, information and knowledge begin to play the role of the main production resource.

Each system is characterized by its own national models of economic organization, as countries differ in their history, level of economic development, social and national conditions. Thus, the administrative-command system is characterized by the Soviet model, the Chinese model, etc. The modern market system also has various models. Consider the most famous national models.

The American model is built on a system of all-round encouragement of entrepreneurial activity, enrichment of the most active part of the population. An acceptable standard of living is created for low-income groups through various benefits and allowances. The tasks of social equality are not set here at all. This model is based on a high level of labor productivity and a mass orientation towards achieving personal success. In general, the American model is characterized by state influence aimed at maintaining a stable environment and economic balance.

The Swedish model is distinguished by a strong social policy focused on reducing wealth inequality through the redistribution of national income in favor of the poorest segments of the population. Here in the hands of the state is only 4% of fixed assets, but the share of public spending in the 90s. amounted to over 50% of GDP, with more than half of these expenditures directed to social needs. Naturally, this is possible only in conditions of high taxation, especially individuals. This model is called "functional socialization", meaning that the function of production falls on private enterprises operating on a competitive market basis, and the function of ensuring a high standard of living (including employment, education, social insurance) and many elements of infrastructure (transport, R&D) - - to the state.

Social market economy of Germany. This model was formed on the basis of the liquidation of the concerns of the Nazi era and the provision of all forms of economy (large, medium, small) with the possibility of sustainable development. At the same time, the so-called mittelstand enjoy special patronage, i.e. small and medium enterprises, farms. The state actively influences prices, duties, technical standards. The market underlying this system has found its advantage in the use of incentives for high-performance economic activity.

The Japanese model is characterized by a certain lag in the standard of living of the population (including wages) from the growth of labor productivity. Due to this, a reduction in the cost of production and a sharp increase in its competitiveness in the world market are achieved. Such a model is possible only with an exceptionally high development of national self-consciousness, the priority of the interests of the nation over the interests of a particular person, and the readiness of the population to make certain sacrifices for the sake of the country's prosperity. Another feature of the Japanese development model is associated with the active role of the state in the modernization of the economy, especially at its initial stage.

The South Korean model has a lot in common with the Japanese one. This, in particular, refers to the peculiarities of the psychological make-up of the country's population, their high diligence and responsible attitude to their duties, based on the moral standards of Confucianism. Common to both models is the active participation of state bodies in the restructuring of the economy. In order to accelerate its modernization, tax, tariff and currency policies are widely used. For a long time there was control over the prices of resources and a wide range of goods for industrial and consumer purposes. The system of state regulation of the economy that has developed in South Korea helps to increase the competitiveness of South Korean goods in the world market.

Due to the relatively less development of market relations than in Japan, the South Korean state purposefully contributed to the creation of powerful springboards for a market economy in the form of large corporations, the so-called chaebols, which then grew into financial and industrial groups.

And, finally, one more element of the South Korean model, which is of undoubted interest for Russia, is the provision of comprehensive support by state bodies to small and medium-sized businesses, which contributed to the creation of a middle class in a short time. At the same time, as the end of the 1990s showed, the South Korean and Japanese models, with their particularly strong state interventions in the market mechanism, have a reduced adaptability of the latter to global financial crises.

Russian model. When characterizing the market economy model that is emerging in Russia, one should take into account the special geopolitical role of the country. Russia in socio-cultural terms acts as a link between civilizations of the Western and Eastern types. IN economic terms Russian society has historically formed as an Eastern society and has retained, despite the change of political regimes, the following features:

• - the huge role of the state as a regulator of the economy and the largest owner;
• - underdevelopment of private property, primarily land;
• - the absence of a civil society autonomous from the state;
• - the inextricable link between power and property;
• - weakness of personal initiative with rather strong collectivist tendencies.

formed in the first half of the 1990s. The Russian economic model includes a number of features inherited from the historical past. The state, even after the privatization of a large part of the property, still has a powerful public sector in the most important sectors of the economy. There is a close relationship between political power and property.

The German model is a model of a social market economy, which links the expansion of competitive principles with the creation of a special social infrastructure that alleviates the shortcomings of the market and capital, with the formation of a multi-layered institutional structure of subjects of social policy.

In the German economic model, the state does not set economic goals - this lies in the plane of individual market decisions - but creates reliable legal and social framework conditions for the implementation of economic initiative. At the same time, the state, having lost in the course of privatization a considerable part of its former sources of income, has retained an unbearable amount of financial obligations for it, which causes a protracted crisis in the state budget.

The German model is characterized by the following features:

individual freedom as a condition for the functioning of market mechanisms and decentralized decision-making. In turn, this condition is ensured by an active state policy of maintaining competition;

social equality - the market distribution of income is determined by the amount of invested capital or the amount of individual effort, while achieving relative equality requires vigorous social policy. Social policy is based on the search for compromises between groups with opposing interests, as well as on the direct participation of the state in the provision of social benefits, for example, in housing construction;

countercyclical regulation;

stimulation of technological and organizational innovations;

carrying out structural policy;

protection and promotion of competition. The listed features of the German model are derived from the fundamental principles of the social market economy, the first of which is the organic unity of the market and the state.

The totality of all economic processes taking place in society on the basis of property relations and organizational and legal forms that have developed in it, is the economic system of the ϶ᴛᴏth society. In the last one and a half to two centuries, the following systems have operated in the world:

• market economy free competition (pure capitalism);
• modern market economy (modern capitalism);
• administrative-command economy;
• traditional economy.

In each system, there are ϲʙᴏ and national models of economic organization, since countries differ in the transformation of history, the level of economic development, social and national conditions.

The transition from one economic system to another gives rise to a special, transitional state of the economy. In a transitional economy, there is an intensive development of the institutions of the new system and more or less rapid elimination (or withering away) of the institutions of the former system. Transitional economic forms are also possible, for example, privatized enterprises that have not undergone market restructuring.

Types and models of economic systems

economic system- ϶ᴛᴏ the totality of all economic processes taking place in society on the basis of property relations and the economic mechanism that have developed in it. Having understood the essence of the system, one can understand many patterns of economic life.

Elements of the economic system

In any economic system, the primary role is played by the production of goods and services, together with their subsequent distribution, exchange, consumption and redistribution.

In every economic system, the main socio-economic problems are solved in its own way: what and how to produce and on what basis to distribute the created national product.

With all this, economic systems differ from each other in their fundamentals. First of all, they have different forms of ownership. Secondly, they have a different economic mechanism.

Within the framework of this or that economic system, there are diverse models of economic development of individual countries and regions. Let us study the characteristic features of economic systems.

Market economy of free competition (pure capitalism)

Although this system developed in the XVIII century. and ceased to exist at the end of the 19th - the first decades of the 20th century. (in different countries in different ways), a significant part of its elements entered the modern market system (modern capitalism)

The distinctive features of the ϶ᴛᴏth economic system were private ownership of economic resources(including the main resource for the ϶ᴛᴏ system - capital); a market mechanism for regulating macroeconomic activity based on free competition and the presence of many independent sellers and buyers of each product.

It is important to note that one of the main prerequisites for pure capitalism is the personal well-being of all participants in economic activity, i.e. not only a capitalist entrepreneur, but also a hired worker. The decisive condition for economic progress was the entrepreneurial activity of those who had capital, and the wage worker's ability to sell his labor power.

What is the economic mechanism in the considered economic system? Focusing on market conditions, determined primarily by the level and dynamics of prices, commodity producers independently solve the problem of allocating all resources, producing those goods that are in demand on the market. Based on all of the above, we come to the conclusion that the market, primarily through prices, coordinates the activities of millions of people.

Entrepreneurs strive to get more and more income (profit), to use natural, labor resources, capital, knowledge as economically as possible and to realize their entrepreneurial abilities as widely as possible in their chosen field of activity.
This serves as a powerful stimulus for the development and improvement of the economy, revealing the creative possibilities of private property.

Modern market economy (modern capitalism)

In the course of a long evolution in the XX century. the market economy of free competition has turned into a modern market economy. Its main features will be:

1. variety of forms of ownership, among which the leading place is occupied by private property in its various forms (from individual to large, corporate) In countries with developed market economies, a kind of multi-layered type of economy has developed. Its top is made up of powerful transnational corporations, the middle layer is smaller national corporations (both operate on the basis of joint-stock ownership). Its foundation (up to 90% of the total number of enterprises) is made up of partnerships, partnerships and other forms of small business based on individual, family, cooperative forms of private property. These enterprises create about a third of the gross national product of most developed countries;

2. wide dissemination of marketing management system. It is worth noting that it makes it possible even before the start of production of goods to determine their optimal range and quality parameters of the created products on the basis of market research, and even before the start of production, bring the individual costs of the company into ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙs with prevailing market prices.
It should be noted that the main tasks of resource allocation within corporations are solved on the basis of strategic planning. Under ϶ᴛᴏm, significant resources are allocated to the development of human capital;

3. more active influence of the state on the development of the economy and especially the social sphere. Budgetary allocations finance a significant part of R&D expenditures, support for agriculture and other industries, as well as huge social expenditures (on education, health care, social security, etc.)

Traditional economic system based on joint(collective) community property on the main resource for the ϶ᴛᴏth system - the earth. The distinctive features of the traditional economic system are as follows: extremely primitive technology associated with primary processing natural resources, the predominance of manual labor. All key economic problems are solved in ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙii with time-honored customs, religious, tribal and even caste traditions. The organization and management of economic life are carried out on the basis of the decisions of the council of elders, the instructions of the leaders or feudal lords.

The traditional economic system in its development has gone through several stages, moreover, a more primitive stage in its development is described above, and feudalism with somewhat different features is a higher stage of the traditional economic system.

The traditional economic system dominated the world before the market system, but has now survived in some of the most backward countries in Asia and Africa, although its elements can be traced in countries of an average level of development.

Administrative-command system (centralized, planned, communist)

By the way, this system dominated earlier in the USSR, the countries of Eastern Europe and a number of Asian states. The command-administrative system in most countries arose as a result of the interrupted evolution of the market economy.

Its distinguishing feature is essentially that it is based on public, but in reality - on state property. It is worth noting that it was created through the expropriation of private ownership of land, the nationalization in one form or another of all industrial, commercial and other types of enterprises.

The economic mechanism of the administrative-command system has a number of features. It is worth noting that it implies, firstly, the direct management of all enterprises from a single center - the highest echelons of state power, which nullifies the independence of economic entities. Moreover, ϶ᴛᴏ management is based on the state plan, which has a mandatory (directive) character for all enterprises and industries. Secondly, the state completely controls not only production, but also the distribution of products, as a result of which free market interconnections between individual enterprises are excluded. Thirdly, the state pursues a policy of very low differentiation in wages, which undermines the material interest in its results.

The volume, assortment of products, price levels and all other aspects of economic activity were determined on the basis of the political and economic guidelines of the party-bureaucratic elite, the so-called nomenklatura. A significant part of the resources was directed to the development of the military-industrial complex. The system of strict central planning did not allow taking into account real economic needs, which gave rise to a total permanent scarcity of the economy. Orientation of planning mainly on quantitative natural indicators made the economy immune to the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution.

Numerous attempts in the 1950s-1980s. in the USSR and other socialist countries to reform and improve the planned economy were incompatible with the command-administrative system and rejected by it. The inability of the command-administrative system to ensure the transition to an intensive type of economic development made fundamental socio-economic transformations inevitable in almost all socialist (communist) countries. The strategy of economic reforms in these countries is determined by the main trends in the development of world civilization, as a result of which a modern market economy is being built there with greater or lesser speed.

Models of economies within economic systems

Each system is characterized by ϲʙᴏ and national models of economic organization, since countries differ in their history, the level of economic development, social and national characteristics. So, the administrative-command system is characterized by: the Soviet model, the Chinese model, etc. The modern market system also has various models - American, Western European, Japanese.

Let's study the most famous national models.

American model It is built on a system of all-round encouragement of entrepreneurial activity, enrichment of the most active part of the population. An acceptable standard of living is being created for the low-income segments of the population through various benefits and allowances.
It should be noted that the main tasks of social equality are not set here at all. By the way, this model is based on a high level of labor productivity and a mass orientation towards achieving personal success. In general, the American model is characterized by state regulation aimed at maintaining a stable market environment and economic balance.

Western European model was formed in the post-war period in the conditions of coming to power of a coalition of democratic forces. The Western European model is characterized by significant positions in the economy of the public sector, mainly in the field of infrastructure ( different kinds transport, port facilities, energy), as well as in a number of extractive industries.

The extensive system of state regulation of the economy in a number of countries (France, Italy, etc.) includes the preparation and implementation of national development programs. A characteristic feature of the Western European model will be the allocation by the state of significant resources for social needs. Finally, the Western European region is characterized by deep cross-country economic and political integration. The Western European model has several varieties: West German, Swedish, etc.

Social market economy of Germany. By the way, this model was formed on the basis of the liquidation of the concerns of the Nazi era and the provision of sustainable development opportunities for all forms of economy (large, medium, small). The state actively influences prices, duties, technical standards. The developed market underlying the ϶ᴛᴏ system has found ϲʙᴏ advantages in the use of incentives for high-performance economic activity. Material published on http: // site

Swedish model is distinguished by a strong social policy focused on reducing wealth inequality through the redistribution of national income in favor of the poorest segments of the population. Here, only 4% of fixed assets are in the hands of the state, but the share of government spending in the 2000s was amounted to over 50% of GDP, with more than half of these allocations directed to social needs. Naturally, ϶ᴛᴏ is only possible under conditions of high taxation, especially for individuals. It is this model that is called "functional socialization", meaning that the production function falls on private enterprises operating on a competitive market basis, and the functions of ensuring a high standard of living (including employment, education, health care, social insurance) and infrastructure development (transport, connection) - to the state.

Japanese model characterized by a certain lag in the standard of living of the population (including the level of wages) from the growth of labor productivity. Due to this, a reduction in the cost of production and a sharp increase in its competitiveness in the world market are achieved. It is this model that is possible only with an exceptionally high development of national self-consciousness, the priority of the interests of the nation over the interests of a particular person, and the readiness of the population to make certain sacrifices for the sake of the country's prosperity. Another feature of the Japanese development model is associated with the active role of the state in the modernization of the economy, especially at its initial stage.

South Korean model is a variant of the Japanese. Common to both countries will be the active participation of the state in the restructuring of the economy, its modernization and increasing the competitiveness of export goods on the world market.

Due to the relatively lesser development of market relations than in Japan, the South Korean state purposefully contributed to the creation of powerful springboards for a market economy in the form of large corporations, the so-called chaebols, which later grew into financial and industrial groups.

With all this, as the end of the 1990s showed, the South Korean and Japanese models, with their particularly strong state intervention in the market mechanism, have a reduced adaptability of the latter to global financial crises.

Post-industrial society as a future system

At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. in the leading developed countries, the contours of the new, post-industrial society. For the first time, the term ϶ᴛᴏt was used by the famous American sociologist D. Bell back in 1959 in the sense in which it is used today. We are talking about a new stage in the development of a modern market economy, and possibly a new economic system in general. Post-industrial society - the economic system of the future, for which a characteristic feature will be the transformation of knowledge into the main economic resource. Other characteristic features of a post-industrial society will be:

• a large mass of accumulated knowledge, embodied on a large scale by H IOCR, and the rapid dissemination of their results by the economy;
• the huge spread of all types of education (especially higher and various forms of postgraduate education), the informatization of the entire life of society;
• liberalization of economic life, expressed in the reduction of state interference in economic life, at least direct (through state ownership and administrative regulation);
• globalization of economic activity, as a result of which for a significant number of firms the whole world has become a single market, for many firms their region of the globe has become a single market, for even more companies the export and import of products and economic resources has become not an episode, but a systematic operation.

The processes of post-industrialization will be most pronounced in the leading developed countries. At the same time, certain trends in post-industrial development are also observed in a number of other countries, in particular in Russia. To such tendencies in Russia ᴏᴛʜᴏϲᴙ are:

• the spread of the latest information technologies, the ever-wider use of computer technology and modern forms of mobile communications. Do not forget that an important step in this direction will be the implementation of one of the priority programs of the Government of Russia "Electronic Russia 2001-2010". By the way, this program is aimed at introducing information technologies into all parts of the Russian education system (from rural schools to universities);
• growth of the level of education, improvement of its quality. Thus, in Russia over half of the employees have higher (including incomplete higher) and secondary vocational education;
• change in the structure of production and consumption, mainly due to an increase in the share of services. Yes, in the early 1990s. services began to prevail over goods in the structure of gross domestic product (GDP)

Russia's involvement in post-industrial processes creates the prerequisites for the formation of a post-industrial society in it. At the same time, a more complete manifestation of the trends discussed above is hampered due to significant uneven development and the degree of susceptibility to post-industrial processes of various sectors of the economy and regions of the Russian Federation.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FGAOU HPE "NORTH CAUCASUS FEDERAL UNIVERSITY"

INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMY AND FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

COURSE WORK (PROJECT)

BY DISCIPLINE

"Economic theory"

"Models of economic systems"

Completed:

Grebennikova D.A.

Student of the 1st year of the group UPP-b-o-15-1

directions (specialties) 38.03.03 Personnel management

full-time education

Work manager:

Dotdueva Z.S. Candidate of Economics, Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and Foreign Economic

activity"

Stavropol, 2015

Introduction

2. Types of economic systems

3.1 Swedish model

3.2 American model

3.3 German model

Conclusion

Introduction

Translated from Greek, the word "system" means a whole, consisting of parts interconnected and forming integrity. Strictly speaking, if the economy is considered as a systemic formation, then it appears as an economic system. But such a "technique" still does not free us from its special analysis.

The economic system is a set of interconnected and ordered rules, principles and legal norms that have historically emerged and operate in the country, determining the form and content of the main economic relations that arise in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of an economic product. Thus, the economic system -- the complexity of interdependent elements of the economy, forming a single economic structure of society.

Systems methodology plays an important role in modern economic research. In our time, ideas about the systemic nature of the world around us are indispensable, because they are certainly necessary in the study of any field of knowledge. What types and models of economic systems exist today and how do they differ from each other? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? Why is the market economy of one country not similar to the economy of another country?

Outside the systemic nature of the economy, economic relations and institutions could not be recreated (constantly restored), economic laws could not operate, a theoretical understanding of economic phenomena and processes could not be formed, there could not be a coherent and fruitful economic policy. Real practice constantly confirms the systemic nature of the economy.

Independently existing economic systems find their scientific expression in theoretical (scientific) economic systems. The first detailed analysis of the economy as a system was given by A. Smith, the founder of the classical school of political economy, in his main scientific work "A Study on the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (in the accepted abbreviation - "The Wealth of Nations"), which was published in 1776. From subsequent scientific economic systems should, first of all, highlight the systems created by D. Ricardo (1817), F. List (1841), J.S. Mill (1848), K. Marx (1867), J. Keynes (1936). Of the Russian economists of the past, who emphasized a systemic view of the economy, it should be noted I.T. Pososhkov, A.I. Butovsky, N.G. Chernyshevsky, V.I. Lenin, N.D. Kondratiev.

As the history of economic science testifies, the grouping of economic systems can be carried out on the basis of various criteria (features).

Within this multiplicity lies the objective diversity of properties of economic systems.

In an enlarged form, the criteria of economic systems can be divided into three groups:

1. structure-forming criteria;

2. socio-economic (substantive) criteria;

3. volumetric and dynamic criteria.

Our goal was to get acquainted with the literature on the topic: “Models of economic systems”. In this regard, a number of tasks are posed:

1) study the types of economic systems;

2) consider national models of economic systems;

3) to analyze which economic system is most suitable for Russia.

The object of research is economic systems.

The subject of research is the functioning of economic systems during the historical process.

The acute financial and economic crisis that Russia is currently experiencing, which forced to suspend the course of further economic modifications, has made it not only desirable, but also necessary to critically review the results of the reform of the economy in order to choose its further directions. Therefore, the topic term paper I consider relevant.

Methods that were used in the study: descriptive, historical, comparative, analysis of theoretical literature.

The study consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

The first chapter gives the main characteristics of economic systems.

The second chapter discusses the types of economic systems and the features of each.

The third chapter presents models of the economic systems of Sweden, the USA and Germany.

The fourth chapter describes the features of the Russian economic system.

In conclusion, the results of the study are summarized.

The list of references on the topic contains 30 works.

1. Main characteristics of economic systems

Economic systems have been discovered in solving economic problems associated with the planning of limited resources and the existence of opportunity costs. In other words, the economic system is a method by which economic life is formed in a country, society; tactics by which decisions are made about WHAT, HOW and FOR WHOM to produce.

When characterizing any system, attention is not paid to its elements, levels of organization, structure and functions.

The main elements of the economic system are:

1. socio-economic relations that are created on the basis of the forms of ownership that have developed in each economic system;

2. organizational forms of ownership;

3. economic mechanisms.

The relationship between the components of the system determines its structure, which is a characteristic feature of the economic system. In relation to the economic system, the structure in a broad sense acts as an internal organization of production. As a result, at various levels, it certainly finds its application through people, their production activities. Consequently, the structure of the economic system is the relationship of people in the process of production of material and spiritual goods and services, that is, the totality of production relations. The economy is a complex, multilevel, dynamic system. The economic system of society consists of small economic systems - households and enterprises.

The household is a separate cell of society within which the production of a social product takes place, its consumption, as well as the reproduction of labor power, that is, the person himself.

An enterprise is an independent, organizational and separate economic entity with the rights of a legal entity that produces and sells goods, performs work, and provides services. Groups of related enterprises are combined into industries.

An industry is a larger system that unites all enterprises that produce certain products. Industries are combined into larger systems - intersectoral.

A special feature of the economic system is the presence of infrastructure - a set of objects that ensure the functioning of the production of goods and services and the living conditions of people. Depending on this, production and social infrastructure are distinguished. The infrastructure usually includes means of communication, roads, all types of transport, cultural, educational, and health facilities.

In addition, the economic system may include other elements: technical and economic systems (sectoral, intersectoral, regional systems), socio-economic systems (economic-political, economic-demographic, natural-economic systems).

The system approach considers society, the economy as a large developing system - a social and production organization of people interacting in the process of turning natural resources into material goods to meet the needs of society, ranking the produced goods among members of society.

The economic system is a multidimensional space of intersection of two other, more complex and integral, interconnected systems: nature and society. The three above-mentioned systems have a common material basis - man: his biological, economic and social life.

Economic systems perform two types of functions: external and internal.

1. External functions of the economic system:

Satisfying the requirements of nature - ensuring environmental cleanliness in the production and consumption of material goods;

Satisfying the requirements of society - the creation of the required quantity and the required quality of material goods and services, bringing them to consumption.

2. The internal functions of the economic system -- the stabilization of a stable balance in a changing environment.

An equally important property of economic systems is the presence of a goal . Actions to achieve the goal, as a rule, are the functions of the system and its elements. The latter have their own special goals, derived from the goal of the system. For example, the purpose of the economic system of society is the satisfaction of needs. Elements of the system - enterprises, firms, organizations - direct their activities towards the fulfillment of this common goal. Along with this, they have their own specific goal - to maximize profits. Due to the fact that economic systems are hierarchical, complex, a higher-level system sets goals and tasks for the subordinate system, sets limits, and allocates resources if necessary. Society, as the main lever in the operation of the economic system, sets tasks for itself.

The system is always in motion. It has such qualities as stability, variability, inconsistency. The complexity of economic systems, characterized by a wide variety of internal and external connections, requires regulation, thanks to which the coordination of elements and constituent parts systems, and their interaction is aimed at achieving a predetermined and thoughtful goal.

Economic management has its own specifics, distinguishing it from other types of management. It consists in stimulating economic entities with the help of such means of motivation as: tax rates, wages, administrative sanctions (fines, prohibitions), legal and other norms. The management process includes two stages. The first stage includes the development of a program to achieve the set goal through forecasting, planning and programming; the second is control over the fulfillment and implementation of the conditions and tasks of this program, adjusting the behavior of the elements or the system itself when the internal and external characteristics of its functioning change.

The main properties of the economic system are its ability to reproduce and self-improve, as well as the stability of relationships between constituent elements.

A distinctive feature of economic systems is the following: there are institutions that determine the nature and direction of economic activity.

The productive functioning of an economic system is significantly affected by its external environment, that is, everything that exists outside the system deteriorates or improves under its influence and is itself capable of changing the behavior of the system. The system itself can be an external environment for its elements and parts. For example, part of the world economy - the national economy of the country through the international division of labor interacts with the economies of other countries. An enterprise, as a separate economic system, has many links with other subjects of the national economy: enterprises, households, and the state.

In view of the fact that the economic system both operates and improves, not only functions, but also develops, it is the result of a historical process; it contains elements of the past, present and future. The economic system has its beginning and its end, going through periods of emergence and formation, decline and rise, like any dynamic system, the economy is capable of both progress and regression. Consequently, the most important property of economic systems is their historicity.

In the economic system, a special place is occupied by the state, which:

1) sets priorities and goals for the development of the system, allocates resources to achieve these goals, predicts the possible return of resources and possible consequences;

2) creates a legal framework for the effective functioning of the economy, ensures the protection of the rights of the owner, creates a monetary system, regulates relations between producers and consumers;

3) affects the elements and parts of the economic system in order to maintain their functioning in the given parameters or change these parameters in the direction necessary for the state;

4) carries out measures for the social protection of the population from unemployment, inflation and other consequences of a market economy through the redistribution of income, etc.

So the economic system is it is a complex ordered set of all economic relations and types of economic activity of society, which is realized through the functioning of the productive forces and is carried out in the forms of certain production and social relations and social institutions, the purpose of which is to satisfy the needs of society in material goods and services.

2. Types of economic systems

2.1 Traditional economic system

Humanity has gone through a long historical path of development, during which several types of economic systems have developed at different stages:

Traditional

Command-administrative

mixed

Market.

The criteria for their separation are, first of all, the form of ownership and the type of coordination mechanism (plan or market).

The traditional (patriarchal) economic system is the oldest system. The experience of using rare resources is determined by the customs and traditions that have developed in society. It is characterized by the widespread use of manual labor in the production process, and the tools used together with manual power are not very productive, they are based on technological processes that are outdated by the standards of civilized states. Questions about "HOW, WHAT and FOR WHOM?" to produce, in the traditional economy are decided on the basis of traditions passed down from generation to generation. This concept is common in third world countries with underdeveloped economies. As for the ownership of economic resources, in this case, in the patriarchal system, it was most often collective, that is, hunting grounds, arable land and meadows belonged to the caste or community.

This type of economy is characteristic of primitive societies, but continues today in the agrarian zones of Asia and Africa.

Over time, the main components of the traditional economic system ceased to suit mankind. Life has shown that the factors of production are used more efficiently if they are owned by individuals or families, and not in collective ownership. Therefore, the elements of this system have gone far into the background, and in most countries of the world other methods of organizing the economic cooperation of people are of primary importance.

2.2 Market economic system

A market economy is an economic system based on the spontaneous coordination of economic elections. This type of economic system is characterized by free enterprise, pricing based on the interaction of supply and demand, and the predominance of private property. The market system answers the basic questions of economics in the following way. Firms produce those goods and services that are in demand. Goods are produced using technology that can reduce costs. Goods and services are produced by those economic agents that have advantages in the production of this product. Benefits are understood as the possibility of minimizing costs. And, ultimately, goods are produced for those who have sufficient income. People who do not have a profit find themselves outside the process of consuming goods. In a market economy, there is a private form of ownership of resources and final goods and services.

In a market economy, the state does not interfere in economic relations and does not have much influence on the behavior of agents regarding the production, distribution and consumption of goods.

The capitalist type of economic system (or pure capitalism) is characterized primarily by private ownership of resources and means of production, regulation and management of the system of economic relations through market distribution and related products with the establishment of optimal (market) prices that ensure the necessary balance of supply and demand. Wealth in society in such a case is distributed very unevenly, and the main economic actors are autonomous producers and consumers of material and non-material goods. The role of the state in economic relations is very low. There is no single center of economic power here, however, the system of markets acts as a regulator of this form of organization of economic relations, in which each of the subjects tries to extract its own, individual benefit, but not collective. Production is carried out only in the most profitable, most profitable directions, and therefore some categories of goods (they are also called public goods) may remain unclaimed by the manufacturer, due to their low profitability and other conditions, despite the presence of demand from society.

Examples of countries with a classical market system are Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait.

Thus, the advantages of this form of organization of economic life are:

1. The most efficient distribution of resources in accordance with market mechanisms (the so-called "invisible hand of the market")

2. Freedom in choosing the direction for entrepreneurial activity

3. An indispensable improvement in the quality of goods and services in a competitive environment

4. The emergence of new products on the market and at the same time the stimulation of scientific and technological progress.

The disadvantages are:

1. Extremely unequal distribution of income in society

2. Orientation of the manufacturer to a solvent customer

3. Inflation and unemployment, instability of economic development (the possibility of default, devaluation, etc.), as a result - social instability

4. Lack of payment for the field of education

5. Possible reduction of competition due to the creation of monopolies

6. Negative impact of production on the environment, significant consumption of natural resources.

A market economy in an absolutely pure form cannot exist, because the state must also participate in decision-making, since the country's economy as a whole depends on it.

2.3 Administrative-command economic system

The pure capitalism described above has its antipode (opposite) in the form of a centralized (command-administrative) system, determined by state ownership of all material resources and the adoption of significant economic decisions through collective meetings and centralized economic planning. In other words, the means of production (land, capital) are concentrated in the hands of the state - the main economic entity, and one can speak of economic power as centralized. It is important to take into account that the market does not establish the balance of economic forces in any way (it does not have much influence on which enterprises and what they produce, which of them are able to withstand competition), prices for goods and services are set by the government. The Central Planning Authority (CPO) implements the distribution of initially existing and finished products, under its responsibility the problem of what products should be produced and in what quantity, what will be the quality of this product, what resources and raw materials will be made from. As soon as these issues are settled, the CPO passes the order (implements directives) to certain companies, indicating the necessary details. It should be noted that enterprises located on the territory of the country also belong to the state.

An important advantage of this system over others is the achieved conditions that contribute to the absence of obvious unemployment in accordance with the centralized distribution of resources and accounting, in particular, of absolutely all available labor resources. Another point - the rigid centralization of management makes it possible to exercise control over the distribution of income among the population.

At the first stage of economic planning, the task of the central planning authority is to form a five-year project for the development of the country's economy as a whole. In the future, this plan is refined and detailed, divided into more detailed moments and, ultimately, ready-made plans for economic sectors and individual companies come out. At the same time, it is necessary to note the presence of feedback from these very enterprises - at the stage of planning plans, they themselves evaluate and comment on the optimality of the required indicators. The plan ultimately approved must be carried out almost unconditionally.

However, it is impossible not to say about the complications that arise in the implementation of this model. Among the priorities is the problem, directly, of centralized management of the economy, as one of the most difficult. And here a significant place is given to the problem of awareness of the state planning authorities about the state of the economy directly in this period of time. After all, in such a case it is very difficult to give an objective assessment of the influence of numerous factors, to track changes in indicators that determine the state of the economy (production costs, consumption growth, resource costs). At the same time, even statistically collected information changes instantly, which makes planning often out of date. The higher the degree of centralization of management, the more distorted the correspondence of economic indicators from the bottom up. Often, many economic institutions deliberately distort the results obtained in order to end up looking in the most favorable light for management.

Difficulties arise in a planned economy and when trying to introduce new technologies into production or when it comes to releasing a new product. This is due to the fact that the management of the enterprise is under the control of a higher-level management and is subject only to its orders, which cannot always be assessed objectively.

This type of economic system is typical today for Cuba, North Korea, North Korea and Vietnam.

Summing up, it is worth noting the following advantages of this model:

1. Centralized management provides a chance to concentrate funds and other resources in certain areas of the highest priority at the moment.

2. Creation of social stability, a sense of "confidence in the future."

Of the minuses, it is worth noting:

1. Low level of customer satisfaction.

2. Lack of choice both in production and consumption (including the shortage of consumer goods).

3. Achievements of scientific and technological progress are not always implemented in a timely manner.

In fact, the 2 models of economic systems presented above are “ideal”, that is, they do not occur in the conditions of real economic relations that have developed in different countries of the world. The experience of conducting economic relations in various states around the world shows the real features of economic systems that are somewhere between the characteristics of market and command-and-control systems.

2.4 Mixed economic system

Such systems are called mixed - those in which the distribution of resources occurs both at the decision of the government and taking into account the decisions of private individuals. In this case, private property exists in the country along with the state, the economy is managed not only through the presence of a system of markets, but also because of the measures taken by the state. Examples of this type of economic system can be the former socialist countries, which, with pronounced directive features of management, assumed the existence of a certain market structure within the country. Although incomes in the state are also very unevenly distributed, the country seeks to reduce the negative tendencies of a purely capitalist economy and provide support to some poor sections of the population by creating favorable conditions for their livelihoods.

It is typical for many modern states, examples of which are the USA, Russia, China, France, Sweden, Japan, Great Britain.

Ultimately, we define the functions of the state in a mixed economy:

1. Support for state-owned enterprises (public sector of the economy)

2. Investing in education, science, culture, etc.

3. The impact of government agencies on the redistribution of resources necessary to stimulate the economy and prevent unemployment and crises

4. Creation of a financial system engaged in the redistribution of income with the help of the tax system and funds of centralized funds.

Thus, the advantages of a mixed economic system:

1. Typically, the model is characterized by economic growth or stability (hence political stability)

2. The state ensures the protection of competition and limits the creation of monopolies

3. The state provides guarantees of social protection of the population

4. Encourage innovation

5. Investing in education, culture, science

The cons in this case are:

The need to develop development models in accordance with national specifics, the lack of universal models.

To date, many countries have established a mixed economic system. In different countries, the very concept of a mixed economy may have minor differences, that is, it can be represented in different models. They may differ in the degree of private sector autonomy and government intervention.

3. Models of economic systems

3.1 Swedish model

The concept of a mixed economy in the aggregate sense implies the combination and interaction of key forms of ownership: private and state. Nevertheless, in the Swedish model of a mixed economy, one more form is added - cooperative. Sweden, unlike other states, managed to achieve the maximum productivity of their combination.

In Sweden, the private sector plays a significant role in the production of goods and services. It should be noted that within its framework, large capital is allocated, which occupies a dominant position in the sectors that determine the specialization of production and exports, primarily in the manufacturing industry. The monopolization of production in this country is considerably high.

The public sector in Sweden plays an important role - it accumulates and redistributes significant funds for socio-economic purposes. Two levels of ownership are considered here: central and local. While constituting a single whole in terms of their form of ownership, they differ significantly in their place in the economic sphere and in their scale.

A distinction must be made between the public sector and state property. A distinctive feature of the Swedish model is a significant difference in the size of this property among developed countries, that is, the share of state property, which refers to enterprises owned by the state in part or in whole, is extremely low in Sweden, while the country occupies a leading position among developed countries in terms of size. public sector, which is characterized as the amount of government intervention in the economy. State ownership is carried out in the form of joint-stock companies or state enterprises. The latter belong to the state, but have sufficient freedom and responsibility in matters of financing (including pricing policy) and employment. Some state-owned companies are specialized in performing certain functions, such as regulating a monopoly.

Cooperatives are divided into production and consumer. They are especially prevalent in the agricultural sector, retail trade, housing construction and some other sectors of economic activity, for example, they predominate in the production of milk, meat and other food products, as well as in the pulp and paper industry.

What helps Sweden to ensure its stable development, high standard of living and social guarantees for the citizens of the country for such a long time in the absence of social upheavals and acute conflicts in the political sphere?

The main principle of the Swedish model is a cooperative culture.

In the economic sphere, the main significance is high competitiveness in industry, based on the creation of a special sector in the economy.

In the social sphere - the increasing role of the human factor among the traditional factors of production, such as labor, land and capital. This Swedish type of social organization provides a high level of economic efficiency and high living standards for people.

Of course, Sweden cannot be called an exception in terms of the formation of a unique socio-economic model; rather, it can be described as the Swedish version of the “welfare state”, although transformed in a new way.

3.2 American model

The American model of the mixed economy acts as true private economic freedom, coupled with a significant share of state regulation. The main feature of this model is the relatively small size of the public sector in the economy. In the United States, the share of participation in economic decision-making of individuals, enterprises and the state is about the same.

In the public sector, there are two main levels - federal governments, as well as states and local governments.

The most important mechanism of state regulation in the US economy is the federal budget. The government applies such regulation to avoid crises and to stimulate the population to maintain economic growth rates.

Thus, the state in the American model regulates the economy through legislative, tax and monetary policy.

The main characteristics of the American mixed economy model are:

a) Free markets, that is, markets can operate without undue interference from the state, namely the government.

b) Private property. Individuals and legal entities have the right to private property.

c) competition. Competitive relations between producers of goods and services provide better quality goods and services at lower prices.

d) consumer sovereignty. Consumers themselves determine what goods and services will be produced.

In combining these factors of private economic freedom and government regulation, the end result is an economy that favors wealth accumulation as long as it is done fairly.

Thus, the American mixed economy model is a liberal market-capitalist model that prioritizes the role of private property, the market-competitive mechanism, capitalist motivations, and a high level of social differentiation.

economic system model

3.3 German model

The German model is a model of a social market economy, which links the expansion of competitive principles with the creation of a special social infrastructure that alleviates the shortcomings of the market and capital, with the formation of a multi-layered institutional structure of subjects of social policy.

In Germany, the state does not set economic goals - this is the authority of individual market relations - but creates reliable legal and social conditions in order to implement economic initiatives. Such framework conditions are embodied in civil society and the social equality of individuals (equality of rights, starting opportunities and legal protection). They actually consist of two main parts: civil and economic law, on the one hand, and a system of measures to maintain a competitive environment, on the other.

The main goal of the state is to guarantee a balance between market efficiency and social justice. The interpretation of the state as a source and protector of the legal norms governing economic activity and competitive conditions does not go beyond the Western economic tradition.

The German model, which combines the market with a high degree of state interventionism, has the following distinguishing features:

Individual freedom as a condition for the functioning of market mechanisms and decentralized decision-making. In turn, this condition is ensured by an active state policy of maintaining competition;

Social equality - the market distribution of income is determined by the amount of capital invested or the amount of individual effort, while achieving relative equality requires vigorous social policy. Social policy is based on the search for compromises between groups with opposing interests, as well as on the direct participation of the state in the provision of social benefits, for example, in housing construction;

Counter-cyclical regulation;

Stimulation of technological and organizational innovations;

Structural policy implementation;

Protection and encouragement of competition. The listed features of the German model are derived from the fundamental principles of the social market economy, the first of which is the organic unity of the market and the state.

Thus, each model has its own distinctive features. Let's try to analyze what kind of economic system has developed in our country.

4. Features of the economic system in Russia

After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Boris Yeltsin, who is also the first Russian president, comes to power. During this period, the economy in Russia was planned and experienced a crisis. In order to overcome economic problems, attempts were made to transform Russia's planned economy into a free market one. The Russian economy was not ready for such a radical change, due to its stagnation before the arrival of B. Yeltsin.

Despite the variety of attempts, at present it is not possible to achieve the desired effect. As a result, the Russian economy is at a crossroads between planned and market economies, therefore, it cannot be called mixed. Many scientists define it as transitional. However, it is still endowed with some characteristic features of a mixed economic system.

In fact, the Russian model of a mixed economy is still in the process of formation. Perhaps, it will certainly combine the most optimal features of other mixed economy models and the distinctive national features of the economy. Such a model should be based on the following principles:

1) Variety of forms of ownership. According to many experts, Russia needs a public-private economic system, both the public and private sectors should have approximately the same share;

2) Variety of forms of entrepreneurial activity. This follows from the various forms of ownership listed above;

3) Mixed economic mechanism of economic regulation. Previously, the converter thought that in the development of a market economy, the main criterion is to reduce the role of the state in the socio-economic life of society. Today the general opinion has changed. It is believed that in order to bring the Russian economy out of the crisis and create decent conditions for stable economic growth, it is necessary to increase the role of the state in managing the economy;

4) The variety of forms of distribution of the national product. The distribution mechanism must combine ranking by labor, property, and through public consumption funds.

Thus, the specificity of the Russian model of a mixed economy lies in the following: since a public-private economic system is being formed here, where the state plays the role of a conductor, and state ownership systematizes property relations. In addition, the state must reflect public authority and express public interests, on the one hand, among the interests of private owners and state property entities, entrepreneurs, managers, wage workers and others, that is, all sectors of society.

On the other hand, the institution of public authority differs significantly from property. Its subject represents a certain public whole as a separate aggregate person of the citizens of the state, standing above private law subjects of private property. The objects of the rights of public power are not objects of private property, but its subjects, through which the state, as a spokesman for public power, influences private property without owning it.

However, it is impossible to say with complete certainty that the Russian model of a mixed economy is officially recognized, since there are a large number of opinions on this matter.

Now Russia is just moving from a command economy to a market economy, so it faced the problem of which model of market economy development should be followed.

The transition to the market is a very complex and lengthy process. Russia must go through the difficult path of defining its priorities in all areas and at all levels of society and economy in order to form a national structure of its economy that meets market requirements. After all, it should not only merge into the modern world economy, but also predict its role and place in the global division of labor.

From the work done, we can draw a significant conclusion that the Russian economic system is quite promising. However, it has great potential and "space" for further development. Having carefully understood, we can draw conclusions regarding each criterion of the modern economic system:

By production method the Russian Federation is a capitalist country;

The form of organization of production is dominated by a market economy, which has headed for the transition to a mixed economy;

In terms of the level of development of productive forces, Russia is a post-industrial country;

Finally, in terms of the degree of interaction with the environment, our country has an open economic system, as evidenced by a large number of trade and other agreements between other world states.

Summarizing the above material, we can conclude that a mixed economy, despite its specific features and shortcomings, is able to offer a solution to important economic and other problems.

Conclusion

The central problem of any modern economy is to ensure economic growth. But without clear rules and their exact implementation, it is impossible to solve a single problem.

An economic system is understood as a complex, ordered set of all economic relations and types of economic activity of a society, carried out in the forms of certain production and social relations and social institutions, the purpose of which is to satisfy the needs of society in material goods and services. The economic system consists of certain parts and components, without which it cannot exist. There are a lot of components of the economic system and this characteristic systems is crucial in the comparative analysis of different systems.

Depending on the forms of ownership underlying the economic system, the following types of economic systems can be distinguished: traditional, market, administrative-command and mixed.

Each system implies its own national models of economic organization, as countries differ in their history, level of economic development, social and national conditions. Thus, the administrative-command system is characterized by the Soviet model, the Chinese model, and others. The main representatives of the mixed economy are Sweden, the USA and Germany.

By studying these models, a model of Russia's development is being developed. And this does not mean a complete copying of someone else's experience. This is used only for its creative use, and, most importantly, certain conditions that have developed in the country must be taken into account.

For the formation of the Russian state, a centralized authority is needed, which will be able to monitor the activities of any institutions and make corrections to their work. Market mechanisms are especially harmful in the areas relating specifically to human, social factors in the life of society as a whole.

No system in its pure form is capable of meeting all the desires and needs of society. And only the correct combination of several economic mechanisms in special proportions can bring us as close as possible to the fulfillment of the main economic tasks.

However, currently in Russia there is a transitional economic system, consisting of elements of the administrative-command system, the market economy of the era of free competition and the modern market system.

An important feature of the system is missing - its relative stability. After all, everything in the economic life of Russia is in motion, has a transitional character.

The final choice of a specific model of the transition system, and even more so the model of a modern market economy in Russia, will ultimately be determined by the balance of political forces in the country, the nature of the reforms being carried out, the scale and effectiveness of reform support by the international community, as well as historical traditions.

Thus, the study of various types and models of economic systems allows one to navigate the economy of the world as a whole. Knowledge distinctive features This or that economy of a particular country helps to form their own opinion about the advantages and disadvantages of each of them.

List of used literature

1. Aganbegyan A.G. Socio-economic development of Russia - 4th edition. - M.: Delo, 2011 - 425 p.

2. Bazyleva N.I., Gurko S.P. Economic theory: Textbook. - M.: BSEU, 2011 - 557 p.

3. Balikoev V.Z. General Economic Theory: Textbook. - M .: LLC "Publishing house of YuKEA", 2005 - 213 p.

4. Bardovsky V.P., Rudakova O.V., Samorodova E.M. - M.: ID Forum, Infra-M, 2011 - 323 p.

5. Barkhatov V.I. Economic theory: textbook. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2013 - 387 p.

6. Borisov E.F. Economic theory: A textbook for universities. - M.: "Jurist", 2005 - 245 p.

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8. Bushuev S.A., Grebenik V.V. Economic theory: Textbook for university students. - M.: International Academy of Evaluation and Consulting, 2007 - 315 p.

9. Voitov A.G. Economics: General course. - M.: Information and implementation center "Marketing", 2006 - 444 p.

10. Volkov A.M. Sweden: socio-economic model. - M., 2009 - 355 p.

11. Introduction to economic theory / Ed. N.M. Pilipenko. - M.: Modern Humanitarian University, 2007 - 515 p.

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29. Shevchenko B.I. Fundamentals of the formation of a mixed economy in Russia. - M.: Mosk. state Linguist. University, 2011 - 395 p.

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