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Kazan (Privolzhsky) Federal University. History Kazan State University during the Revolution

REPORT ON THE HISTORY OF TATARSTAN

"KAZAN UNIVERSITY"

10 "G" class. School 132

Completed by: Shigabutdinov Adel

Augustus Great-Grandmother of Blessed Memory Our Sovereign Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, walking along the paths of the great Transformer of Russia, among other glorious deeds, was pleased to found a Gymnasium in Kazan in 1758 and grant her some rights, shortly before that, granted to Moscow University. Assuming, in accordance with the enlightenment of the present times, to establish a University in this very place in order to make the existence of this beneficent institution forever inviolable and give it the opportunity to achieve the important purpose of educating useful citizens in the service of the Fatherland and disseminating the necessary knowledge in it.

Alexander I

Kazan 2002

Kazan University.

In the first years of the 19th century, an event of great importance took place in the life of Kazan: on November 5, 1804, a decision was made to open a university in the city - the third in the country.

Among the numerous exhibits of the KSU museum there is a document of particular value - the affirmative letter of the Imperial Kazan University, signed by Alexander I on November 5, 1804. has become a truly university relic.

In a green velvet case, embroidered with gold thread, with a hanging State seal, with a full imperial title, it opens the museum's exposition. It has 9 pages, each of which is a true work of design art; an unknown artist with great taste and skill executed both the text itself, decorated with the most beautiful ornament, and the images of the double-headed eagle and the coats of arms of Russian cities. But the significance of this document is not only and not so much in its external form, but in its content. The diploma includes 21 articles, which set out the tasks, rights and foundations of the university. It opens with an indication of the purpose of founding the University in Kazan:

"Our Sovereign Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, of blessed memory, walking along the paths of the great Transformer of Russia, among other glorious deeds, deigned to found a Gymnasium in Kazan in 1758 and grant her some rights, shortly before that, granted to Moscow University. Assuming, in accordance with the enlightenment of the present times, in in this very place to establish a University in order to make the existence of this beneficent institution forever inviolable and give it the opportunity to achieve the important purpose of educating useful citizens in the service of the Fatherland and spreading the necessary knowledge in it.

"The Imperial Kazan University will remain an estate of scholars, which, under Our direct patronage, will be governed on the basis of the Charter, approved by Us on this day."
“In it,” the next paragraph says, “sciences will be taught throughout the space, both general, necessary for each person, and special, serving to educate a citizen for various types of public service.”

In conclusion:

“Thus affirming Our Imperial Diploma and protecting the well-being of the Imperial Kazan University, we hope that the Administration and its members, zealous for the fulfillment of Our intentions, will not lose sight of anything in order to deliver to this Estate a complete and uninterrupted effect for the benefit of the District, to which it is given by the center, and large for the benefit of Our other dearest loyal subjects of all ranks. In this hope, We deigned to sign this Letter, as evidence of Our immutable will, with our own hands and ordered, having approved it with the State seal, to give it to the University for safekeeping forever. "

The document is signed by the Minister of Public Education Count P. Zavadovsky. February 11, 1805 The diploma was delivered to Kazan by the trustee of the Kazan educational district, a well-known astronomer, vice-president of the Imperial Academy of Sciences S.Ya. Rumovsky.

Three days later, on February 14, the first meeting of the Council was held in the hall of the gymnasium, which was attended by the teachers of the gymnasium, appointed by the trustee professors and adjuncts at the opening university. S.Ya. Rumovsky made a short speech, congratulating those present on the greatest event - the opening of the university, and then, having personally read the Letter of Approval, handed it to the Council.

Every year, on November 4, during public meetings on the occasion of the birthday of Kazan University, the Certificate of Approval, together with the Charter, was taken out to the assembly hall, installed on the table in front of the portrait of Alexander I, commissioned by S.Ya. Rumovsky by the artist Racetu in 1806. The founder of the university was depicted in full growth at the moment of signing the Letter of Approval and the Charter. For more than a century, the emperor's portrait adorned the assembly hall. If the very opening of the university in February 1805. passed in a very modest atmosphere, then 10 years later - on July 5, 1814. - the act of complete opening of the university was celebrated widely and solemnly.

The charter provided for the creation of four departments (faculties) at the university: moral and political sciences, physical and mathematical, medical or medical, verbal sciences with a department of oriental languages; 28 professors, 12 adjuncts, 3 lecturers and 3 "pleasant arts" teachers. But in fact, no faculties and departments existed at first. And the first 33 students had to listen to lectures on Russian literature and trigonometry, Roman law and botany, medicine and philosophy. They studied with great enthusiasm, inspired by the belief that the Russian land can give birth to its own "Platons and quick-witted Newtons."

And it became a reality. Already the first students of the university were the future major representatives of science and culture of Russia: writer S. T. Aksakov, brothers academicians D. M. and V. M. Perevoshchikov, professors P. S. Kondyrev (political economist), A. V. Kaisarov (physicist ), V. I. Timyansky (naturalist). In subsequent years, among the graduates of the university were the great Russian mathematician N. I. Lobachevsky, the famous astronomer and traveler I. M. Simonov and many other scientists who won fame for domestic science and brought world fame to the university.

Difficult times came for the university, when in 1819 an extreme reactionary and obscurantist M. L. Magnitsky was appointed first as an auditor, and then as a trustee of the Kazan educational district. As a result of the revision, he proposed to “publicly destroy” the university altogether. “Why destroy, you can fix it,” Alexander I inscribed his “merciful” resolution on the obscurantist’s report.

And the era of "correction" is coming. Nine professors were fired due to "unreliability", all subjects (even mathematics) began to be taught on the basis of "piety", with the exposure of "false reason". official instructions demanded "that the spirit of liberty neither openly nor covertly weaken the teachings of the Church in the teaching of the sciences of philosophy and history." An atmosphere of universal surveillance begins to reign in the university - both professors and students, the works of Voltaire and Diderot are removed from the library.

Beginning in 1826, after the dismissal of Magnitsky, the university began to recover from the ills of a terrible time. This was connected, first of all, with the activities of Professor N. I. Lobachevsky, who was elected rector in 1827. He held this position until 1846. But even later he was related to university life, being in 1846-1855 an assistant trustee of the Kazan educational district. He was destined to become a true builder of the university, its talented leader.

Under the leadership of N. I. Lobachevsky, the construction of the entire complex of university buildings was completed, and they were equipped with the necessary equipment for scientific and educational work. He established the activities of the university printing house, organized the first scientific periodical - "Scientific Notes of Kazan University", which began to appear in 1834 and soon turned into one of the best scientific journals in Russia.

The materialist philosopher N. I. Lobachevsky adhered to advanced pedagogical views. He outlined them in the famous act speech "On the most important subjects of education", delivered at a solemn meeting on July 5, 1828. The ideas of advanced materialist philosophers are clearly felt in it. “We are already living in times when hardly a shadow of ancient scholasticism roams the universities,” proclaimed the scientist. “Here, entering this institution, youth will not hear empty words without any thought, only sounds without any meaning. Here they teach what really exists, and not what is known only to idle minds.

In the era of Nikolai "Palkin", in an era when Griboedov's Skalozub threatened to "give a sergeant major in Voltaire" to every university, N. I. Lobachevsky spoke prophetically, proudly and boldly about the triumph of human reason. “Man was born to be the master, ruler, king of nature,” he argued. “But the wisdom with which he should rule from his hereditary throne is not given to him from birth: it is acquired by learning.” Not nobility, not royal service, not blind obedience, not money - the main thing in life. The main thing is in teaching, in understanding and subordinating the laws of nature.

Pedagogical thoughts about the education of citizens useful to the fatherland, scientists who transform science, were actively used in educational work. How many inquisitive minds N. I. Lobachevsky became the "godfather" on the way to science! He encouraged A. M. Butlerov and N. I. Zinin during their first scientific steps, predicting a great future for them. In the clerk of the bookstore, N. A. Bolzani, who did not even graduate from the gymnasium, he saw the future professor of physics at the university. And there are many such examples.

N. I. Lobachevsky deeply understood the need for the all-round development of science, and sought to create the necessary conditions for this. Scientific schools are beginning to form at the university, discoveries are being made in it, which are forever inscribed in golden letters in the annals of world science. The great mathematician was the first to set an example of how to abandon outdated views and really solve the most complex scientific problems in a revolutionary way.

On February 11, 1826, at the university, N. I. Lobachevsky publicly read his note “ concise statement began geometry on parallel lines, which marked the birth of a new, non-Euclidean geometry. For more than two millennia, the undivided idea of the only correct geometry - the geometry of Euclid - turned out to be refuted.

Subsequently, N. I. Lobachevsky developed his geometry in detail in a number of printed works. The first of them - "On the Principles of Geometry" was published in 1829 - 1830 in the Kazan Bulletin. Later, he continued to develop various aspects of his theory, which resulted in his fundamental monographs "Imaginary Geometry", "New Beginnings of Geometry with a Complete Theory of Parallels", "Pangeometry".

The ideas of the great mathematician, far ahead of the science of that time, were not understood by his contemporaries. Only university professor P. I. Kotelnikov noted in his speech in 1842 that the “amazing work” of the innovator-mathematician would sooner or later find its connoisseurs. General recognition came to N. I. Lobachevsky after his death. His discovery led to important results not only in the development of mathematics, but also in a number of other sciences, putting his name on a par with such geniuses as Archimedes, Newton, Copernicus, Lomonosov.

The astronomer I. M. Simonov brought great fame to the university. He was the only scientist among the participants in the round-the-world expedition of F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev in 1819-1821, which discovered Antarctica. According to him The scientific world got acquainted with the results of important observations made during the expedition through the works “A word on the success of the Vostok and Mirny sloops sailing near the world”, “On the temperature difference in the southern and northern hemispheres” and others. Scientific research brought I. M. Simonov worldwide fame. He was elected a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an honorary member of many Russian and foreign scientific institutions.

The Kazan school of chemists played an outstanding role in the development of domestic science. Its first success is associated with the name of N. N. Zinin, who in 1842 obtained aniline from nitrobenzene. This discovery soon became known throughout Europe, it was of great importance for the development of aniline and pharmaceutical industry. “Russian chemistry owes Zinin its entry into an independent life,” wrote A. M. Butlerov. “... His works for the first time forced scientists to give Russian chemistry a place of honor.”

Two years later, chemists from many countries again uttered the word "Kazan": Professor K.K. Klaus discovered here a new chemical element - ruthenium. "Ruthenium" in Latin means "Russian". K. K. Klaus said that he named the new element in honor of his fatherland.

The discoveries of N. N. Zinin’s student, A. M. Butlerov, confirmed that the chemical laboratory of the university had become the center of the country’s chemical thought. A. M. Butlerov is credited with creating the theory chemical structure organic substances. This theory was destined to play in organic chemistry the same role that the periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev played in inorganic chemistry. The studies of A. M. Butlerov opened the way for the synthesis of new organic substances, laid the foundation for modern organic chemistry.

The glorious traditions of Kazan chemists V. V. Markovnikov, A. M. Zaitsev, and F. M. Flavitsky continued with success. Astronomer M. A. Kovalsky, mathematicians V. G. Imshenetsky, A. P. Kotelnikov, F. M. Suvorov, P. S. Poretsky, mechanic I. S. Gromeka and others worked fruitfully.

The Kazan medical school became famous for its brilliant successes. Back in the 1950s, E.F. Aristov conducted a number of original studies, trying to unravel the structure of the brain. The school itself is formed by the work of the therapist - clinician N. A. Vinogradov, histologist K. A. Arshtein, physiologist N. O. Kovalevsky. In the 80s, the name of Professor E. V. Adamyuk even became a household name: the people affectionately called all the oculist doctors in the city “adamyuks”. Kazan, - wrote the Volzhsky Courier newspaper, - has become a place of pilgrimage for thousands of patients and, it seems, there was no more famous name among doctors among the population of eastern Russia, like the name of Adamyuk. The fundamental work of Professor E. V. Adamyuk essentially created Russian ophthalmology.

The founder of experimental psychology in Russia was V. M. Bekhterev, who organized a psychophysiological laboratory at the university. His observations are summarized in the fundamental work Fundamentals of the Teaching of Brain Functions. Outstanding research in the field of physiology was done by Professor N. A. Mislavsky, in the field of electrophysiology - by Professor A. F. Samoilov, who widely used in the study of the heart and central nervous system electrophysiological method.

Professor-geologist N. A. Golovkinsky was the first to intensively study the geology of the Volga-Kama region; he was the founder of the doctrine of facies, having developed the problem of the relationship between the layers of various geological horizons. In the 70s, the Kazan school of geologists was formed, represented by such prominent scientists as A. A. Shtukenberg, P. I. Krotov, M. E. Noinsky, M. E. Yaneshevsky. The founders of the geobotanical school were S. I. Korzhinsky and A. Ya. Gordyagin.

The works of Orientalists have also received worldwide recognition: the Arabist Kh. , Mongolists O. M. Kovalevsky and A. V. Popov. The fame of Kazan linguists was brought by the studies of I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay, as well as V. A. Bogoroditsky, the founder of experimental phonetics.

Kazan University played a huge role in the cultural development of the region and many other regions of the country. Here it should be said that the composition of the Kazan educational district at first included all the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, the Caucasus, the Penza and Tambov provinces. Only after 1825 did its territory shrink somewhat.

The university library played an important role in the development of culture and education. Already in the 1920s, it became public, accessible to everyone. Soon a special "reading room" for periodicals was organized in it. The university subscribed to about 50 Russian, French, German, English newspapers and magazines.

In 1806, a society of lovers of Russian literature was organized in Kazan. At first, it included only teachers and students of the university, but soon lovers of literature from Nizhny Novgorod, Perm, Astrakhan and other cities of the Volga region and the Urals became its members. The company successfully developed its activities. In 1817, the first volume of his works, an almanac, was published, in which the works of about twenty authors were published.

In 1811, the publishing committee of the university began to publish Kazanskiye Izvestia, the first provincial newspaper in Russia. It came out once a week, publishing reports on international and domestic life, scientific articles, historical and ethnographic materials, and literary works. The first literary magazine in the Volga region "Zavolzhsky ant" was also published in 1832-1834 by the university staff.

Since 1821, instead of "Kazanskiye Izvestiya", the university began to publish the magazine "Kazansky Vestnik" and, as an appendix to it, the weekly newspaper "Additions to the Kazansky Vestnik". Thanks to the well-equipped university printing house, Kazan has become one of the largest book publishing centers in the country.

The university has trained many talented teachers. Among them was the father of V. I. Lenin - I. N. Ulyanov, who brilliantly graduated from the university in 1854 and devoted his whole life to educating the working people.

The tsarist government, opening a university in Kazan, set as its goal to turn it into a stronghold of Russification and Christianization, into a center for training devoted personnel. Advanced humanist scientists saw their task differently. They believed that the university should be a center for the development of science, education and enlightenment of peoples of various nationalities, the study of their history, language and literature. An important role in becoming such a center was played by the Eastern category, where the departments of Arabic and Persian, Mongolian, Armenian, Sanskrit, Manchu languages, as well as the Turkish-Tatar department were created.

Although the tsarist government in every possible way limited the admission of people of other nationalities to the university, contemptuously treating them as "foreigners", Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Buryats, Mongols still got into it. Of course, these were few, but they were the first representatives of their peoples who received higher education. One of the remarkable students of the Eastern category was Dorji Banzarov, the first Buryat scientist, a well-known democratic educator.

University professor K. F. Fuchs was called one of the first people who connected "the Russian and Tatar people with close ties of commonwealth." And there is no exaggeration in this: K. F. Fuchs was the first researcher of the life of the Kazan Tatars, he introduced the Russian reader to the Tatar folk poetry.

The university has done a lot to strengthen the friendship between the two fraternal peoples. A prominent Tatar scientist and educator I. Khalfin, who was the first of the Tatars to be awarded the title of adjutant, worked fruitfully in it. He was the author of many works and publications of great scientific value. With the help of N. I. Lobachevsky, the Tatar peasant M. G. Makhmudov also became teachers of the university.

Selfless generous help and support to the outstanding Tatar educator-democrat K. Nasyri. He was a friend of many of them, actively participated in the activities of the Society for Archeology, History and Ethnography. The same can be said about such prominent representatives of the Tatar people as G. Ilyasi, Sh. Marjani, Kh. Fayezkhanov. Dozens of historical and literary monuments, textbooks for Tatar schools, philosophical and other scientific works were published in the printing house of the university. The first books printed in it were F. Volkov's brochure "On the inoculation of cowpox", published in the Tatar language, and "ABC and Grammar Tatar language».

Kazan University played an important role in the development of the revolutionary liberation movement in Russia. The revolutionary spirit among his students was especially strong. Already in the forties, a secret political circle was operating here. The well-known revolutionary V. V. Bervi-Flerovsky, recalling his student years in Kazan, spoke about the arrival in the city of three envoys from the St. Petersburg circle of M. V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky and about their influence on students. These memories are echoed by the inspector's denunciations about "secret gatherings" of students.

Leading scientists had a great influence on the formation of revolutionary ideology among students. Among them was the outstanding democrat educator D. I. Meyer, who worked at the Department of Civil Law. In his lectures, he angrily denounced serfdom, the inequality of estates. One of the students wrote about his lectures: “Meyer’s memories of the Ostsee region and the irritation with which he spoke about the miserable condition of the peasants cut into my memory ... Such a sincere, truthful, met protest for the first time opened my eyes to many things that had not been noticed before that time” .

In April 1849, in his final lecture, D. I. Meyer made a fiery appeal to his students: “Premonition does not deceive me - I believe in the proximity of a revolution in the inner life of our fatherland. Everyone who has a human heart involuntarily realizes all the absurdity of serfdom ... I do not even allow the thought that you students of the university would ever become accomplices in the shameful trade in justice ... every step, at every moment of his life, without stopping at any difficulties or sacrifices.

The words of D. I. Meyer left few people indifferent. It was under his influence that a student of the university, Leo Tolstoy, developed a sharply negative attitude towards serfdom. Under the leadership of a professor-democrat, the future great writer wrote coursework.

Students begin to participate in open political protests against the tsarist authorities. One of the first such speeches was their petition demanding the resignation of Professor of Physiology W. F. Bervey, who in his lectures opposed the invasion of materialism in the "sanctuary of science." The students got their way: the unlucky professor had to resign.

The idol of the students was the professor of history, a convinced democrat A.P. Shchapov. He taught at the university for less than a year, but his memory remained in the hearts of students for a long time. Already his first lecture, devoted to the history of the Russian people, evoked thunderous applause. It sounded like the apotheosis of the Decembrists' activities. G. V. Plekhanov rightly called this lecture “almost the only one in the history of our universities” a phenomenon of this kind in that era.

Lectures by A.P. Shchapov called the students to serve the people, to fight for their rights, his words did not differ from deeds. This was vividly proved in 1861, when the tsarist authorities massacred unarmed peasants in the village of Bezdna, which outraged all progressive Russia. This event also excited the Kazan students. At a numerous memorial service in memory of the victims who fell at the hands of the tsarist punishers, the fiery words of A.P. Shchapov were heard. “And you, friends, are the first ... - he said, - fell as expiatory victims of despotism for the freedom long awaited by all the people. You were the first to disturb our sleep, destroyed by your initiative our unfair doubt that our people are not capable of initiating political movements ... The land that you cultivated, the fruits of which you fed us, which you now wanted to acquire as property and which accepted you as martyrs into its bowels, - this land will call the people to rebellion and freedom.”

The words of A.P. Shchapov spread all over Russia. No wonder A. I. Herzen wrote in Kolokol in 1861: “As soon as it smells of fresh air, healthy, promising spring, then it is probably from the Urals or from Kazan, from Kyiv or Kharkov ...”. Shchapov was taken away from Kazan under the supervision of gendarmes.

The “Kazan conspiracy” of 1863, when students took part in the preparation of an armed peasant uprising against tsarism, showed how strong the Shchapov traditions were at the university. “The moral charm of Shchapov’s personality, his fiery speech to students of the need to study the Russian peasant, his needs, his mental enlightenment made them true democrats, fighters for the rights of the oppressed and humiliated,” wrote I. M. Krasnoperov, one of the participants in the student liberation movement.

About ten years have passed - and again Kazan University has riveted the attention of all of Russia. This time, it was connected with the Lesgaft case.

P.F. Lesgaft was elected to the chair of anatomy in 1868. From the very first steps of his activity, he showed himself to be a consistent democratic scientist, an opponent of the reactionary policy of tsarism in the field of education.

In January 1871, a royal decree was issued on "not allowing females to listen to lectures together with students." However, in the classrooms where the outstanding scientist taught, more and more girls began to appear who decided to devote themselves to medicine. Among them was Vra Figner, the future famous revolutionary.

A democrat by conviction, P.F. Lesgaft could not put up with the policy of tsarism, which sought to turn the university into an institution for the training of officials loyal to it. He publicly spoke out against this in Peterburgskie Vedomosti, exposing the arbitrariness perpetrated at Kazan University by the trustee Shestakov. Then he published another article sharply criticizing the order that had developed at the university. The authorities could no longer endure this: P.F. Lesgaft was removed from teaching and dismissed from the university. In solidarity with him, professors N. A. Golovkinsky, A. Ya. Danilevsky, V. G. Imshenetsky, V.V. Markovnikov, A. I. Yakobiy, A. E. Golubev and P. I. Levitsky resigned.

So year by year the reputation of "unreliable" was strengthened behind the Kazan University. The revolutionary spirit is especially strengthened in it in an epoch when the proletariat enters the arena of the class struggle. The progressive students strive to help him. The time has come to study Marxism.

On August 13, 1887, Vladimir Ulyanov was enrolled as a first-year student at the law faculty of the university. On this day, a new page in the history of the university was opened. After all, it was precisely here that the great leader of the proletariat embarked on the path of direct revolutionary struggle, took the first step into the revolution.

On December 4, 1887, the famous student gathering took place at Kazan University, the echo of which sounded throughout Russia and beyond. Among the most active participants and leaders of the gathering was Vladimir Ulyanov.

The university was called the pride of Kazan by the poet. And by right: already in the pre-revolutionary period, he earned fame for the city with scientific discoveries and rich traditions of the liberation struggle. The university has increased this fame significantly in subsequent years.

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REPORT ON THE HISTORY OF TATARSTAN

"KAZAN UNIVERSITY"

10 "G" class. School 132

Completed by: Shigabutdinov Adel

Alexander I

Kazan 2002

Kazan University.

“Our Sovereign Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, of blessed memory, walking along the paths of the great Transformer of Russia, among other glorious deeds, was pleased to found a Gymnasium in Kazan in 1758 and grant her some rights, shortly before that, granted to Moscow University. Assuming, in accordance with the enlightenment of the present times, to establish a University in this very place, in order to make the existence of this beneficial institution forever inviolable and give it the opportunity to achieve the important purpose of educating useful citizens in the service of the Fatherland and spreading the necessary knowledge in it.

“The Imperial Kazan University will remain an estate of scholars, which, under Our direct patronage, will be governed on the basis of the Charter, approved by Us on this day.”
“In it,” the next paragraph says, “sciences will be taught throughout the space, both general, necessary for each person, and special, serving to educate a citizen for various types of public service.”

In conclusion:

“So affirming Our Imperial Diploma and protecting the well-being of the Imperial Kazan University, we hope that the Administration and its members, zealous for the fulfillment of Our intentions, will not lose sight of anything in order to deliver to this Estate a complete and uninterrupted effect for the benefit of the District, to which it is given by the center, and large for the benefit of Our other most kind loyal subjects of all ranks. In this hope, We favored the present Letter, as evidence of Our immutable will, to sign with our own hands and commanded, having approved it with the State seal, to give it to the University for safekeeping forever.

And the era of "correction" is coming. Nine professors were fired due to "unreliability", all subjects (even mathematics) began to be taught on the basis of "piety", with the exposure of "false reason". Official instructions demanded "that the spirit of liberty neither openly nor covertly weaken the teachings of the Church in the teaching of the sciences of philosophy and history." An atmosphere of universal surveillance begins to reign in the university - both professors and students, the works of Voltaire and Diderot are removed from the library.

On February 11, 1826, at the university, N. I. Lobachevsky publicly read his note “A Concise Presentation of the Principles of Geometry on Parallel Lines”, which marked the birth of a new, non-Euclidean geometry. For more than two millennia, the undivided idea of the only correct geometry - the geometry of Euclid - turned out to be refuted.

The astronomer I. M. Simonov brought great fame to the university. He was the only scientist among the participants in the round-the-world expedition of F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev in 1819-1821, which discovered Antarctica. According to his works “A word about the success of the voyage of the Vostok and Mirny sloops around the world”, “On the temperature difference in the southern and northern hemispheres” and others, the scientific world got acquainted with the results of important observations made during the expedition. Scientific research brought I. M. Simonov worldwide fame. He was elected a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an honorary member of many Russian and foreign scientific institutions.

The Kazan school of chemists played an outstanding role in the development of domestic science. Its first success is associated with the name of N. N. Zinin, who in 1842 obtained aniline from nitrobenzene. This discovery soon became known throughout Europe, it was of great importance for the development of the aniline and pharmaceutical industries. “Russian chemistry owes Zinin its entry into an independent life,” wrote A. M. Butlerov. “... His works for the first time forced scientists to give Russian chemistry a place of honor.”

The discoveries of N. N. Zinin’s student, A. M. Butlerov, confirmed that the chemical laboratory of the university had become the center of the country’s chemical thought. A. M. Butlerov is credited with creating the theory of the chemical structure of organic substances. This theory was destined to play in organic chemistry the same role that the periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev played in inorganic chemistry. The studies of A. M. Butlerov opened the way for the synthesis of new organic substances, laid the foundation for modern organic chemistry.

The founder of experimental psychology in Russia was V. M. Bekhterev, who organized a psychophysiological laboratory at the university. His observations are summarized in the fundamental work Fundamentals of the Teaching of Brain Functions. Outstanding research in the field of physiology was done by Professor N. A. Mislavsky, in the field of electrophysiology - by Professor A. F. Samoilov, who widely used the electrophysiological method in the study of the heart and central nervous system.

Selfless generous help and support to the outstanding Tatar educator-democrat K. Nasyri. He was a friend of many of them, actively participated in the activities of the Society for Archeology, History and Ethnography. The same can be said about such prominent representatives of the Tatar people as G. Ilyasi, Sh. Marjani, Kh. Fayezkhanov. Dozens of historical and literary monuments, textbooks for Tatar schools, philosophical and other scientific works were published in the printing house of the university. The first books printed in it were F. Volkov's brochure "On cowpox inoculation", published in the Tatar language, and "ABC and grammar of the Tatar language."

The words of D. I. Meyer left few people indifferent. It was under his influence that a student of the university, Leo Tolstoy, developed a sharply negative attitude towards serfdom. Under the guidance of a professor-democrat, the future great writer wrote a term paper.

About ten years have passed - and again Kazan University has riveted the attention of all of Russia. This time, it was connected with the Lesgaft case.

List of used literature

1. "Youth of the Ancient City" 1978 Tatar book publishing house, 1978

2. Website of Kazan State University (www.ksu.ru)

3. Website "Tatarstan on the Internet" (www.kcn.ru)

Imperial Kazan University

November 5 (November 17, New Style), 1804 Alexander I signed the Letter of Approval on the founding of the Kazan Imperial University and its Charter. This date was the birthday of one of the oldest universities in Russia, which was destined to play an outstanding role in the development of national science, education and culture.

At that time, Universities, creating a cultural field around themselves, with their multifaceted activities contributed to the formation of an enlightened, creative personality, as well as the formation of a social structure that met the needs of a developing society, the tasks of the Europeanization of the country. This is what happened to Kazan. The city, its appearance began to change under the active influence of the university.

Initially, the university was located in the building of the Kazan Imperial Gymnasium, built in 1796, later three neighboring houses were purchased for the needs of the institution, which made it possible to consider this quarter as the territory of a university campus. In the 1920s, the architect Pyotr Gavrilovich Pyatnitsky erected the main building, the classic facade of which with three porticos has survived to this day. In the next decade, when Nikolay Ivanovich Lobachevsky , led by an architect Mikhail Petrovich Korinfsky architectural ensemble was created. The architect placed the anatomical theater strictly along the axis of the main building, making it the southern dominant of the entire ensemble. The buildings of the chemical laboratory and library stood symmetrically to it, and an astronomical observatory and a clinic were built in the same period.

The university campus turned into a kind of showcase of Kazan: hotels, shops, the same bookstores, pharmacies appeared - everything that was needed to serve the university public. For two centuries, this town, the harmonious core of which was a beautiful architectural ensemble in the style of Russian classicism of the 19th century, acquired new, expressive features; the complex of buildings of the out-of-town astronomical observatory is also an architectural monument.

The very location of Kazan University, its rootedness in the city, which is a kind of "crossroads" of the West and the East, predetermined its main cultural and social tasks. Initially, our university was a scientific, cultural and social center, focused primarily on the study and education of the eastern regions of the country, their inclusion in the cultural space of the entire Russian society.

The first students of the university were the best graduates of the Kazan Gymnasium. Initially, it consisted of four departments: moral and political sciences, physical and mathematical sciences, medical sciences and verbal sciences.

The first crisis moment in the life of the university was the revision Mikhail Magnitsky , who considered that "freethinking and godlessness" is too strong in Kazan. Although the auditor demanded in the report the "public destruction" of the university, Alexander the First imposed a resolution on the report. Then the Imperial Kazan University entered the era, later called the “Magnitsky era”. During this period of time, many professors were fired, and a strict barracks regime was established for students.

The main building, which is today the hallmark of Kazan University, was built in 1825, five years later the construction of the library building, chemical laboratory, anatomical theater, astronomical observatory, clinic was completed. In those years, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky became the rector of the Imperial Kazan University.

During this period, a number of scientific directions were finally formed at the university: mathematical, chemical, medical, geological, geobotanical. Thirty years later, the divisions are renamed into historical-philological, physical-mathematical, legal and medical faculties. By 1883, the Kazan Linguistic School was formed at the university.

The subject of special pride of the university from the moment of signing its affirmative letter and the Charter until 1917 is outstanding scientific achievements: the creation of non-Euclidean geometry Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky ; discovery of the chemical element ruthenium - named after Russia Karl Karlovich Klaus ; obtaining aniline, which laid the foundation for the aniline-paint industry Nikolai Nikolaevich Zinin ; creation Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov theory of the chemical structure of organic substances, which played the same role in organic chemistry as the periodic system of elements in inorganic. In addition, within the walls of Kazan University Alexander Filippovich Samoilov , the founder of the electrophysical school, for the first time in Russia recorded an electrocardiogram. The university is associated with the names of two chemical scientists - father and son Arbuzov who created a new direction in science - the chemistry of organophosphorus compounds.

Butlerov, being a student of Zinin, continued to develop the chemical school of his native university. It is thanks to him that many today call Kazan the cradle of Russian chemistry. Butlerov's theory of chemical structure arose at Kazan University not by chance. It appeared in conditions marked by intense creative searches of the Kazan chemical school, which was then the leading one in Russia. At the same time, Butlerov became an outstanding scientist not only because of his deep commitment to chemistry, but also because of the high intellectual and spiritual atmosphere that generally reigned at Kazan University in the mid-19th century. Different sciences and forms of creativity were then in a state of mutual influence and synthesis. Out of this, something new was born.

Among the names that glorified the university, it is necessary to name the astronomer Ivan Mikhailovich Simonov , the only scientist who participated in the expedition Bellingshausen And Lazareva . Simonov's research, carried out during the expedition, marked the beginning of the scientific study of Antarctica. And the success of the linguistic school Ivan Alexandrovich Baudouin de Courtenay brought Kazan University to a number of the most authoritative centers of philological science.

AND ABOUT. Brown, G.I. Solntsev, G.B. Nikolsky, K.F. Fuchs, N.I. Lobachevsky, I.M. Simonov, O.M. Kovalevsky, A.M. Butlerov, E.G. Osokin, N.A. Kremlev, N.O. Kovalevsky, N.N. Bulich, K.V. Voroshilov, D.I. Dubyago, N.P. Zagoskin, G.F. Dormidontov.

The interaction of different sciences is a distinctive feature of Kazan University as one of the leading classical universities in Russia. The geometer Lobachevsky, the chemist Butlerov, the orientalist Fren, the astronomer Simonov, the linguist Baudouin de Courtenay, and others were representatives of the same university science of this period.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, who headed Kazan University from 1827 to 1846, formulated a whole program of activity and development of the university as a center of science, pedagogical thought and culture. It is contained in his famous speech at the solemn act on July 5, 1828. The scientist put forward the idea of personality development, innovative for Russia of his time, as a decisive condition for the social process: only a sovereign personality is able to achieve " the highest degree education."

Until 1878, Kazan University was the easternmost university in the Russian Empire: its district included the Volga, Kama, Urals, Siberia and the Caucasus. With the advent of its own universities in Siberia and the Far East, the educational mission of Kazan University was not curtailed. His scientific schools, which gained worldwide fame, continued to have a beneficial effect on domestic science and education. The prediction of a famous writer and social thinker came true A.I. Herzen that Kazan University will connect the West and the East, world cultures and languages.

During the period of Lobachevsky's rectorship, the famous Eastern category of Kazan University was formed. The departments of Arabic-Persian and Turkish-Tatar, Mongolian, Chinese-Manchurian literature, Sanskrit and the Armenian language became its basis. On your long journeys Alexander Kasimovich Kazem-Bek , Osip Mikhailovich Kovalevsky , Ilya Nikolaevich Berezin , Vasily Pavlovich Vasiliev , Ibragim Iskhakovich Khalfin and others collected significant regional studies material, formed a solid fund of oriental manuscripts. They also created numerous anthologies and dictionaries, translations of Eastern authors. Archaeological, ethnographic, cultural studies were also carried out.

However, then, in the middle of the 19th century, the rise of Kazan Orientalism was interrupted artificially: in 1854, the Eastern category was transferred to St. Petersburg University, along with collections of material monuments and more than two thousand oriental books and manuscripts, professors.

Lobachevsky's legacy seriously laid the foundation for those traditions that invariably developed at Kazan University and were perceived by successive generations of university people precisely as a continuation of his work.

There are several main factors that had a decisive influence on the formation of the image and traditions of the university in the era of the Russian Empire: the ethics of Orthodoxy, updated in the form of the idea of serving the Fatherland and the Tsar (the latter idea was increasingly blurred under the influence of modernization processes, the establishment of new, democratic values); rationalism and positivism - the ideas of the New Age, which stimulated the search for objective truth, the introduction of rigorous empirical methods; the formation of scientific schools, understood as a historically established form of development of science and the implementation of its academic function, associated with the education of a scientific shift, the maintenance of a research tradition.

This is what a generalized statistical "portrait" of the university looks like. From 1805 to 1917 more than 13 thousand people graduated from it. Writers studied here Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov , Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy , poet Velimir Khlebnikov , composer Mily Alekseevich Balakirev , painter Valery Ivanovich Jacobi and others. Among the students were famous statesmen - Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov-Lenin , Alexey Ivanovich Rykov , creator of the world's first video recorder Alexander Matveevich Ponyatov .

Graduates and professors of Kazan University have played a significant role in the development of new universities in the country. medical professor Vasily Markovich Florinsky , appointed in 1885 as a trustee of the West Siberian educational district, opened Tomsk University in 1878 and supervised its initial activities. medical professor Vasily Ivanovich Razumovsky was the first rector of Saratov (1909) and Tiflis (1918) universities, in 1919 he participated in the creation of Baku University. medical professor Nikolai Dmitrievich Bushmakin took part in the organization of Irkutsk University in 1919.

At different stages of history, pupils of Kazan University headed the oldest Russian educational institutions: astronomer and mathematician Dmitry Matveyevich Perevoshchikov in 1848-1883 - Moscow University, an outstanding botanist Andrey Nikolaevich Beketov in 1876-1883 - St. Petersburg University, philologist Karl Karlovich Voigt in 1852 he was appointed rector of Kharkov University, and then headed the Kharkov educational district, geologist Nikolai Alekseevich Golovkinsky headed the Novorossiysk University from 1877 to 1881.

The imperial period of Kazan University was ended by the February revolution and the civil war, which caused serious damage to its activities. Since the summer of 1918, most of the inhabitants of Kazan left Kazan, including students and teachers of the university.

Kazan State University IN AND. Ulyanov-Lenin

In 1918, the Imperial Kazan University was transformed into Kazan State University, and after the death of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, by a decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of January 26, 1924, our university was named after him - "KSU named after V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin". This name was officially approved by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on June 29, 1925.

There were other names in the life of our university. After being awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, KSU named after. IN AND. Ulyanov-Lenin in 1955 was renamed the Kazan Order of the Red Banner of Labor State University named after V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin. Two decades later, in 1979, the university began to bear the name "Kazan Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor State University named after V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin." But since the 1990s, the university has been returned to its former post-revolutionary name.

Changes in social conditions in Russia after the events of 1917, of course, had a significant impact on all aspects of the university's activities, university culture underwent changes. At the same time, one of the main traditions associated with fundamental education and science continued to develop.

What happened at the university in the post-revolutionary days? Since the autumn of 1918, academic degrees were abolished at the university, and teachers - privatdocents - were transferred to professorships, which allowed the university to restore work after the loss of many scientists. Since 1919, a working faculty was opened at KSU.

In the Soviet era, Kazan University served as the base on which large industrial universities were created in Kazan: medical, chemical and technological, aviation, financial and economic, forestry (later the Mari Polytechnic). In their structure, the main core was the corresponding faculties and departments of KSU, which spun off from it. If we take the entire Volga region as a whole, then Kazan University, its faculties became the basis for the opening and development of more than ten universities in the Volga region.

Kazan University of this period at different times was headed by D . A. Goldhammer, E.A. Bolotov, A.A. Ovchinnikov, M.N. Cheboksarov, V.V. Chirkovsky, A.I. Lunyak, P.N. Galanza, M.A. Segal, B.G. Bogautdinov, N.Z. Vekslin, G.Kh. Kamai, K.P. Sitnikov, D.Ya. Martynov, M.T. Nuzhin, A.I. Konovalov, Yu.G. Konoplev, M.Kh. Salakhov.

Talented scientists and brilliant organizers of science headed the most authoritative scientific institutions of the "big" Academy of our country. Academicians started their career in science at Kazan University Mikhail Alekseevich Lavrentiev (mathematician), Militsa Vasilievna Nechkina (historian), Vasily Vasilyevich Parin (medical physiologist), Alexander Alexandrovich Baev (biologist, physician) Kamil Akhmetovich Valiev (physicist) and others.

An interesting fact of this period of time is that during the Great Patriotic War, in 1941-1943, our university housed institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences evacuated from Moscow and Leningrad. The presidium of the Academy of Sciences, as well as several academic institutes: FIAN, the Institute of Physical Problems and the Phystech, operated in the main building.

Kazan State University was not only one of the leaders in education in the Volga region and the country as a whole, but also a major scientific center with a modern base for fundamental research both in the natural sciences and in the humanities. KSU went down in history as a university of outstanding scientific schools. The most famous in our country and abroad were the school of organic chemists and organophosphorus; school of radiospectroscopy; school of mathematicians and mechanics; astronomical school; school of physiologists on water metabolism of plants, philological school, and a number of others.

University of the period from 1917 to 2010 glorified the names Evgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky who discovered electron paramagnetic resonance, Seeds of Aleksandrovich Altshuller who discovered acoustic paramagnetic resonance.

During this period, Nobel laureates worked at the university N. Semenov , P. Cherenkov , I. Frank , I.Tamm , L. Landau , P. Kapitsa , V. Ginzburg, A. Abrikosov .

Decree of the President Russian Federation dated July 30, 1996, Kazan University was included in the state code of especially valuable objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation. It is significant that the large-scale modernization of the university in connection with its 200th anniversary was carried out within the framework of the Federal program of preparation for the celebration of the millennium of the founding of the city of Kazan, which took place in August 2005.

August 12, 2003 Russian President Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin issued an order "On the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the founding of Kazan State University". Anniversary celebrations were given national importance. In pursuance of this order, a corresponding decree of the Government of Russia dated November 5, 2003 was promulgated, which approved the program for the preparation and holding of anniversary events, as well as the composition of the Organizing Committee. It was headed by the Minister of Education and Science of the Russian Federation A.A. Fursenko .

Kazan University celebrated its 200th anniversary in November 2004. Particular attention was paid to the modernization of the material and technical base, since the university faced an acute contradiction in its development between the growing scientific and educational potential, on the one hand, and the clearly insufficient level of material, technical and technological working conditions, on the other.

During the renovation of the campus, special attention was paid to the reconstruction of the eastern wing of the main building.

Let's see how the overall appearance of Kazan University changed until 2010, shall we? In the 20th century, the exit of university buildings outside the original historic quarter became inevitable. The building of the former theological seminary, an architectural monument of the 18th century, housed the Faculty of Geology, on the other side of Astronomicheskaya Street in the 50s the building of the chemical building grew, and from the end of the 60s, in about ten years, two high-rise educational and laboratory buildings were built - north and west of the main building. In 1989, the UNICS cultural and sports complex was put into operation, sports facilities were replenished with the Bustan complex, which was inaugurated in May 2010 with the participation of Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin. The erection in 2003, in preparation for the 200th anniversary of Kazan University, of the eastern wing of the main building gave it completeness in accordance with the project of the architect Myufke relating to the beginning of the twentieth century.

Kazan Federal University

Pursuant to the Decree of the President of Russia Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev “On the establishment of federal universities in the Northwestern, Volga, Urals and Far Eastern federal districts” On October 21, 2009, by order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 2, 2010, the federal state autonomous educational institution of higher professional education “Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University” was established by changing type of existing state educational institution higher professional education "Kazan State University. IN AND. Ulyanov-Lenin.

One week later, April 9, 2010 , by order of the Government of the Russian Federation Professor, Doctor of Economics Ilshat Rafkatovich Gafurov , whose dissertation was practically embodied in the successful Special Economic Zone of the industrial type "Alabuga", was appointed rector of Kazan Federal University for a period of 5 years.

February 2, 2011 2009, an order was signed by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation on the accession to KFU of the Tatar State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University, the Kazan State Financial and Economic Institute and the Yelabuga State Pedagogical University. The number of KFU branches has also increased. The Yelabuga branch was added to the Zelenodolsk and Naberezhnye Chelny branches formed at KSU.

April 2012

April 2012 Kama State Engineering and Economics Academy (INEKA) became part of KFU, which became part of the Naberezhnye Chelny branch of KFU.

Today, Kazan University is included in the list of the best universities in the world according to Times Higher Education 600 Best World Universities.

Currently, KFU is implementing the concept of a new generation university, which means combining efforts around three components: education, science and technology transfer. To this end, since its establishment as a federal university, Kazan University has chosen priority areas of development, and in 2016, interdisciplinary associations were formed on their basis.

These associations are new structural units for the university, formed in four breakthrough areas of development of education, science and innovation, corresponding to the needs of the region's economy. Today, four such areas have been identified in KFU: "Translational 7P-Medicine", "Econeft", "Astro Challenge", "Teacher of the 21st Century".

Medicine, oil refining, astronomy and education were chosen as priorities, as these areas meet today's international and global challenges, and the greater involvement of university teachers and students in achieving goals in these areas gives confidence in success.

The main task of these projects is to eliminate the existing gap between education, science and our consumers - industry and business.

KFU has 246 state-of-the-art laboratories and 42 scientific and educational centers in priority areas of scientific research. A significant part of the equipment is unique and has no analogues, which creates great potential for the development of fundamental science and innovative developments on the basis of the Federal Center for Collective Use of Physical and Chemical Research of Substances and Materials, the Interdisciplinary Center "Analytical Microscopy", the Interdisciplinary Center for Proteomic Research and other departments created at KFU. The Chemical Institute of Kazan Federal University has a 400 MHz Avance 400 NanoBay NMR spectrometer, which allows recording the NMR spectra of almost all elements of the periodic table chemical elements Mendeleev. IDC "Analytical Microscopy" is an active partner of Hitachi High Technologies. A unique atomic-resolution transmission electron microscope Hitachi HT7700 Exalens is installed here, which opened up unlimited opportunities for scientists not only in Kazan, but also in the entire Volga Federal District. IDC AM participates in the implementation of scientific projects within the priority areas of "Econeft", "Translational 7P-Medicine" and other departments of KFU.

On the basis of the Center, training seminars on working with Japanese equipment are regularly held, and IDC employees are trained in Hitachi divisions around the world. The KFU Institute of Physics has installed a unique system of wide-angle monitoring of the celestial sphere, unparalleled in the world in terms of its set of characteristics, designed to search for and study fast phenomena in near and far space. The Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology has an analytical complex for proteomic research, which allows solving a wide range of both fundamental and applied problems. A new direction "Translational 7P medicine" is successfully developing on the basis of the Medical Center "University Clinic of KFU". KFU scientists, together with colleagues from the United States, have developed a method for restoring the function of independent walking in a patient with paralysis lower extremities. The scientific work carried out at the American medical research center "Mayo Clinic" was attended by employees of the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology of KFU and the Institute of Physiology. Pavlov Institute of RAS - Igor Lavrov and Yuri Gerasimenko.

Following the development strategy until 2020, over the past 6 years, the university has been systematically improving the material and technical base, research and educational infrastructure, annually equipping more than 100 educational and about 30 research laboratories with equipment at the level of the best world standards.

251 departments have been opened at Kazan Federal University, where 501 doctors and 2020 candidates of sciences work, a significant part of which has all-Russian and international fame. The proportion of KFU faculty members younger than 35 is over 32%. Today, more than 46,000 students from all over the world study at the university, while the education offered is available for people of all ages: pre-university training (Children's University, Small University, Educational and Methodological Center for Testing and Preparation for the Unified State Examination and GIA), higher education (85 directions for undergraduate programs, 65 directions for master's programs, 15 specialties, 23 directions for postgraduate programs).

We have 1,200 postgraduate students, 27 specialized scientific councils, where more than 150 candidate and doctoral dissertations are defended a year.

Kazan Federal University cooperates with most of the large enterprises of Tatarstan, as well as with manufacturing and engineering companies in a number of European and Asian countries. The cooperation program includes the creation of a system for training specialists for enterprises, conducting research and development work and other forms of interaction, including network and “dual” training programs.

An innovative infrastructure has been created at KFU, which includes about 300 research laboratories and scientific and educational centers, 4 collective use centers, 3 engineering centers (KFU engineering center (branch in Naberezhnye Chelny), regional center for engineering in the field of chemical technologies, regional engineering center for medical simulators "Center for Medical Science"), patent and licensing department and technopark. In addition, KFU is a co-founder of 37 small innovative enterprises. KFU is an active member of the Association "Non-profit partnership" Kama Innovative Territorial Production Cluster "(Association" NP "KITPK"). On December 14, 2017, KFU became one of the winners of the competitive selection of university centers for innovative, technological and social development of regions within the framework of the priority project of the Government of the Russian Federation "Universities as centers of space for creating innovations". In 2018, the Department of Innovative Development of KFU together with the Russian Venture Company (JSC RVC) launches an educational course for students "Innovative Economics and Technological Entrepreneurship".

At present, Kazan Federal University is a powerful modern complex of 614 facilities located in Tatarstan, regions of Russia and abroad. KFU is in partnership with 361 universities and other organizations from 61 countries. More than 7,000 foreign students from 98 countries study at the university, and 235 foreign specialists teach.

The university has a number of international centers, including the German and Spanish Centers for Education and Culture, the UNESCO Chair for Eurasian Studies, the Jean Monnet Center for Excellence in European Studies, the Confucius Institute, the Center for Korean Studies, the Center for Iranian Studies, official language testing centers: DELE (Spanish language), TOEFL iBT and Cambridge ESOL ( English language), TestDaf( German) and TORFL (Russian as a foreign language).

Our university plans to widely celebrate the 215th anniversary as a symbol of historical continuity in its activities.

In 2004 in the newspaper"Kazan stories» was a regular rubric"200 years of Kazan University". Two special issues were released. Among the many publications there were several collections with chronicle notes. We have combined them into one text.

By personal decree from January 24, 1803 The Russian Empire was divided into 6 educational districts. The general plan for the organization of educational affairs in Russia - "Preliminary rules for public education" - divided educational institutions into parish, district and provincial schools, gymnasiums and universities. It was planned to open a university in each educational district.

Moscow, St. Petersburg, Vilna, Dorpat, Kharkov and Kazan became the centers of educational districts. Thus, at that time, Kazan University became the fourth in Russia. The first were Moscow (1755) and Derpt (1802, Derpt - since 1919 Tartu, Estonia). In 1795, when Lithuania became part of Russia, there were three universities in the country, taking into account Vilna, established in 1579 (Vilna - after 1939 Vilnius).

The “highest command” to establish Kazan and Kharkov universities was made by one royal decree, however, the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary of 1994 reports that the university in Kharkov was opened in 1805. In fact, this happened to Kazan University, but it is quite legitimate to start its history from the date of signing the Founding Charter.

November 5, 1804(17 n.s.)– Alexander I signed the Letter of Approval on the founding of the Imperial Kazan University (historical transcription of the name of the university). At the same time, he signed the first charter of a higher educational institution. In total, it was supposed to open 28 departments in 4 departments (or faculties). The university was obliged to control and patronize the educational institutions that are part of the district.

February 14, 1805 of the year The first meeting of the Council of the future university took place at the Kazan Men's Gymnasium. February 22 the first gathering of students took place. The first students were Petr Kondyrev, later a professor of historical sciences and the first professor of political economy at Kazan University; the Perevoshchikov brothers - Dmitry, later an academician, rector of Moscow University, and Vasily, future honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, professor of Russian literature at Kazan, and then Derpt universities; Alexander Knyazhevich, who worked in 1858-1862 as the Minister of Finance of Russia; well-known writers in the future - the brothers Ivan and Nikolai Panaev and the famous Russian writer Sergei Aksakov.

The students were divided into "state-owned", who were completely dependent on the university, "boarders", who were dependent on various societies and individuals, "indigenous", kept at their own expense and lived outside the university.

28th of February became the first day of study, but regular lectures began in the 1805-1806 academic year.

July 5, 1814of the year a city holiday was held on the occasion of the official opening of the university. At this time, the university had 4 departments: moral and political sciences; physical and mathematical sciences; medical and medical sciences; verbal sciences.

The university was opened in the so-called governor's house (architect F. Emelyanov), which Emperor Paul I in 1798 ordered to transfer to the first Kazan gymnasium. This three-story gymnasium building with columns in the center and on the sides became the basis for the main building of the university.

April 1, 1804 – Alexander I ordered to allocate 66 thousand rubles for the purchase of three private houses for the university and the restructuring of the arena. The following were purchased: the two-story house of the former vice-governor Dmitry Vasilievich Tenishev with a large yard (1804), the house of the commandant of Kazan, Major General Stepan Nikolayevich Castelli (1805) and the two-story house of Anna Stepanovna Spizharnaya, the widow of a lieutenant engineer (1805).

The first elections of the rector, deans and members of the school committee took place in January 1811. An Austrian scientist, professor of anatomy, physiology and forensic medicine was elected rector Ivan Osipovich Brown(Professor I.A. Littrov, astronomer, also ran), Deans of: Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Professor of Pure Mathematics Martin Bartels, Medical and Health Sciences - Professor of Pathology, Therapy and Clinic Johann (Fyodor Khristoforovich) Erdman, moral and political sciences - professor of speculative and practical philosophy Karl Voigt, verbal sciences - professor of Russian history, geography and statistics Ivan Yakovkin. The Ministry of Public Education did not approve the election results. Before the new elections, the director of the gymnasium was in charge of the university Yakovkin.

New elections were held in 1814. Osip Braun was again elected the first rector (approved in this position by the highest decree February 24, 1814.), deans - Karl Voigt, Martin Bartels and Johann Erdmann, and Ivan Finke (Department of Moral and Political Sciences) and Martin Hermann (Department of Verbal Sciences) - graduates of the University of Göttingen were re-elected.

April 23, 1806 of the year the founding meeting of the Kazan Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, the first literary association of the Volga region, took place. January 18 a meeting of 27 founders was held, among which were N.I. Lobachevsky and A.M. Butlerov. In the same year it was created Economic Society. IN 1868 The Society of Physicians is created, which 1877 starts working at the university. IN 1869 a society of natural scientists arose 1879- Law Society. On the recommendation of the 4th archaeological congress, the Society of Archeology, History and Ethnography was formed at the university. Its first public meeting was held May 19, 1879. existed before 1931.

In the Chronicle of Kazan State University by the Isakov brothers (2 volumes published in 2004) there is a message that May 16, 1807 Emperor Alexander I granted the university a library purchased from the life physician I. Frank, a total of 5934 bindings. The fact of the donation of Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky is better known. Only one circumstance is confusing: in both cases, we are talking about the collection of the same person - the life doctor I. Frank. By 1818, the university library had 17,500 volumes.

January 20, 1809 of the year- The university printing house was opened. Later, it was merged with the Asiatic one, opened at the behest of Catherine II. Thanks to its publishing base, the university could print the manuscripts of local authors, translations from foreign languages. The printing house (it was located in a rebuilt arena opposite the main building) played a significant role in popularizing the idea of the university in the local society. IN 1821-1833 published the magazine "Kazan Vestnik", the first section of which was official, the second printed "works and translations". Supplements to the magazine were published.

February 1805 of the year– under the guidance of the adjunct of the Department of Physics I. Zapolsky, systematic meteorological observations were continued, which were carried out in Kazan in 1733-1744. From August 1811 the results of the observations were published in the Kazanskiye Izvestiya newspaper. FROM 1812 meteorological station received the status of a meteorological observatory.

With the arrival of Professor of Physics and Chemistry A. Kupfer in Kazan, geomagnetic observations began. Professor E. Knorr from Saxony, who led research in 1833, attempted to create a network of meteorological stations. A separate physics room was equipped with the most modern instruments, on the roof of which a meteorological observatory was arranged with a Knorr-designed self-recording thermometer. Under E. Knorr, the construction of a building for a meteorological observatory was completed.

August 1811 of the year- the first astronomical observations of master Lobachevsky and student Simonov. Under I.Simonov, the observatory was located in a "spizharny" house. IN 1838 completed the construction of a building in the university yard. Before the opening of Pulkovo, it was the best observatory in Russia. Instruments were purchased in Germany and Holland.

September 21, 1901 A suburban observatory was opened, which arose thanks to the gift of an honorary member of Kazan University V. Engelhardt - he handed over the equipment and library of his Dresden observatory to astronomers headed by D. Dubyago.

August 22, 1811 of the year- Starting from the 19th issue, the university was given the publication of the first provincial newspaper Kazanskiye Izvestia, the third in a row (after St. Petersburg and Moscow) in Russia. For 5 years, its editor-in-chief was the historian of law, professor of Kazan University N.P. Zagoskin. The newspaper had a liberal populist orientation. D. Mamin-Sibiryak, G. Uspensky, V. Korolenko, A. Peshkov (M. Gorky), N. Bulich were published here. In several issues for 1892, the work of N. Zagoskin “Kazan antiquity. Essays on the city of Kazan and Kazan life in the 40s.

1812- A Pedagogical Institute was opened at Kazan University, designed to train teachers. Its first director was F.K. Bronner.

March 30, 1829 of the year- The Cabinet of Ministers of Russia, by the highest order of the emperor, allowed universities to admit women to the exam for the title of dentist. However, women were reluctant to enter the university, even in the first years after the October Revolution.

October 7, 1829- under the chairmanship of the rector N. Lobachevsky, a meeting of the Academic Council was held, at which it was decided: “Fully feeling the importance and benefit of examining various branches of the Tatar language, the council deems it necessary to collect information about the dialects of this language so that through the compilation of grammar and vocabulary and detailed search for existing writings in it ... to inform scientific Europe of complete information about this language. As a result, the world's first dictionary of the Tatar language was published in the university printing house in two parts (1833-1835).

1833 year– Kazan University, for the first time among European universities, began to teach the Mongolian language.

Charter 1835 of the year determined the presence of three faculties in universities: philosophy with two departments, law and medicine. The new charter at Kazan University was introduced only in 1837. Among the positive changes is the statutory fixing of the educational and auxiliary base: a scientific library, an observatory, a chemical laboratory, classrooms, a clinic, a printing house.

The transformations changed the status of the departments of oriental literature, united in 1835 into a special division - the category of oriental literature. Along with the eastern category, there was an Eastern Institute at the university.

1835- Isa (Aisa) Bikmaev was the first of the Tatars who graduated from the university with the title of a full student and was appointed teacher of the Omsk Asian School.

1837– the first department in Russia was opened at Kazan University Chinese and vocabulary.

August 20, 1847of the year- a monument to Gabriel Derzhavin was solemnly opened in the courtyard of the university. IN 1868 And The emperor gave permission for its transfer to Theater Square. IN 30s of XX century the monument was melted down into metal. Restored on Gorky Street in our time.

August 20, 1873 of the year– the III All-Russian Congress of Naturalists and Doctors took place in Kazan, in which famous scientists took part, incl. D.I. Mendeleev, A.P. Borodin. Music lovers arranged two musical meetings for the composer Borodin.

December 4, 1887 of the year– a meeting of university students with the participation of Vladimir Ulyanov, a first-year student of the Faculty of Law. The students demanded the repeal of the reactionary university statutes, the permission of student public organizations, and the return of previously expelled comrades to the ranks of students.

September 1, 1896- the opening of the monument to N.I. Lobachevsky on the square in front of the Kseninsky Women's Gymnasium.

September 13, 1900of the year – new university clinics were opened to "receive incoming patients" on the Arsk field (now Tolstoy street). Reception began in the surgical and children's clinics.

Radical students disrupted the solemn act November 5, 1904of the year, dedicated to the centenary of Kazan University, and then staged a demonstration on the street under the slogans "Down with the autocracy!", "Long live freedom"!

In January 1924of the year, on the day of the funeral of V.I. Lenin, the inscription on the pediment of the building "Imperial University" was covered with black "mourning" matter. January 24, 1924 at a meeting of the university board, it was decided to file a petition through the Council to grant the university the name of Lenin. The Tatar CEC supported this initiative, however March 6, 1924 The collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR did not find it possible to join this decision. The board of the university was asked to refrain from implementing the decision of the TatCEC.

Since August 25, 1923 the name of the university has changed - "Kazan State University".

March 25, 1925 The secretariat of the Tatar Central Executive Committee confirmed its decision of January 27 on awarding Kazan University named after V.I. Ulyanov-Lenin and brought his opinion to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR, and June 29, 1925 By decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR, Kazan State University was named after V.I. Ulyanov-Lenin

1928 - on the days of celebrations on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the chemist A.M. Butlerov, the V Mendeleev Congress was held in Kazan, at which more than 350 reports were made.

The deputies of the pre-revolutionary State Duma of Russia of different convocations were professors of Kazan University: A. Vasiliev, N. Zagoskin, M. Kapustin, A. Khorvat, G. Shershenevich, A. Smirnov. In addition, 35 university students were deputies.

The members of the State Council were Kazan University graduates V. Meshcherinov, N. Zagoskin, V. Polivanov, A. Tolstoy, Kh. Khlebnikov.

In the pre-revolutionary period, 7 university professors became corresponding members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences: A.Arkhangelsky, D.Korsakov, F.Flavitsky, V.Borogoditsky, E.Budde, S.Shestakov, K.Kharlampovich, N.Petrovsky was awarded the title of member- correspondent of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the end of 1917. Eight of the teachers and professors of the university who worked here at the beginning of the 20th century became full members and corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the USSR Academy of Sciences after 1917.

Rectors of Kazan University

The first head of the Imperial Kazan University in 1804 Director of the Kazan Gymnasium was appointed I. Yakovkin. Worked in this position until 1813.

By statute 1804 of the year The rector was elected by the University Council for a year. In 1813, according to the existing order, all ordinary professors ran. The first rector was elected I. Brown(until 1818).

During the revision of M. Magnitsky, he was appointed to manage the university G. Solntsev (1819-1820).

IN 1820 year Council elected as rector G. Nikolsky(until 1823).

Later, when academic freedoms were reduced to zero by the trustee M. Magnitsky, it was decided to appoint the rector without election. This is how the appointment K. Fuchs (1823-1827).

In the reign of Nicholas I, the power of the rector was expanded. And it was during this period that unheard-of luck fell to the lot of Kazan University. It is managed by such famous scientists as N. Lobachevsky(1827-1846) and I. Simonov (1846-1854).

The "appointed" rectors were O. Kovalevsky (1855-1860), A.Butlerov (1860-1863).

In 1861, the election of the rector was restored, which was subsequently confirmed by the charter of 1863. The first elected rector after 1849 was A. Butlerov. At that time, the university was headed by E. Osokin (1863-1872, 1876-1880), M. Kremlev (1872-1876), N. Kovalevsky (1880-1882), N. Bulich(1882-1885).

Charter 1884 the election of the rector was abolished. Were appointed N. Kremlev (1885-1889), K. Voroshilov(1889-1899) and D. Dubyago (1899-1905).

Under the influence of revolutionary events, new election rules were introduced. The first elected rector was N. Lyubimov (1905-1906).

The 1909 elections were scandalous. By a majority of votes (50 against 9), Professor N. Zagoskin, elected in 1906, but he was not approved by the Minister of Public Education. This was probably due to the liberal views of the professor. Members of the University Council were asked to hold new elections. The re-elections failed miserably, and Kazanians were warned that if the new ones ended with the same result, the rector would be appointed. Then the old system of elections was returned. In the new elections, three candidates reached the final, two refused, and the rector until 1917 was G. Dormidontov.

Until 1954, Kazan University had more than fifteen leaders (called directors) in the 20th century. The book "Rectors of Kazan University" (compiled and scientific editor V. Korolev) tells about 11 of them: E. Bolotov (1918-1921), A. Ovchinnikova (1921-1922), M. Cheboksarovo (1922-1923), V. Chirkovsky (1923-1925), A. Lunyake (1926-1928), P. Galanze (1928-1929), G. Bogautdinov who acted instead of the appointed G. Zinoviev, former chairman of the Comintern (1930-1931), N-B. Vekslin (1931-1935), G. Kamae (1935-1937), K. Sitnikov (1937-1951), D. Martynov(1951-1954). The rest remained in this position for a short time.

IN 1954-1979 rector was M. Nuzhin, in 1979-1989 - A. Konovalov(in 1990, the duties of the rector were performed by Professor M. Usmanov), in 1990-2001 - Y. Konoplev.

Elections for the next rector lasted almost all of 2001. April 3, 2002 was elected rector of KSU M. Salakhov. In 1973 he graduated with honors from the Faculty of Physics, since 1991 he has been the head of the Department of Optics and Spectroscopy. Doctor of Physical and Technical Sciences, Head of the Scientific Direction "Spectroscopy of Atoms and Molecules".

Great scientists of Kazan University

Kazan University has received worldwide recognition thanks to the outstanding scientists who worked within its walls, who made important scientific discoveries and became the founders of scientific schools. Here are just a few of those names:

ADAMYUK Emilian Valentinovich – his name is associated not only with the foundation of a special department of ophthalmology at the university and the organization of the first eye disease clinic in Kazan, but also with the formation of domestic ophthalmology in general. The multi-volume guide to eye diseases was the first such work in Russia.

ADLER Bruno Friedrichovich (Fedorovich) - created the first ethnographic faculty in Russia. Since 1919 he was the director of the Kazan City Museum.

ALTSHULER Semyon Alexandrovich - discovered the phenomenon of acoustic paramagnetic resonance.

ARBUZOV Alexander Erminingeldovich - already in the 1920s, he opened the way for the synthesis of phosphorus-carboxylic acids, for the first time obtaining esters of pyrophosphoric and pure subphosphoric and pyrophosphoric acids. These studies have made the Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Kazan University the world center for research on organophosphorus compounds.

BEKHTEREV Vladimir Mikhailovich - laid the foundations of domestic experimental psychology. The first psychophysical laboratory in Russia was opened in Kazan in 1885.

Butlerov Alexander Mikhailovich - in 1861 he substantiated the theory of the chemical structure of organic substances, according to which the properties of substances are determined by the order of the bonds of atoms in molecules and their mutual influence. The provisions of this theory formed the foundation of modern organic chemistry. He was not only a theorist, but also a skilled experimenter. He was the first to explain the phenomenon of isomerism. He discovered the polymerization of unsaturated compounds. Synthesized a number of organic compounds.

Alexander Butlerov – Russian chemist, creator of the theory of the chemical structure of organic substances, founder of the "Butlerov school" of Russian chemists, beekeeper and lepidopterist, public figure, rector of the Imperial Kazan University in 1860-1863.

VISHNEVSKY Alexander Vasilievich - the work that brought him worldwide fame: a method of local anesthesia called " local anesthesia according to the method of creeping illfiltrate.

ZAVOYSKY Evgeny Konstantinovich - in 1945, while defending his doctoral dissertation in Moscow, he made his discovery of electron paramagnetic resonance known to the scientific world.

ZININ Nikolai Nikolaevich - obtained artificial aniline from nitrobenzene, laying the foundation for the world industry of synthetic dyes (1842).

KLAUS Karl Ernest (Karl Karlovich) - in 1844, he discovered a new 57th element of the Periodic Table of Mendeleev - ruthenium. This is the only one of all natural elements discovered in Russia. Klaus became one of the founders of the chemistry of platinum metals.

LOBACHEVSKY Nikolay Ivanovich - created a new (Non-Euclidean) geometry (for the first time he presented his theory in the report “A concise presentation of the principles of geometry with a rigorous proof of the theorem on parallel lines”, ahead of other researchers by half a century. In 1829, an expanded version of his report entitled “On the principles of geometry” was published in magazine "Kazanskiy vestnik". In 1835-1840, the scientist published 4 more scientific works, in 1855 his last work was published.

NOINSKY Mikhail Eduardovich- in 1929, at a meeting of oilmen in Moscow, based on his report, a decision was made to organize oil prospecting drilling in the Volga and Ural regions. This made it possible to start oil production in Bashkiria (1930s) and Tataria (1943-1944).

SAMOILOV Alexander Filippovich - took the first electrocardiogram in Russia, made electrocardiography by the method of physiological and clinical trial heart, one of the first to use a string galvanometer to study the activity of skeletal muscles, nerves and complex phenomena of the central nervous system, the first to suggest the chemical nature of the mechanism for transmitting excitations from a motor nerve to skeletal muscles.

SIMONOV Ivan Mikhailovich - As an astronomer-observer, he participated in the round-the-world expedition of 1819-1821 by F. Bellingshausen and M. Lazarev, who discovered Antarctica. One of over 30 discovered islands has been named after him. In 1843 he founded a magnetic observatory in Kazan.

CHETAEV Nikolai Gurevich - created a school of stability theory, took an active part in the organization of the Kazan Aviation Institute. His scientific work was of great importance for the development of the aviation industry in the USSR. In 1940 he went to work at the Institute of Mechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, subsequently heading it.

FRENCH Christian Martin (Christian Danilovich), KOVALEVSKY Osip (Yuzef) Mikhailovich, KAZEM-BEK Alexander Kasimovich, BEREZIN Ilya Nikolaevich, VASILIEV Vasily Pavlovich, KATANOV Nikolai Fedorovich and KHALFIN Ibragim - turned Kazan into one of the centers of European Orientalism.

ENGELHARDT Vladimir Alexandrovich - one of the founders of Russian molecular biology; discovered the process of respiratory (oxidative) phosphorylation in the human body, which laid the foundations of modern bioenergetics.

"Kazan stories", No. 22-23, 2004

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Kazan Imperial University 1804 1917 history and significance

Natalia-Christmas

Kazan Imperial University (1804-1917):

history and meaning.

Bibliographic overview

on the basis of funds of the GPIB of Russia.

The Russian Empire had an amazing system of education - enlightened Russia brought the light of knowledge to the outskirts of the empire. The first universities were the idea of Peter the Great, but his undertakings were supported by all, any significant rulers of Russia.

This essay is dedicated to the oldest Russian university - Kazan Imperial University. Why Russian? Because the main staff of the professorship was Russian, because teaching was conducted in Russian, because brilliant discoveries were made at this university by Russian-speaking scientists, and these scientists themselves were once students of this university. So, few people know that the non-Euclidean geometry of N.I. Lobachevsky was discovered within the walls of the Kazan Imperial University. It was the next generations who could only know that V.I. Ulyanov-Lenin, whose name the university was later named, took an external course here. But Lenin has nothing to do with the glory of this university, although he was a promising student.

Kazan Imperial University was opened through the efforts of Emperor Alexander I, a worthy grandson of Catherine II the Great. The GPIB fund has preserved the publication of a solemn speech on the opening of this university shortly after the Patriotic War of 1812.

Gorodchaninov, Grigory Nikolaevich (1772-1852). An ode to universal peace in Europe, uttered, at the Grand opening of the Imperial Kazan University on July 5, 1814, by the court adviser of eloquence, poetry and the language of the Russian language, ordinary professor Grigory Gorodchaninov. - Kazan: University Printing House, 1814. - 12 p. ; 23 cm

In 1902 in the Imp. Kazan University published a major work on the history of the Kazan kingdom, which stipulated both the merits of the Russian princes and the genealogy of the Tatar and Mongol khans, who conquered vast territories with their large army, but, after joining the Moscow Kingdom, sometimes faithfully served Russian fatherland against other foreign invaders.

The legend of the conception of the Kingdom of Kazan and the victories of the Grand Dukes of Moscow ... Slavic text published, according to a manuscript belonging to F.T. Vasiliev, with a Subject Index and a brief genealogy of the Mongol and Tatar khans, N.F. Katanov. Ed. F.T.Vasilyeva. - Kazan: Type. Imp. Univ., 1902. - XV , 142 l., 3 l. tab. ; 25 cm.

The GPIB of Russia has preserved many publications that give an idea of the Imp. Kazan University. Lists of students (including state-supported) and free students, lists of teachers, rules for students, an overview of teaching in four departments of the university, a schedule of lectures of some faculties, a catalog of the university library, a description of celebrations on the occasion of significant state dates and anniversaries of famous compatriots. Apparently, with the assistance of the Kazan University, the Kazan family and pedagogical circle operated in the capital of the Kazan Kingdom, the Reports of which were also preserved in the "History". Here are some of those publications.

Extract from the Regulation about scholarships and awards existing at the Imperial Kazan University (until September 1, 1899). - Kazan, 1899.

Historical notes about four departments Imperial Kazan University for 1814 - 1827. - Kazan, 1899. Multi-volume edition, ed. on years.

Zagoskin, Nikolai Pavlovich. History of Imperial Kazan University for the first hundred years of its existence. T.1-4. - Kazan, 1902-1904.

Library catalog Imperial Kazan University. A-B. - Kazan, 1851-1857. A. Student library catalog. 1851. B. Catalog of the Main Library. 1857. (volume B. ots. in GPIB).

Teaching Review at Imperial Kazan University. - Kazan, 1826-. Multi-volume edition.

Description of the Celebration former at the Imperial Kazan University on September 15, 1825 - Kazan: type. Un-ta, .

Zalesky, Vladislav Frantsevich. Location Pivot Table lectures at the Faculty of Law of the Imperial Kazan University during from February 14, 1805 to May 1, 1903.- Kazan: Tipolith. Imp. Univ., 1903. - 156 p. ; 25 see - [Supplement to the Scientific Notes of the Imperial Kazan University for 1903 Senate].

Rules for students and outsiders Imperial Kazan University. - Kazan: Type. Imp. Kazan. un-ta, 1882. - 188,IIIfrom. ; 23 cm

Mikhailovsky, Alexey I. The teachers were students who served at the Imperial Kazan University (1804-1904). Part 1. - Kazan, 1901-1908.

fifty year old anniversary of N.I. Pirogov. Speeches... - Kazan, 1881.

(Soviet publication on the methodological work of the Imperial Kazan University)

Shurtakova, T.V. Leadership of the [Imperial] Kazan University development primary and secondary education in the educational district in 1805-1836.- Kazan: Kaz. un-t, 1959. - 69 p. ; 70 cm

Information about the state of the Imperial Kazan University for 1893-1898. [In 5 T.] -[ Kazan] , 1894-1899; 23 cm -[ Extract from Report...]

List of candidates and current students who are in the department of the Imperial Kazan University on state support... for ... a year. - Kazan, 1855-; 16 cm ... for the 1855-1856 academic year. - 1855. - 65 p.

List of honorary members and personnel Imperial Kazan University. - Kazan, 1891-1915; 24 cm. Multi-volume edition, by years.

List of students of the Imperial Kazan University for ... years. - Kazan, 1862-; 16 cm. Multi-volume edition.

Students list Imperial Kazan University for ... a year. - Kazan, 1883-1915. [Multi-volume edition]. Title: 1885.: List of students, outsiders and students of midwifery courses 1886.: List of students, outsiders and students midwifery institute.

Berezin, N. Numismatic Cabinet Imperial Kazan University / Described. Prof. N. Berezin. - Kazan: Univ. Type. - 1855. - 18, 29, 8 p. ; 24 cm

Report of the Society for the Relief of Poor Students Imperial Kazan University ... - Kazan, 1873-1911. Multi-volume edition.

Catalog of books printed in the printing house Imperial Kazan University from 1800 to 1896 - 2nd ed. - Kazan, 1896. - 416 p.

Alphabetical list of students Imperial Kazan University for years. ... - Kazan, 1903-1911. Multi-volume edition.

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Biographical dictionary of professors and teachers Imperial Kazan University (1804-1904) in 2 hours / Ed. N.P. Zagoskina. - Kazan: Tipolith. Imp. Univ., 1904. - 25 cm - (for 100 years).

Extract from the case of the Council on the celebration of the approaching centenary Imperial Kazan University (Case No. 63. 1894). - Kazan: Tipolith. Univ., 1897. - 22 cm.

annual act at the Imperial Kazan University ... . - Kazan, 1865-1910. - 24 cm. - Publishing house of 1866: ed. Izvestia and Scientific Notes of the Imperial Kazan University. In ed. included: speech, pronounced on the acts; Extracts from the Report Imperial Kazan University; Report and Status Imperial Kazan University; list of its honorary members and personnel.

Next, I want to cite books published in Kazan (not only published by the Imperial Kazan University). They give an idea of the events that took place here, of the scientific societies that existed here. In general, Kazan at that time was a forge of remarkable cultural components of the Russian Empire.

Activity Report Congress of Primary School Teachers in Kazan July 30 to August 15, 1882. - Kazan, 1882. - 155, , 193; 1 plan; 23 cm

Report Family-pedagogical circle in Kazan... - Kazan, 1900-1901. - 26 cm.

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Scribe book of the Kazan district 1602-1603 gg. Pub. text. - Kazan: Publishing House of Kazan University, 1978.

One Hundred and Twenty Five Years of Non-Euclidean Geometry by Lobachevsky (1826-1951). Celebration by Kazan State University them. V.I. Ulyanov-Lenin and Kazan Physical and Mathematical Society of the 125th anniversary of N.I. Lobachevsky's discovery of non-Euclidean geometry. - M.; L., 1952.

Bulletin of the Student Scientific Society. Issue. 1-4. - Kazan, 1959-1969.

I think, from all of the above, we can conclude about the level of culture in the Kazan district of the Russian Empire, where the Imperial Kazan University was the very center of this culture. Now imagine what all of Russia would be like in its progressive development... without wars, revolutions and other catastrophes and upheavals. Not in our favor and the level of culture then and now. And the reason is the total destruction of that layer of culture. Only our awareness of the greatness of our past will help us never again repeat the mistakes of lost civilizations - among them are: our "great-grandmother" - Ancient Byzantium, and the Russian Empire. The state is like a person, if a person does not respect himself, then this boomerang comes back to him, and you can even die from this.

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