Antibodies to mycoplasma antigens 1 5. Mycoplasma is the causative agent of respiratory and other diseases in a child

More about the study

Mycoplasma pneumonias (sometimes called "atypical pneumonias") account for up to 15-20% of all cases. community-acquired pneumonia. Sometimes they can lead to whole epidemics, especially in school-age children and in closed populations, like in the military. The source of infection are both patients and carriers. Infection occurs by airborne droplets, incubation period lasts 2-3 weeks. The symptoms of mycoplasma infection vary. In most cases, the disease is mild and is accompanied by cough, runny nose, sore throat, which persist for several weeks. When the infection spreads to the lower respiratory tract, headaches, intoxication, fever, and muscle pain occur. Pneumonia is most severe in young children and people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV.

The diagnosis of "mycoplasmal infection" is often difficult, so several research methods are used, in which serological tests play a leading role.

In response to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection the immune system produces specific immunoglobulins: IgA, IgM and IgG.

The production of class G immunoglobulins to Mycoplasma pneumoniae does not begin immediately after infection, after about 2-4 weeks, but continues for a long period (a year or more).

The presence of class G immunoglobulins to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the blood indicates an acute or past illness, a chronic inflammatory process, or reinfection.

What is research used for?

  • To confirm the current disease (including reinfection) caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
  • For differential diagnosis mycoplasma pneumonia and other infectious diseases of the respiratory tract, such as pneumonia caused by streptococci or staphylococci.
  • For the diagnosis of mycoplasmal infection in chronic inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract.

When is the study scheduled?

  • With symptoms of a disease caused by mycoplasma (unproductive cough that can persist for several weeks, fever, sore throat, headaches and muscle pain).
  • If you suspect a chronic or persistent form of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, manifested by frequent relapses.

To date, there are no clinical, epidemiological or laboratory symptoms that would allow for early stages to detect damage to the lungs of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Diagnosis is carried out only after the appearance of symptoms characteristic of the pathology. There are certain signs that make it possible to suspect SARS:

  • A sharp increase in body temperature from the first for the disease from 38 ° C.
  • Productive cough with viscous purulent sputum.
  • Difficulty breathing, shortness of breath and blue nasolabial triangle.
  • An increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood.

PCR

An experimental diagnostic method of molecular biology for determining the state of DNA fragments in a biological material is a polymerase chain reaction. PCR for suspected mycoplasma pneumonia is a study of blood, sputum, pleural fluid and other types of biomaterial for pathogenic microorganisms.

Advantages of PCR:

  • Increased percentage of detection of DNA pathogens in clinical samples in comparison with standard diagnostic microbiological methods.
  • High sensitivity for suspected generalized processes in the body.
  • Identification of difficult-to-cultivate microorganisms and non-culturable forms of bacteria in persistent infections.

Detection of pathogens in the biomaterial is not always of diagnostic value. This is due to the fact that many microorganisms normally live in the respiratory tract, but under certain conditions they realize their pathogenic potential, causing infectious processes.

ELISA

A laboratory immunological method for the qualitative/quantitative determination of viruses and other pathogens is ELISA. ELISA is performed in such cases:

  • Search for specific antibodies to infectious pathologies.
  • Determination of antigens for various diseases.
  • Study of hormonal status.
  • Examination for autoimmune diseases and tumor markers.

The advantages of ELISA are high sensitivity and specificity, the ability to determine the disease and follow the dynamics of the pathological process. The main disadvantage of the method is the detection of antibodies, that is, the immune response, and not the pathogen itself.

To detect Mycoplasma pneumoniae, blood is taken for ELISA. The analysis is considered confirmed if IgM, G immunoglobulins are detected in the blood. If the increase in antibody titer is increased by 3-4 or more times, then the enzyme immunoassay confirms atypical pneumonia.

Antibodies to mycoplasma pneumoniae igG

Specific antibodies produced by the immune system in response to infection by various pathogens are immunoglobulins. Antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumonia igg are serological markers indicating a pathological process in the body.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae occupies an intermediate position between bacteria, protozoa and viruses. It causes damage to the respiratory system and accounts for about 20% of all cases of community-acquired pneumonia. After infection, the immune system begins to actively produce immunoglobulins of class A, M and G.

IgG against mycoplasma infection appears after 2-4 weeks and continues to be produced for a long period of time, usually more than a year. A blood test for these immunoglobulins is included in the complex of mandatory laboratory tests for suspected atypical pneumonia. To reduce the risk of diagnostic errors, a simultaneous analysis for IgM and IgG is indicated.

Antibodies to mycoplasma pneumoniae igM

To confirm acute mycoplasmal lesions of the respiratory system, patients are prescribed enzyme immunoassay. Antibodies to mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM make it possible to differentiate atypical inflammation from other pathologies of the respiratory tract, for example, an infectious process caused by streptococci or staphylococci.

The reason for conducting a laboratory study are the following symptoms:

  • Unproductive cough for a long period of time.
  • Severe pain in the throat and chest.
  • Muscle pain.
  • Deterioration of general well-being.

The coefficient of positivity, indicating infection, are the values: 0-0.84. A negative result is possible not only in the absence of the disease, but also in chronic mycoplasmal infection, an early stage of infection, when the body has not yet developed an immune response. It should also be taken into account that IgM is usually not released during re-initiation.

Cold antibodies in mycoplasma pneumonia

Antibodies that cause erythrocyte aggregation when exposed to low temperatures are cold antibodies. In Mycoplasma pneumoniae, they most often belong to the IgM class. Normally, they can be found in healthy people, but they increase significantly 7-10 days after the onset of the disease. Cold exposure causes acute transient hemolytic anemia. A persistent increase in the titer of agglutinins leads to the development chronic form pathology.

There are several types of cold agglutinins:

  • The disease is caused by primary intravascular hemodialysis with monoclonal antibodies to erythrocyte I antigen. In this case, cold antibodies are formed in lymphoproliferative disorders.
  • The disease state is due to secondary intravascular hemolysis. It is characterized by polyclonal antibodies in low titer and active in a narrow temperature range. Manifested with various infections. For example, with mycoplasmal pneumonia, cold agglutinins to the I-antigen of erythrocytes occur.

Cold antibodies in SARS can be a mixture of various immunoglobulins. The activation of agglutinins begins already at 37 °C and causes such pathological reactions: acrocyanosis and hemolysis due to complement activation.

Instrumental diagnostics

To determine the localization of the inflammatory focus in the lungs, its size and other features, instrumental diagnostics is shown. The complex of studies consists of the following procedures:

  • Radiography.
  • Fibrobronchoscopy.
  • The function of external respiration.
  • Electrocardiography.

The main diagnostic method is radiography. It allows you to identify foci of inflammation, which in the picture appear darker than the rest of the lung. There is also a change in the lung pattern and growth connective tissue. With pneumonia, it is possible to change the pulmonary roots, damage the pleura, and even the presence of an abscess in the organ. Radiography is performed in two projections - direct and lateral.

Tomography gives the same result as an x-ray, so it is rarely performed if SARS is suspected. Also rarely carried out ultrasound diagnostics, since it reveals only exudate in the lungs, which is also visible on the x-ray. As for bronchoscopy, it is necessary to obtain more accurate results of the study.

Differential Diagnosis

For successful treatment of any disease, a comprehensive examination is necessary. Differential diagnosis of atypical pneumonia is aimed at excluding pathologies with similar symptoms. This allows you to establish an accurate diagnosis and prescribe therapy.

Differentiation is carried out in several stages:

  1. Collection of primary data and formation of a list of possible diseases.
  2. The study of symptoms, changes in the dynamics of well-being and other factors of the disease.
  3. Comparative analysis received data, evaluation of similar and different values.
  4. Identification of third-party symptoms that are not related to the suspected pathology.
  5. Exclusion of diseases Clinical signs which do not fit into the overall picture.
  6. Making a final diagnosis and drawing up a treatment plan.

The data collected and analyzed during the diagnostic process give a reliable picture of the disease state. Differentiation of SARS is carried out with the most common harmful microorganisms:

  • Mycoplasma - acute onset, catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, cough with poorly separated sputum. As a rule, it develops in young patients.
  • Pneumococci - acute onset, severe fever, severe course, but good response to antibacterial drugs penicillin series.
  • Staphylococci - acute onset and severe course, limited infiltrates, resistance to penicillins.
  • Haemophilus influenzae - severe course, extensive infiltrates, thick sputum with blood impurities, abscess formation. Most often occurs in patients with chronic bronchopulmonary pathologies and alcoholism.
  • Legionellosis - severe course, diarrhea and liver dysfunction, neurological disorders. People who stay in air-conditioned rooms for a long time are susceptible to the disease.
  • Aspiration - putrid sputum, multiple and confluent foci of inflammation, reflex cough and increased salivation.
  • Pneumocysts - increasing shortness of breath with frequent coughing attacks. Severe symptoms with mild radiographic features.
  • Fungi - the rapid development of a febrile state, cough with poor sputum discharge, severe febrile state, chest pain.

Most pathogens have a similar symptom complex, so considerable attention is paid to bacterial culture. Atypical pneumonia is differentiated from other diseases. During the examination, the doctor determines extrapulmonary pathologies with signs of the respiratory system and limits pulmonary inflammation from other possible disorders of the respiratory system:

  1. Tuberculosis is most often mistaken for pneumonia. Occurs with dry cough subfebrile temperature body and pale skin. If positive tuberculin tests are detected, then the diagnosis becomes more complicated. The main differences from pneumonia: heterogeneous and compacted shadows, areas of enlightenment are similar to seeded foci. In sputum, a massive spread of mycobacteria is observed. Leukocytes are increased in the blood.
  2. Bronchitis - occurs after SARS or against their background. In the early stages, it is accompanied by a dry cough, which gradually turns into a productive one. The elevated temperature lasts for 2-3 days, and then remains in subfebrile limits. There is no infiltration, the pulmonary pattern is enhanced. Very often, pneumonia is diagnosed as an exacerbation of bronchitis.
  3. Influenza - in the epidemiological period it is very difficult to distinguish between pulmonary inflammation and influenza infection. Features are taken into account clinical picture illness.
  4. Pleurisy is an inflammatory pathology in the respiratory system, similar to pleural changes. Leaks with painful sensations in the chest and during coughing. The main diagnostic sign of pleurisy is wheezing, that is, the sounds of friction of the pleura during breathing. Particular attention is paid to the results of biochemical analysis.
  5. Atelectasis is a pulmonary pathology with tissue collapse and impaired gas exchange. In its symptoms, it resembles pneumonia: respiratory failure, shortness of breath, cyanosis of the skin. Chest pain in this disease is caused by a violation of gas exchange. In the curtailed area of ​​​​the organ, an infection gradually develops. Atelectasis is associated with trauma, blockage and compression of the lungs, and destructive tissue changes.
  6. Oncological processes - initial stages diseases are no different from atypical pneumonia. Differentiation is based on a comprehensive diagnostic approach with a careful study of the signs of cancer.
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Description

Method of determination Immunoassay.

Material under study Serum

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Mycoplasmas - a group of intracellular microorganisms - gram-negative bacteria 115 - 200 nm in size, which do not have a dense cell wall, covered with a three-layer cytoplasmic membrane. Several strains of mycoplasmas have been described.

Conventionally, mycoplasmas are divided into 6 groups, depending on the diseases they cause in humans. The group of mycoplasmas that cause lesions of the urogenital tract in men and women includes Mycoplasma hominis type I and type II, Ureaplasma urealyticum.

Mycoplasmas are characterized by polymorphism and a peculiar life cycle. The source of infection is a person with mycoplasmosis, or a healthy carrier of mycoplasmas.

Mycoplasma infections of the urogenital tract occupy one of the leading places among STIs. They are often combined with gonococci, Trichomonas and opportunistic microorganisms, are transmitted through sexual contact, can cause non-gonococcal urethritis and prostatitis, inflammatory diseases of the small pelvis, pathology of pregnancy and fetus, infertility in women and men, as well as perinatal infection of newborns.

Diagnosis of Mycoplasma hominis infection using microbiological methods is difficult because it is difficult to cultivate this microorganism in vitro. Adequate modern method diagnosis of M. hominis infection is a PCR method aimed at identifying the DNA of the pathogen (in the INVITRO laboratory tests,).

Serological methods (detection of antibodies in blood serum) are of lesser use, since, due to the intracellular localization of M. hominis, the body's immune response against these microorganisms is often weakly expressed. A positive test result for IgM antibodies may indicate the likelihood of an ongoing infection.

Mycoplasmatosis: causes, symptoms and diagnosis of the disease

Among a sufficiently large number of mycoplasmas found in humans, only 4 species can cause disease under certain conditions. One of them - Mycoplasma pneumonia - affects the respiratory system, causing inflammatory diseases throat, bronchi, lungs. The remaining three - Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum - are the causative agents of genitourinary mycoplasmosis - one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases.

Mycoplasma causes:

1. Diseases of the upper respiratory tract (atypical pneumonia, mycoplasmal bronchitis, etc.).

The causative agent of this group of diseases is a microorganism of the species Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

The main route of transmission of diseases: - airborne.

The source of infection is a sick person and a healthy one (carrier).

The possibility of infection persists throughout the year, but in autumn-winter period infection is observed.

Clinical manifestations:

cough is the most common symptom of respiratory tract infection in patients with mycoplasma infection. As a rule, a dry, hysterical cough with light sputum is present throughout the disease, but among those who cough only 3-10% of patients with pneumonia.

Diagnostics:

one of the main tools for laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae are serological tests, partly due to their wide availability and ease of sampling - using venous blood to detect antibodies (Ig A, IgM, IgG).

These methods are widely used in clinical practice. In recent years, an increase in their sensitivity has been achieved through the separate detection of different classes of antibodies (IgM and IgA). An elevated IgM level is a reliable indicator of mycoplasmal infection in children. In adults, methods based on the determination of IgA have a higher sensitivity.

Ig G is an indicator of a current or past Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, these antibodies appear later than Ig A and Ig M, and persist for a longer time (more than a year).

Another modern method for diagnosing Mycoplasma pneumoniae is PCR diagnostics. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a method that allows you to find in the studied clinical material a small section of genetic information (DNA) of any organism among a huge number of other sections and multiply it many times.

The clinical material for the study can be venous blood, saliva, sputum, separated from the ear, throat and nose.

2. Diseases of the urogenital tract in men and women (Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum).

Currently, mycoplasmas are considered to be opportunistic microbes. Only Mycoplasma genitalium is considered by most researchers as a pathogenic microorganism that can cause urethritis, epidymitis in men, and cervicitis, vaginitis, inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs and pregnancy pathology in women.

The frequency of detection of Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum varies widely and ranges from 10% to 50%. These microorganisms are often detected in clinically healthy individuals and, being opportunistic microorganisms, can normally colonize the organs of the urogenital system.

Genital mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealiticum) can be infected in several ways:

    during sexual contact;

    when the infection is transmitted from mother to fetus through an infected placenta or during childbirth;

    in transplantation (transplantation) of organs;

    indirectly (in women, especially girls, through household items).

Clinical manifestations of urethritis caused by genital mycoplasmas:

    dysuria (itching, burning, pain when urinating);

    discomfort, itching, burning in the urethra;

    frequent urination or urge to urinate;

    pain during sexual intercourse (dyspanuria).

Clinical manifestations of vaginitis caused by genital mycoplasmas:

    mucous or mucopurulent discharge from the genital tract;

    discomfort, itching, burning on the mucous membrane of the genital tract.

Clinical manifestations of cervicitis caused by genital mycoplasmas:

    spotting after sexual intercourse;

    discomfort or pain in the lower abdomen;

    soreness during sexual intercourse.

Diagnosis of urogenital infectious diseases

Indications for examination for Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum:

    clinical and / or laboratory signs of inflammation of the urogenital tract (urethritis, prostatitis, cystitis, cervicitis, cervical erosion, pyelonephritis, vaginitis);

    recurrent pathological processes associated with an imbalance in the vaginal flora (bacterial vaginosis);

    pre-gravid (pregnancy planning) examination of sexual partners;

    upcoming surgical manipulations on the pelvic organs with high risk infectious complications;

    the presence of a burdened obstetric or gynecological history (miscarriage, perinatal losses, infertility);

    the possibility of infection of the fetus with a complicated course.

An additional indication for testing for the presence of Mycoplasma genitalium is the detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in one of the partners, as well as a change of sexual partner in the absence of the use of barrier methods of contraception.

Material for laboratory tests for the presence of urogenital infections is obtained: 1) in men - from the urethra, prostate gland, and it is also possible to study the ejaculate and the first portion of morning urine, 2) in women - from the urethra, vagina and cervical canal (cervix).

For the qualitative laboratory diagnosis of urogenital infections, it is important to correctly obtain clinical material for research from the patient. To obtain the most reliable test result, it is recommended to comply with a number of requirements:

    Donate biomaterial before the start of treatment or not earlier than 1 month after the end of antibiotic therapy;

    Observe the time frame for obtaining biomaterial: a) from the urethra not earlier than 3 hours after the last urination, b) in the presence of abundant urethral discharge - 15-20 minutes after urination, c) from the cervical canal and vagina before menstruation or after 1-2 days after its completion;

    To carry out the taking of biomaterial in sufficient quantities for laboratory research.

Methods of laboratory diagnostics of urogenital infectious diseases

Currently, for the purpose of diagnosing urogenital infections, a number of methods are used that differ in sensitivity, specificity, ease of use and general availability.

The independent laboratory INVITRO offers a wide range of tests to detect the presence of mycoplasma infection.

For the identification of Mycoplasma genitalium, the only research method is the PCR method. PCR diagnostics of Mycoplasma hominis is based on the detection of the genetic material of the pathogen (DNA) in the biological material.

The advantages of the method are:

    the possibility of using a variety of biological material (scraping, urine, prostate secretion, semen, saliva, synovial fluid) depending on the location of the alleged pathogen localization;

    high sensitivity of the method allows early diagnosis of urogenital infections;

    high speed of analysis.

To detect Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealiticum, a cultural (bacteriological) study is carried out with a quantitative determination of isolated microorganisms and sensitivity to antibiotics. Clinically significant is the detection of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealiticum in an amount of more than 10^4 cfu/ml.

In addition, in order to assess the state of the epithelium of the genital organs, the presence of an inflammatory process and concomitant sexually transmitted infections, it is recommended to conduct microscopic examination Gram-stained smear.

Literature

  1. Manual of Infectious Diseases with an Atlas of Infectious Pathology. Edited by Yu.V. Lobzina, S.S. Kozlova, A.N. Uskov. www.infectology.spb.ru, St. Petersburg. 2000

Indications for appointment

Positive result:

  1. likely current infection with Mycoplasma hominis;
  2. bacillus carrying.

Negative result:

  1. early or late terms of Mycoplasma hominis infection;
  2. weak immune response to Mycoplasma hominis;
  3. no infection (with negative PCR results).

* The positivity ratio (PC) is the ratio of the optical density of the patient sample to the threshold value. KP - the coefficient of positivity is a universal indicator used in high-quality enzyme immunoassays. The CP characterizes the degree of positivity of the test sample and may be useful to the doctor for the correct interpretation of the result. Since the positivity coefficient does not correlate linearly with the concentration of antibodies in the sample, it is not recommended to use the CP for dynamic monitoring of patients, including monitoring the effectiveness of treatment.

Editor

Pulmonologist

Mycoplasma pneumonia in adults is an inflammation of the lungs of an atypical group, when the inflammatory process is provoked by the mycoplasma bacterium.

Among pneumonia, this pathology is quite common and accounts for more than a third of all pulmonary lesions of a non-bacterial nature. The disease can be single (random) or massive (epidemic).

The peak of infection occurs in the cold season (autumn, winter). The most susceptible to infection are children and young people under the age of 37-40 years. ICD-10: J15.7

Microbiology

Mycoplasmosis is the result of a lung infection pathogenMycoplasma pneumoniae. According to taxonomy, it belongs to the category of anaerobic with high virulence.

In mycoplasma pneumoniae, the microbiology is presented as follows. These are very small prokaryotic organisms close in size to viruses, and in structure to the bacterial L-form, since they do not have a cell wall. They are adsorbed on epitheliocytes and fixed on membranes or penetrate into cells.

The fixation of mycoplasma in tissues excites an autoimmune reaction, and autoantibody formation provokes the corresponding manifestations of the disease. This microorganism can persist for a long time in the cells of the epithelium and the ring of the lymphopharyngeal zone. Accumulating in the nasopharyngeal mucus, it is easy. Outside the human body, the infection is unstable.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae not only causes pneumonia, it also becomes the culprit bronchial asthma, pharyngitis, COPD, as well as some non-respiratory diseases:

  • meningitis;
  • otitis;
  • pericarditis;
  • others.

The absence of a cell wall makes mycoplasma highly resistant to many drugs, in particular to β-lactam antibiotics (penicillins and cephalosporins).

Ways of bacterial infection

The source of pathogenic mycoplasma is a sick person, but it is also possible to become infected from a carrier of the infection, who does not show signs of the disease due to high immune defenses. The most common way of infection is an aerogenic mechanism, when the pathogen is transmitted by airborne droplets (coughing, sneezing, close contact).

Most often, infection occurs in a group. In principle, infection is possible through sputum that has fallen on things or any objects. However, the contact-household method is rarely recorded due to the low viability of the pathogen in the external environment.

The incubation period is 2-4 weeks. During this time, mycoplasma through the pharynx and larynx penetrates into the mucous membrane of the bronchi and trachea.

Having fixed on the epithelium of the respiratory tract, it affects the cellular bridges and disrupts the tissue structure.

Diagnostics

One of the most common ways to diagnose pneumonia is considered. However, in the case of mycoplasmal etiology in the initial period, the X-ray technique is not able to detect pathology. Early diagnosis becomes possible when:

  • serotyping;
  • blood test for PCR;
  • enzyme immunoassay (ELISA).

Widely used:

  • aggregate-hemagglutination reactions (RAHA);
  • complement binding (RCC);
  • indirect immunofluorescence (RNIF).

Blood test for antibodies

All of these technologies are based on the detection in blood serum and secrets of specific antibodies to mycoplasma, which are produced by the immune system in response to infection. During the initial infection, early antibodies are produced - class M immunoglobulins. An increase in their level (IgM) indicates the onset of an acute inflammatory reaction.

As immune proteins are produced, IgM decreases, but other antibodies appear - immunoglobulins G. Their level (IgG) indicates the duration of the process or the fact that the body was previously affected by mycoplasma. Thus, antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumonia IgM and IgG indicate not only the penetration of the infection, but also the duration and severity of the lesion. .

When the analysis is deciphered, mycoplasma pneumonia is detected by the following indicators:

  1. Negative results for IgM and IgG indicate the absence of infection.
  2. IgG antibodies detected, i.e. IgG result (+) was obtained, but IgM result was negative (-). This indicates that infection occurred, but the pathogen is suppressed, and immunity to it is formed. Treatment may not be carried out, but control should be ensured.
  3. Antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgG are absent, that is, IgG - (-), while IgM is positive (+). Such an analysis indicates the onset of an acute development of pneumonia, and adequate treatment is necessary.
  4. IgG positive (+), IgM also positive (+). This means that the body has previously suffered a similar infection, but a re-infection has occurred, and the process begins to take on an acute form. The immune system is failing and appropriate treatment is needed.
  5. IgM antibodies are detected already 4-5 days after infection, and the rate gradually increases. Immunoglobulins IgG appear 17-20 days after infection. They remain in the blood for 2-3 years after complete recovery. To detect all antibodies, studies are carried out several times with an interval of 10-14 days.

The course of mycoplasmal pneumonia can be aggravated by the activation of cold antibodies (agglutinins). They appear as a reaction to hypothermia or cold drinking. As a result, the likelihood of developing dangerous pathological reactions - hemolysis and acrocyanosis - increases.

Important! Activation of cold antibodies is detected by a corresponding increase in IgM. RAGA helps to recognize this change. The accumulation of antibodies on erythrocytes helps to determine the Coombs test.

Clinical symptoms

The incubation period is usually 13-15 days, but can take up to a month. In the initial period, the following symptoms are characteristic:

  • headache;
  • general weakness;
  • perspiration and dryness in the throat;
  • runny nose;
  • subfebrile temperature.

One of characteristic features – . Initially, it has an unproductive character, but gradually viscous sputum with mucus begins to appear.

More obvious symptoms appear 5-7 days after the first signs. Body temperature rises to 39.5-40 degrees and remains at a high level for up to 6-7 days, after which it again becomes subfebrile.

Appears pronounced with intensification with a deep breath. Extrapulmonary symptoms are also found:

  • skin rash;
  • myalgia;
  • insomnia;
  • discomfort in the stomach;
  • paresthesia.

Pneumonia is usually accompanied by diseases of the upper respiratory tract (rhinopharyngobronchitis, pharyngobronchitis, rhinobronchitis, bronchiolitis).

Treatment

The treatment regimen depends on. At acute form treatment is carried out in stationary conditions with the provision of quarantine. It is based on antibiotic treatment with the appointment of such groups of drugs:

  • macrolides;
  • fluoroquinolones;
  • tetracyclines.

The course of taking antibiotics is 13-15 days, with preference given to a stepwise scheme (for initial stage by injection and then by mouth).

Depending on the manifestations of pneumonia, symptomatic therapy with the appointment:

  • bronchodilators;
  • painkillers and expectorants;
  • antipyretics;
  • immunostimulants;
  • hormones.

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Conclusion

Mycoplasma pneumonia is a special form of pneumonia that requires a specific approach to diagnosis and treatment. Only modern techniques make it possible to timely identify the nature of the pathology, and therefore determine the optimal treatment regimen. In its advanced form, the disease can lead to serious consequences, even death.

More about the study

Mycoplasma infections of organs genitourinary system currently occupy a leading position among sexually transmitted infections. Often they are combined with gonococci, ureaplasmas, Trichomonas, chlamydia.

The source of infection are both patients and carriers. Infection occurs sexually. The infection can proceed latently, and then, under the influence of various factors (changes in hormonal levels, concomitant infections, decreased immunity), pass into an acute, chronic or recurrent form. Symptoms may vary. In most cases, in men, the disease occurs in the form of urethritis, prostatitis and is manifested by itching, burning, frequent urge to urinate and pain in the urethra, in women - in the form of vaginitis, cervicitis and is accompanied by discharge from the genital tract, discomfort, itching, burning. in the genital tract and / or lower abdomen, pain during sexual intercourse. Long-term chronic infection with Mycoplasma hominis can cause infertility, miscarriage and premature birth.

Possible infection of the fetus from the mother through the placenta or during childbirth. In these cases, neonatal infection may present as meningitis, respiratory infections, or septicemia.

In response to Mycoplasma hominis infection, the immune system produces specific immunoglobulins: IgA, IgM and IgG.

One of the first produced IgA, which protects the mucous membranes. IgA persist for a long period while mycoplasma is present (for a chronic course - for years). The concentration of IgA directly depends on the severity of the inflammatory process.

The detection of IgA to Mycoplasma hominis in the blood indicates an acute illness, a chronic or persistent form of infection.

What is research used for?

  • To confirm a current or chronic Mycoplasma hominis infection.
  • For the differential diagnosis of mycoplasma infection and other infectious diseases of the genitourinary tract, such as those caused by chlamydia or Trichomonas.
  • When planning pregnancy to exclude infection with Mycoplasma hominis.
  • To monitor the effectiveness of the treatment of diseases caused by Mycoplasma hominis.

When is the study scheduled?

  • With symptoms of a disease caused by mycoplasma: itching, burning, pain in the urethra during urination, frequent urge to urinate, discharge from the genital tract, discomfort in the genital tract and / or lower abdomen, pain during sexual intercourse.
  • If you suspect a chronic or persistent form of Mycoplasma hominis infection, which can be the cause of infertility, pregnancy pathologies.