How to treat a respiratory tract infection. Acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract

Acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract is always manifested by general non-specific signs due to the introduction of the virus and the intoxication of the body caused by it. The main manifestations of the disease are fever, headaches, sleep disturbances, weakness, muscle pain, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. Particularly severe manifestations are lethargy or agitation, disorders of consciousness, convulsions.

For acute inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, catarrhal symptoms are characteristic, but they depend on the predominant lesion of one or another organ of the upper respiratory tract.

Rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa. There are runny nose, discharge from the nose, sneezing, difficulty in nasal breathing. Pharyngitis - inflammation of the pharynx and arches. There is a sore throat, pain when swallowing. Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx. Patients are disturbed by hoarseness of voice, “barking cough”. Tonsillitis - or catarrhal angina - inflammation of the tonsils. Patients complain of pain when swallowing, the tonsils are enlarged, their mucosa is reddened. Tracheitis - inflammation of the trachea. There is a feeling of soreness behind the sternum, a dry painful cough, which can last up to 2-3 weeks.

Depending on the causative agent of the disease, there are also certain signs of the disease. The incidence of influenza is observed in the form of extensive epidemics. The onset of the flu is acute. Temperature 39-40 gr., within 3-4 days. General signs of the disease prevail over local, catarrhal. Locally observed mainly signs of tracheitis and rhinitis. The parainfluenza virus is characterized by focal epidemic incidence. The onset is gradual. Temperature up to 38 gr. within 1-2 days. General symptoms expressed moderately. The predominant form of damage to the upper respiratory tract is laryngitis. Adenovirus infection does not proceed as an epidemic. The beginning is sharp. Temperature 38-39 gr. within 5-14 days. The predominant forms of damage to the upper respiratory tract are pharyngitis, tonsillitis. There are also lesions of the eyes and digestive system.

Treatment of acute inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract is carried out in several directions. In some cases, it is possible to influence the causative agent of the disease. Influenza A is effective rimantadine, adenovirus infection - interferon. To treat the inflammation itself, anti-inflammatory drugs are used, most often paracetamol (Acamol) and a number of combined drugs for the treatment of acute inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract.

Inflammation of the bronchi - bronchitis
There are acute and chronic bronchitis. Acute bronchitis usually develops along with other signs of acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, inflammation, as it were, descends from the upper respiratory tract to the bronchi. Main feature acute bronchitis- cough; at first dry, then with a little sputum. During the examination, the doctor determines scattered dry whistling rales on both sides.

Chronic bronchitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchi. It flows for months and years, periodically aggravating, then subsiding. Of particular importance is chronic obstructive bronchitis. This disease is characterized by a constant decrease in the lumen of the bronchi (bronchial obstruction), which leads to increasing disorders of pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange.

Currently, the importance of three risk factors is recognized as undoubted chronic bronchitis and especially chronic obstructive bronchitis: smoking, pollutants (increased content of dust, gases in the inhaled air) and congenital deficiency of a special protein alpha-1-antitrypsin. Infectious factor - viruses, bacteria is the cause of exacerbation of the disease.

The main signs of chronic non-obstructive bronchitis are coughing, sputum production, and frequent colds. Chronic obstructive bronchitis is characterized by a triad of signs - cough, sputum production, constant shortness of breath. In the acute phase, all signs are expressed; in the remission phase, patients usually complain only of coughing.

Examination of patients with chronic bronchitis includes radiography chest and the study of respiratory function using modern computerized instruments. X-ray examination is necessary mainly to exclude other diseases of the respiratory system - pneumonia, tumors. In the study of lung function, signs of bronchial obstruction are revealed, the severity of these disorders is established.

Chronic bronchitis with a long course naturally leads to the development of serious complications - emphysema, respiratory failure, a kind of heart damage, bronchial asthma.

The most important condition for the successful treatment of patients with chronic bronchitis is smoking cessation. It is never too late to do this, but it is better to do it earlier, before the development of complications of chronic bronchitis. During an exacerbation of the inflammatory process in the bronchi, antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents are prescribed. Bronchodilators and expectorants are also prescribed. During the period of the process calming down, sanatorium treatment, massage, physiotherapy. Treatment is recommended at sea and mountain resorts.

Bronchial asthma

Bronchial asthma is a chronic disease manifested by recurrent bouts of severe difficulty breathing (suffocation). Modern science considers asthma as a kind of inflammatory process that leads to bronchial obstruction - narrowing of their lumen due to a number of mechanisms:

• 
  spasm of small bronchi;
• 
  swelling of the bronchial mucosa;
• 
  increased secretion of fluid by the glands of the bronchi;
• 
  increased viscosity of sputum in the bronchi.

An asthma attack has typical symptoms. It begins suddenly or with the appearance of a dry, agonizing cough, sometimes it is preceded by a sensation of tickling in the nose, behind the sternum. Asphyxiation develops rapidly, the patient takes a short breath and then, almost without a pause, a long exhalation (expiration is difficult). During exhalation, dry wheezing rales (wheeze) are heard at a distance. The doctor listens to such rales when examining the patient. The attack ends on its own or, more often, under the influence of bronchodilators. Suffocation disappears, breathing becomes freer, sputum begins to depart. The number of dry rales in the lungs decreases, gradually they completely disappear.

There are three levels of asthma severity - mild, moderate and severe, but the average degree has 2 steps. The division is based on the severity of signs.

Stage I (light) - mild seizures

Stages II and III (moderate severity) - attacks > 1-2 times a week, nocturnal asthma > 2 times a month, attacks disrupt sleep and physical activity.

Stage IV (severe) - frequent exacerbations, recurring symptoms, frequent attacks at night.

Long-term and insufficiently treated asthma can lead to serious complications. When examining patients with bronchial asthma, especially at the beginning of the disease, special studies are needed to identify the “guilty” antigen - the protein that causes attacks. To do this, a thorough questioning of the patient is carried out, a dietary diary is kept if a food allergy is suspected, skin, intradermal tests with possible antigens are placed. The complex of studies also includes sputum tests with the determination of eosinophil cells in it, an assessment of lung function (spirography) and an X-ray examination of the chest.

The treatment of bronchial asthma is a difficult task, it requires the active participation of patients, for whom special "schools" are created, where, under the guidance of doctors and nurses, patients are taught the correct way of life, the procedure for using medications.

As far as possible, it is necessary to eliminate risk factors for the disease:

• 
  allergens that cause seizures;
• 
  refuse to take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin, drugs for the treatment of pain, joint diseases);
• 
  sometimes climate change, job change helps

Pneumonia is an inflammatory process in the pulmonary alveoli, adjacent to them the smallest bronchi, microvessels. Pneumonia is most often caused by bacteria - pneumococci, streptococci, staphylococci. More rare pathogens are Legionella, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Mycoplasma. Pneumonia can also be caused by viruses, but here, again, bacteria take part in the inflammation.

Pneumonia is more likely to occur in people who have had respiratory viral infection, smokers, alcohol abusers, the elderly and the elderly, on the background of chronic diseases internal organs. Pneumonia that occurs in severe postoperative patients in hospitals is isolated separately.

According to the prevalence of the pneumonia process, it can be lobar and segmental, when the foci of inflammation are large, and small-focal with multiple small foci of inflammation. They differ in the severity of the symptoms, the severity of the course, and also on which pathogen led to pneumonia. X-ray examination of the lungs helps to accurately establish the prevalence of the process.

The onset of the disease with macrofocal pneumonia is acute. Chills, headaches, severe weakness, dry cough, chest pain when breathing, shortness of breath occur. The temperature rises significantly and stays at high numbers, if the disease is not treated, 7-8 days. When coughing, sputum with streaks of blood begins to stand out first. Gradually, its amount increases, it becomes purulent. When listening to the lungs, the doctor determines altered bronchial breathing. In the study of blood revealed an increase in the number of leukocytes, acceleration of ESR. Radiologically, massive shading in the lungs is determined, corresponding to a lobe or segment.

Focal pneumonia is characterized by a milder course. The onset of the disease can be acute or slower, gradual. Often, patients indicate that before the first signs of the disease appeared, they suffered from acute respiratory infections, there was a cough, a short-term fever. There is a cough with mucopurulent sputum, there may be pain in the chest when breathing, shortness of breath. When examining blood, there may be a moderate increase in the number of leukocytes, an acceleration of ESR. Radiologically, larger or smaller foci of shading are determined, but much smaller than with large-focal pneumonia.

The severity of the course of pneumonia and its symptoms largely depend on the causative agent of the disease. Pneumonia caused by legionella, Friedlander's bacillus, and staphylococci is especially severe. Therefore, it is extremely important in each case of pneumonia to examine the patient in such a way as to at least roughly determine the causative agent of the disease.

Severe forms of pneumonia with high fever, severe cough, shortness of breath, chest pains are best treated in a hospital, they usually begin treatment with penicillin injections, and then, depending on the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of treatment, change antibacterial agents. There are also painkillers, oxygen is prescribed. Patients with milder forms of pneumonia can be treated at home, antibacterial agents are prescribed by mouth, usually starting with antibiotics of the cephalosporin group. Apart from antibacterial agents a good auxiliary effect, especially at the final stages of treatment, is chest massage, physiotherapy exercises. It is necessary to treat patients with pneumonia vigorously, achieving normalization of the blood picture and, most importantly, until the disappearance of radiological signs of inflammation.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by a tubercle bacillus (Koch's wand - named after the famous German scientist Koch, who discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis). Infection with tuberculosis occurs through the air, into which Koch's sticks fall during coughing, sputum production by tuberculosis patients. Tuberculosis microbes are very resistant to environmental factors, so the possibility of infection with them persists for a long time. Tuberculosis occurs more often in countries with poor social conditions, with inadequate nutrition of people, it often affects prisoners in prisons with AIDS. In recent years, the high resistance of tuberculosis bacteria to those medicines, which were very effective for the treatment of tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis most often affects the lungs, but other organs can also suffer from this disease - bones, kidneys, urinary system.

Forms of pulmonary tuberculosis can be different. Focal infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis is often detected during preventive x-ray examinations. In the upper lobes of the lung, foci of shading are found on one or both sides. At the same time, it turns out that a person with these changes has an unmotivated malaise, cough, and a slight increase in temperature. Sometimes tuberculosis begins as a lobar, severe pneumonia. Severe sweating, coughing, hemoptysis are very characteristic. The upper or middle lobes are affected. A frequent form of tuberculosis is fibrous-cavernous. With this form of the disease, the process flows for a long time. The disease begins slowly, gradually. There is unmotivated weakness, low-grade fever, a small cough with a minimum amount of sputum. As a result of the collapse of the lung tissue, cavities (caverns) are formed. There is more sputum, it has no smell, there may be hemoptysis. Cavities are detected by X-ray. Another form of pulmonary tuberculosis is the defeat of the pleura with the accumulation in its cavity of an inflammatory fluid - exudate. Most of all, patients are worried about shortness of breath due to compression of the lungs by fluid.

In most patients, TB is suspected after an X-ray examination of the lungs. The decisive diagnostic methods are the detection of the causative agent of tuberculosis in sputum, bronchial washings or lung tissue taken during the examination of the bronchi with a special optical device - a bronchoscope.

Treatment of tuberculosis is complex and lengthy. Complexity lies in the combination of treatment regimen, diet and drug treatment. Long term treatment due to the slow multiplication of tubercle bacilli and their ability to stay in an inactive state for a long time.

Here is a list of modern anti-TB drugs: isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, PAS, ethionamide, cycloserine, thioacetazone, capreomycin, viomycin. There are various drug regimens, all of which involve the use of at least two drugs. Specific schemes are offered only by a doctor. The task of the patient, if he has a desire to recover and avoid serious complications, is to scrupulously follow the doctor's instructions.

Tuberculosis prevention consists in vaccinating children, which makes them resistant to the disease. For adults, the main event is a regular preventive x-ray examination of the lungs.

On the early stages disease, especially if the tumor is located on the periphery of the lung, there may be no symptoms. In later stages, patients may complain of coughing, often hemoptysis, chest pain, shortness of breath, most often these symptoms increase over a relatively long time, breathing ceases to be heard in certain areas of the lung. There may be an increase in temperature. Often the onset resembles ordinary pneumonia, which, however, is difficult to treat with conventional treatment, then a tumor is suspected. It is not uncommon for a tumor to be discovered incidentally on a lung x-ray for another cause. People who smoke and who have a common cough should think about the possibility of developing a tumor with the appearance of unmotivated weakness, increased fatigue, increased coughing, and especially with the slightest hemoptysis. Immediately with these alarming symptoms, you should consult a doctor to undergo the necessary examination.

A blood test may reveal anemia, accelerated ESR. But the most important information is given by chest x-ray, tomography, bronchoscopy, if necessary. CT scan. Often they also resort to a lung biopsy, then the diagnosis is confirmed exactly.

Treatment is surgical removal of the tumor, in some cases chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The sooner treatment is started, the better and more reliable the results will be.

Lung cancer can be prevented if you stop smoking in a timely manner or, better, not start smoking at all. Avoid contact with asbestos, heavy metals. Effective way early diagnosis of cancer are preventive examinations, when an X-ray examination is performed, the determination of tumor markers.

Occupational lung diseases
Occupational lung diseases include those that occur in a person as a result of a sufficiently long contact at work with harmful environmental factors. This happens when one or another damaging agent exists in a form that allows it to penetrate deep enough into the respiratory tract, is deposited in the bronchial and alveolar mucosa, and remains in the respiratory tract for a long time.

The lungs may respond to minerals, organic dust, aerosolized particles, and irritating gases.

Asbestos, silica, coal dust have the most adverse effect on the respiratory system from mineral substances.

Asbestos causes the development of asbestosis, which leads to the growth connective tissue in the lungs (fibrosis), manifested by increasing shortness of breath, dry cough. In addition, it can lead to an isolated disease of the pleura - pleurisy, is a risk factor for the development of lung cancer.

Silica (sand, quartz), coal dust cause a disease called silicosis, anthracosis or pneumoconiosis. The essence of this group of diseases is the progressive development of fibrosis in the lungs as a result of prolonged exposure to dust. For a long time, there may be no signs of the disease, while radiographic changes are pronounced significantly. Foci of shading in pneumoconiosis are most densely located in the middle and lateral parts of the lung, they are of different sizes, with irregular contours, dense, located symmetrically on both sides, they are practically absent in the root zone. Along with foci of compaction, signs of emphysema are revealed. Prolonged course of the disease gradually leads to dysfunction of the respiratory system, increased shortness of breath, cough.

organic dust. Prolonged contact with organic dust causes a number of diseases. Byssinosis is caused by exposure to cotton dust. "Farmer's Lung" is caused by exposure to moldy hay, which contains actinomycete spores. Diseases close to them are caused by cereal dust in working elevators. When exposed to organic dust, both lungs are affected by the type of fibrosing alveolitis. Its symptoms are shortness of breath with difficulty in both inhalation and exhalation, a cough that intensifies when the patient tries to inhale more deeply. X-ray changes are characteristic, and signs of respiratory failure are detected very early on spirography.

Contacts with aerosols cause occupational bronchial asthma, industrial obstructive bronchitis. The most commonly cited causes of these diseases are platinum salts, formaldehyde, wood dust (especially arborvitae), dandruff and animal excretions on livestock farms, poultry farms, grain and grain waste at currents and elevators. Symptoms of asthma are intermittent attacks of suffocation with sharply difficult exhalation. Obstructive bronchitis is manifested by a prolonged cough and almost constant shortness of breath.

The treatment of occupational lung diseases is a rather difficult task, therefore, in all developed countries, special attention is paid to the prevention of these diseases and their early detection. The legislation establishes the implementation of technical and sanitary measures at enterprises with harmful working conditions. An important role belongs to preventive examinations of workers, which necessarily include a doctor's examination, X-ray examination of the lungs, and spirography.

Respiratory diseases are more common during the cold season. More often they affect people with a weakened immune system, children and elderly pensioners. These diseases are divided into two groups: diseases of the upper respiratory tract and lower. This classification depends on the location of the infection.

According to the form, acute and chronic diseases of the respiratory tract are distinguished. The chronic form of the disease occurs with periodic exacerbations and periods of calm (remission). Symptoms of a particular pathology during periods of exacerbation are absolutely identical to those observed during acute form the same respiratory disease.

These pathologies can be infectious and allergic.

They are more often caused by pathological microorganisms, such as bacteria (ARI) or viruses (ARVI). As a rule, these ailments are transmitted by airborne droplets from sick people. The upper respiratory tract includes the nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx. Infections that enter these parts of the respiratory system cause diseases of the upper respiratory tract:

• Rhinitis.
• Sinusitis.
• Angina.
• Laryngitis.
• Adenoiditis.
• Pharyngitis.
• Tonsillitis.

All these ailments are diagnosed year-round, but in our country the increase in incidence occurs in mid-April and September. Such respiratory diseases in children are most common.

Rhinitis

This disease is characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Rhinitis occurs in acute or chronic form. Most often it is caused by an infection, viral or bacterial, but various allergens can also be the cause. Anyway characteristic symptom is swelling of the nasal mucosa and difficulty breathing.

For initial stage rhinitis is characterized by dryness and itching in the nasal cavity and general malaise. The patient sneezes, the sense of smell is disturbed, sometimes rises subfebrile temperature. This state can last from several hours to two days. Further, transparent discharges from the nose join, liquid and in large quantities, then these discharges acquire a mucopurulent character and gradually disappear. The patient gets better. Breathing through the nose is restored.

Rhinitis often does not manifest itself as an independent disease, but acts as an accompaniment to other infectious diseases, such as influenza, diphtheria, gonorrhea, scarlet fever. Depending on the cause that caused this respiratory disease, treatment is directed to its elimination.

Sinusitis

It often manifests itself as a complication of other infections (measles, rhinitis, influenza, scarlet fever), but can also act as an independent disease. There are acute and chronic forms of sinusitis. In the acute form, a catarrhal and purulent course is distinguished, and in a chronic form, it is edematous-polypous, purulent or mixed.

Typical symptoms for both acute and chronic forms of sinusitis are frequent headaches, general malaise, hyperthermia (fever). As for the discharge from the nose, they are plentiful and have a mucous character. Can be observed only on one side, this happens most often. This is due to the fact that only some paranasal sinuses. And this, in turn, may indicate a particular disease, for example:

• Aerosinusitis.
• Sinusitis.
• Etmoiditis.
• Sphenoiditis.
• Frontit.

Thus, sinusitis often does not manifest itself as an independent disease, but serves as an indicative symptom of another pathology. In this case, it is necessary to treat the root cause, i.e. those respiratory infections that provoked the development of sinusitis.

If nasal discharge occurs on both sides, this pathology is called pansinusitis. Depending on the cause that caused this disease of the upper respiratory tract, the treatment will be aimed at eliminating it. Most often applied antibiotic therapy.

If sinusitis is caused by chronic sinusitis, when the acute phase of the disease passes into the chronic phase, punctures are often used to quickly eliminate undesirable consequences, followed by washing with Furacilin or saline of the maxillary sinus. This method of treatment in a short period relieves the patient of the symptoms that torment him (severe headache, swelling of the face, fever).

Adenoids

This pathology appears due to hyperplasia of the tissue of the nasopharyngeal tonsil. This is a formation that is part of the lymphadenoid pharyngeal ring. This tonsil is located in the nasopharyngeal vault. As a rule, the inflammatory process of the adenoids (adenoiditis) affects only childhood(from 3 to 10 years). The symptoms of this pathology are:

• Difficulty breathing.
• Mucus discharge from the nose.
• During sleep, the child breathes through the mouth.
• Sleep may be disturbed.
• Annoyance appears.
• Possible hearing loss.
• In advanced cases, the so-called adenoid facial expression appears (smoothness of the nasolabial folds).
• There are laryngospasms.
• Twitching of individual muscles of the face may be observed.
• Deformation of the chest and skull in the front part appears in especially advanced cases.

All these symptoms are accompanied by shortness of breath, cough and, in severe cases, the development of anemia.

For the treatment of this disease of the respiratory tract in severe cases, surgical treatment is used - removal of the adenoids. At the initial stages, washing with disinfectant solutions and decoctions or infusions of medicinal herbs is used. For example, you can use the following collection:

All ingredients of the collection are taken in equal parts. If some component is missing, then you can get by with the composition that is available. The prepared collection (15 g) is poured into 250 ml of hot water and boiled over very low heat for 10 minutes, after which it is insisted for another 2 hours. The medicine prepared in this way is filtered and used in a warm form to wash the nose or instill 10-15 drops into each nostril.

Chronic tonsillitis

This pathology occurs as a result of the inflammatory process of the palatine tonsils, which has become chronic. Chronic tonsillitis often affects children, in old age it practically does not occur. This pathology is caused by fungal and bacterial infections. Other infectious diseases of the respiratory tract, such as hypertrophic rhinitis, purulent sinusitis, and adenoiditis, can provoke the development of chronic tonsillitis. Even untreated caries can become the cause of this disease. Depending on the specific cause that provoked this disease of the upper respiratory tract, treatment should be aimed at eliminating the primary source of infection.

In the case of the development of a chronic process in the palatine tonsils, the following occurs:

• The growth of connective tissue.
• Dense plugs form in the lacunae.
• The lymphoid tissue softens.
• The keratinization of the epithelium may begin.
• Lymphatic outflow from the tonsils is difficult.
• Nearby lymph nodes become inflamed.

Chronic tonsillitis can occur in a compensated or decompensated form.

In treatment this disease a good effect is given by physiotherapeutic procedures (UV irradiation), rinsing with disinfectant solutions (Furacilin, Lugolevy, 1-3% iodine, Iodglycerin, etc.) is applied topically. After rinsing, it is necessary to irrigate the tonsils with disinfectant sprays, for example, Strepsils Plus is used. Some experts advise vacuum suction, after which the tonsils are also worked out with similar sprays.

In the case of a pronounced toxic-allergic form of this disease and the absence of a positive effect from conservative treatment, surgical removal of the tonsils is performed.

Angina

The scientific name for this disease is acute tonsillitis. There are 4 types of angina:

1. Catarrhal.
2. Follicular.
3. Lacuna.
4. Phlegmous.

In the pure version, these types of angina are practically not found. There are always at least two varieties of this disease present. So, for example, with a lacuna, white-yellow purulent formations are visible in the mouths of some lacunae, and with a follicular, festering follicles shine through the mucous membrane. But in both cases, catarrhal phenomena, redness and enlargement of the tonsils are observed.

With any type of angina, body temperature rises, worsens general state, chills appear and an increase in lymphatic regional nodes is observed.

Regardless of the type of angina, rinsing with disinfectant solutions and physiotherapy are used. In the presence of purulent processes, antibiotic therapy is used.

Pharyngitis

This pathology is associated with the inflammatory process of the pharyngeal mucosa. Pharyngitis can develop as an independent disease or concomitant, for example, with SARS. This pathology can be provoked by eating too hot or cold food, as well as inhaling polluted air. Allocate acute pharyngitis and chronic. Symptoms that are observed in acute pharyngitis are as follows:

• Sensation of dryness in the throat (in the region of the pharynx).
• Pain during swallowing.
• On examination (pharyngoscopy), signs of an inflammatory process of the palate and its posterior wall are revealed.

The symptoms of pharyngitis are very similar to the signs of catarrhal angina, but, unlike it, the general condition of the patient remains normal, and there is no increase in body temperature. With this pathology, as a rule, the inflammatory process does not affect the palatine tonsils, and with catarrhal tonsillitis, on the contrary, signs of inflammation are present exclusively on them.

Chronic pharyngitis develops with an untreated acute process. Other inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, such as rhinitis, sinusitis, as well as smoking and alcohol abuse, can also provoke a chronic course.

Laryngitis

In this disease, the inflammatory process extends to the larynx. It can affect individual parts of it or capture it completely. Often the cause of this disease is voice strain, severe hypothermia or other independent diseases (measles, whooping cough, influenza, etc.).

Depending on the localization of the process on the larynx, separate areas of the lesion can be identified, which become bright red and swell. Sometimes the inflammatory process also affects the trachea, then we are talking about a disease such as laryngotracheitis.

There is no clear boundary between the upper and lower airways. The symbolic boundary between them runs at the intersection of the respiratory and digestive systems. Thus, the lower respiratory tract includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. Diseases of the lower respiratory tract are associated with infections of these parts of the respiratory system, namely:

• Tracheitis.
• Bronchitis.
• Pneumonia.
• Alveolitis.

Tracheitis

This is an inflammatory process of the mucous membrane of the trachea (it connects the larynx with the bronchi). Tracheitis can exist as an independent disease or serve as a symptom of the flu or other bacterial disease. The patient is concerned about the symptoms of general intoxication ( headache, fatigue, fever). In addition, there is a sore pain behind the sternum, which is aggravated by talking, inhaling cold air and coughing. In the morning and at night, the patient is disturbed by a dry cough. In the case of a combination with laryngitis (laryngotracheitis), the patient's voice becomes hoarse. If tracheitis is manifested in combination with bronchitis (tracheobronchitis), sputum appears when coughing. With the viral nature of the disease, it will be transparent. In the case of a bacterial infection, the sputum has a gray-green color. In this case, antibiotic therapy is mandatory for treatment.

Bronchitis

This pathology manifests itself as inflammation of the bronchial mucosa. Acute respiratory diseases of any localization very often accompanies bronchitis. So, in case of inflammatory processes of the upper respiratory tract, in case of untimely treatment, the infection falls lower and bronchitis joins. This disease is accompanied by a cough. In the initial stage of the process, it is a dry cough with sputum difficult to separate. During treatment and the use of mucolytic agents, sputum liquefies and is coughed up. If bronchitis is bacterial in nature, antibiotics are used for treatment.

Pneumonia

This is an inflammatory process of the lung tissue. This disease is mainly caused by pneumococcal infection, but sometimes another pathogen can also be the cause. The disease is accompanied high temperature, chills, weakness. Often the patient experiences pain in the affected area when breathing. With auscultation, the doctor can listen to wheezing on the side of the lesion. Diagnosis is confirmed by x-ray. This disease requires hospitalization. Treatment is with antibiotic therapy.

Alveolitis

This is an inflammatory process of the terminal parts of the respiratory system - the alveoli. As a rule, alveolitis is not an independent disease, but a concomitant of another pathology. The reason for this may be:

• Candidiasis.
• Aspergillosis.
• Legionellosis.
• Cryptococcosis.
• Q fever.

Symptoms of this disease are a characteristic cough, fever, severe cyanosis, general weakness. Fibrosis of the alveoli can become a complication.

Antibacterial therapy

Antibiotics for respiratory disease are prescribed only in case of a bacterial infection. If the nature of the pathology is viral in nature, then antibiotic therapy is not applied.

Most often, for the treatment of diseases of the respiratory system of an infectious nature, drugs of the penicillin series are used, such as medicines "Amoxicillin", "Ampicillin", "Amoxiclav", "Augmentin", etc.

If the selected drug does not give desired effect, the doctor prescribes another group of antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolones. This group includes drugs "Moxifloxacin", "Levofloxacin". These medicines successfully cope with bacterial infections that are resistant to penicillins.

Antibiotics of the cephalosporin group are most commonly used for the treatment respiratory diseases. For this, drugs such as Cefixime (its other name is Suprax) or Cefuroxime Axetil are used (analogs of this drug are the drugs Zinnat, Aksetin and Cefuroxime).

Antibiotics of the macrolide group are used to treat atypical pneumonia caused by chlamydia or mycoplasmas. These include the drug "Azithromycin" or its analogues - the medicines "Hemomycin" and "Sumamed".

Prevention

Prevention of respiratory diseases is reduced to the following:

• Try not to be in places with a polluted atmosphere (near highways, hazardous industries, etc.).
• Ventilate your home and workplace regularly.
• In the cold season, with bursts of respiratory diseases, try not to be in crowded places.
• Good results are given by hardening procedures and systematic physical exercise, morning or evening jogging.
• If you feel the first signs of malaise, you should not wait for everything to go away on its own, you need to seek medical help.

By following these simple rules for the prevention of respiratory diseases, you can maintain your health even during seasonal outbreaks of respiratory diseases.

Both upper and lower are diagnosed in every fourth inhabitant of the planet. These diseases include tonsillitis, sinusitis, rhinitis, laryngitis and pharyngitis. Most often, diseases begin to develop in the autumn-winter period, since it is then that influenza or ARVI diseases become widespread. According to statistics, every adult gets sick three times a year, diseases in children are diagnosed up to ten times a year.

Description of the human respiratory system

The respiratory system is a collection of organs interconnected and providing the supply of oxygen, the removal of carbon dioxide and the process of gas exchange in the blood. This system consists of the upper and lower respiratory tract and lungs.

The respiratory system does following features:

• participates in thermoregulation of the body;
• provides the ability to reproduce speech and distinguish smells;
• participates in metabolic processes;
• humidifies the air inhaled by a person;
• provides additional protection of the body from environmental influences.

When air is inhaled, it first enters the nose, where it is cleaned with the help of villi, warmed up thanks to a network of blood vessels. After that, the air enters the pharyngeal plane, which has several sections, then it passes through the pharynx into the lower respiratory tract.

Today, inflammation of the respiratory tract is a common occurrence. One of the very first and fairly common signs of pathology is a cough and runny nose. Diseases that affect the respiratory tract include tonsillitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, rhinitis and laryngitis, tracheitis and acute respiratory infections.

Reasons for the development of the disease

Inflammation occurs for several reasons:

• Viruses: influenza, rotovirus, adenovirus, measles and others - when they enter the body, they cause an inflammatory reaction.
• Bacteria: pneumococci, staphylococci, mycoplasmas, mycobacteria and others - also provoke the development of the inflammatory process.
• Mushrooms: candida, actinomyceles and others - cause local inflammation.

Many of the above microorganisms are transmitted from one person to another. Some viruses and fungi can live in the human body for a long time, but manifest themselves only with a decrease in immunity. Infection can occur through household or airborne droplets. Transmission of infection can occur by talking to an infected person. At the same time, the respiratory tract becomes the first barrier for pathogenic microorganisms, as a result of which an inflammatory process develops in them.

Inflammation of the respiratory tract can occur in a person of any age, gender and nationality. Social status and material condition do not play a role in this.

Risk group

The risk group includes:

• People with frequent colds, chronic pathologies of the upper respiratory tract, which leads to a decrease in resistance to negative environmental influences.
• Persons constantly exposed to hypothermia and other negative factors of nature.
• HIV-infected people with concomitant secondary diseases.
• Childhood and old age.

Symptoms and signs of the disease

The symptoms of inflammation of the respiratory tract are similar to each other in different diseases, they differ only in the localization of the pain syndrome and discomfort. It is possible to identify the location of the inflammatory process by the symptoms of the pathology, but only an experienced doctor after a comprehensive examination can make an accurate diagnosis and identify the pathogen.

All diseases are incubation period lasting from two to ten days, it all depends on the causative agent of the disease. For example, with influenza, signs of pathology appear quickly, a person's body temperature rises strongly, which does not subside for about three days. When parainfluenza enters the body, the patient develops laryngitis. Adenovirus infection occurs in the form of tonsillitis and pharyngitis.

Rhinitis and sinusitis

Rhinitis (runny nose) - inflammation of the mucous epithelium of the nose. A person has a runny nose, which profusely goes out during the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms. As the infection spreads rapidly, both sinuses are affected. In some cases, inflammation of the airways, the symptoms and treatment of which are discussed in this article, leads to the development of not a runny nose, but nasal congestion. Sometimes the separated exudate is presented in the form of green pus or a clear liquid.

Inflammation of the sinuses, accompanied by difficulty breathing and severe congestion, is called sinusitis. At the same time, swelling of the nasal sinuses leads to the development of headache, impaired vision and smell. Pain in the region of the nose indicates a running inflammatory process, pus may begin to drain from the nose. All this is accompanied by an increase in temperature, fever and malaise.

Tonsillitis

Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils. In this case, the person shows the following symptoms of the disease:

• pain during swallowing;
• increase in body temperature;
• swelling of the palatine tonsils;
• the appearance of plaque on the tonsils;
• muscle weakness.

Tonsillitis develops as a result of a virus or pathogenic bacteria entering the body. In some cases, pus may appear in the form of yellow overlays on the mucous epithelium of the throat. If the pathology is caused by fungi, then the plaque will have a white color and a curdled consistency.

Pharyngitis, laryngitis and tracheitis

In this case, inflammation of the respiratory tract is manifested by perspiration and dry cough, periodic difficulty in breathing. Body temperature is increased inconsistently. Pharyngitis usually develops as a complication of influenza or SARS.

Laryngitis, or inflammation of the larynx and vocal cords, is also a complication of the flu, whooping cough, or measles. In this case, a person develops hoarseness and cough, swelling of the larynx and difficulty breathing. In the absence of therapy, the disease can provoke muscle spasm.

Tracheitis - inflammation of the trachea, which is accompanied by a prolonged dry cough.

Bronchitis and pneumonia

Moving down below pathogenic microorganisms cause inflammation of the lower respiratory tract. A person develops bronchitis. The disease is caused by a dry cough or sputum discharge. A person experiences signs of intoxication and malaise. If left untreated, the infection spreads to the lungs, causing pneumonia. In this case, the patient complains of a sharp increase in body temperature, intoxication, chills, cough. If the disease is not caused by an infection, but by other reasons, the symptoms may not appear, the person will only feel the signs of a cold.

In severe cases, pathology leads to a disorder of consciousness, the development of seizures and even death. It is very important to prevent the development of serious complications in a timely manner. In this case, it is recommended to pay attention to non-specific manifestations of cough, it is impossible to treat it on your own.

Diagnostic measures

Antibiotics are usually prescribed for inflammation of the respiratory tract. But before that, the doctor must make an accurate diagnosis in order to choose the most appropriate drug. Diagnosis begins with the collection of anamnesis, examination and questioning of the patient. Next are laboratory tests. It is important in this case to distinguish between viral and bacterial diseases of the respiratory tract.

Laboratory research methods include:

• A blood and urine test, which will make it possible to determine the nature of the disease.
• The study of mucus from the nose and throat in order to determine the causative agent of the infection, as well as the choice of the drug to which it is sensitive.
• Bacteriological culture of pharyngeal mucus for the causative agent of diphtheria.
• PCR and ELISA for suspected specific infections.

Instrumental diagnostic methods include:

• Laryngoscopy to determine the nature of the inflammatory process.
• Bronchoscopy.
• X-ray of the lungs to determine the degree of spread of inflammation.

Based on the results of a comprehensive examination, a final diagnosis is made and appropriate treatment is prescribed.

Therapy of diseases

In medicine, four types of therapy are used:

1. Etiotropic treatment aimed at stopping the reproduction of the infectious agent and its spread throughout the body. If the pathology is caused by viruses, the doctor prescribes antiviral drugs, for example "Kagocel" or "Arbidol". Antibiotics are prescribed for inflammation of the lower respiratory tract, as well as upper, when the disease is caused by pathogenic bacteria. The choice of remedy in this case depends on the localization of the pathological process, the age of the patient and the severity of the course of the disease. For example, with angina, macrolides are often prescribed.
2. Pathogenetic therapy is aimed at stopping the inflammatory process, as well as shortening the recovery period. In this case, the treatment of inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, as well as the lower ones, is performed using immunomodulators, anti-inflammatory combined drugs, NSAIDs.
3. Symptomatic treatment, the purpose of which is to alleviate the patient's condition, improve the quality of his life. The doctor prescribes nasal drops to eliminate congestion, throat sprays, expectorants and antitussive drugs. These medicines must be taken along with antibiotics for inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and the lower ones as well.
4. Inhalation treatment allows you to quickly get rid of cough and inflammation. For this, steam inhalations, nebulizers are used.

As you can see, the treatment of inflammation of the respiratory tract should be comprehensive. In the absence of therapy, serious complications may develop, which sometimes cause death.

Forecast

With timely access to a medical institution, the prognosis is usually favorable, subject to compliance with all prescriptions and recommendations of the doctor. Often diseases provoke the development of serious negative consequences. Diseases such as influenza, tonsillitis and pneumonia can cause complications that are difficult to treat.

Prevention

Preventive actions include primarily vaccination for certain infections. IN autumn-winter period it is recommended to use special preparations. You can also use tools traditional medicine which enhance the body's defenses. In this case, you can include onion and garlic, honey, linden decoction in the diet. People who are at risk should avoid disease-provoking factors. Hypothermia should not be allowed. It is recommended to give up bad habits.

For inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, doctors recommend:

• Refuse cough drops, as they will not help cure a sore throat.
• In addition to gargling, you also need to take medications that the doctor should prescribe. In some cases, rinsing with a soda solution is contraindicated, as this only aggravates the course of the disease.
• Vasoconstrictor drops can be used for no more than five days, otherwise drug addiction occurs.

Quite often, a person suffers from inflammation of the respiratory tract. The provoking factors are hypothermia or, SARS, influenza, various infectious diseases. If timely treatment is not started, everything can end in serious complications. Is it possible to prevent the inflammatory process? What treatments are available? Is respiratory inflammation dangerous?

The main symptoms of inflammation of the respiratory tract

Symptoms of the disease will depend on the individual characteristics of the patient's body and the degree of damage to the respiratory tract. We can distinguish such general signs that appear during the introduction of the virus. It often leads to severe intoxication of the body:

• The temperature rises.
• There is a severe headache.
• Sleep is disturbed.
• Appetite decreases.
• There is nausea, which ends with vomiting.

In severe cases, the patient has an excited and inhibited state, consciousness is upset, a convulsive state is observed. Separately, it is worth noting the signs that depend on which particular organ is affected:

• Inflammation of the nasal mucosa (rhinitis). First comes severe runny nose, the patient constantly sneezes, his nasal breathing is difficult.
• Inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa (). The patient has a strong perspiration in the throat, the patient cannot swallow.
• Inflammation of the larynx (laryngitis). The patient is disturbed by a strong cough, the voice is hoarse.
• Tonsillitis (tonsillitis). There is severe pain when swallowing, the tonsils also increase significantly, the mucous membrane reddens.
• Inflammation of the trachea (tracheitis). In this case, he suffers from a dry cough that does not go away within a month.

Symptoms also depend on the pathogen that provoked the disease. If the inflammation of the respiratory tract is caused by influenza, the patient's temperature rises to 40 degrees, he does not fall for three days. In this case, symptoms of rhinitis, tracheitis are most often observed.

If the respiratory disease is caused by parainfluenza, the temperature rises no higher than 38 degrees for about 2 days. Symptoms are moderate. With parainfluenza, laryngitis most often develops.

Separately, it is worth noting adenovirus infection, which affects the respiratory tract. It most often occurs in the form of tonsillitis, pharyngitis, the digestive system and eyes are also affected.

Medical treatment of airway inflammation

The attending physician in the inflammatory process prescribes:

• Antiseptic drugs - Chlorhexidine, Hexetidine, Timol, etc.
• Antibiotics - Framycetin, Fusafunzhin, Polymyxin.
• Sulfonamides can be combined with anesthetics - Lidocoin, Menthol, Tetracaine.
• Hemostatic drugs, this group of drugs contains plant extracts, sometimes beekeeping products.
• Antiviral drugs - Interferon, Lysozyme.
• Vitamins A, B, C.

Bioparox - antibacterial agent

An antibiotic has proven itself well, it is released in the form of an aerosol, it can be used to effectively cure acute respiratory tract infections. Due to the fact that Bioparox contains aerosol particles, it acts immediately on all organs of the respiratory tract, therefore it has a complex effect. Bioparox can be used to treat acute rhinosinusitis, pharyngitis, tracheobronchitis, laryngitis.

Gestetidine is an antifungal drug.

This is the best medicine for the treatment of inflammation in the pharynx. The drug is released in the form of an aerosol solution for rinsing. Hexetidine is a low-toxic agent, so it can be used to treat infants. In addition to the antimicrobial action, Hexetidine has an analgesic effect.

Alternative methods of treatment of inflammation of the respiratory tract

Recipes for the treatment of rhinitis

• Fresh beet juice. Drip 6 drops of fresh beet juice, you need to do this in the morning, afternoon and evening. It is also recommended to use beetroot decoction for instillation of the nose.
• Boiled potatoes. Cut boiled potatoes into several parts: one is applied to the forehead, the other two parts to the sinuses.
• Soda inhalation. Take 500 ml of water, add 2 tablespoons, if there is no allergy, you can add eucalyptus oil - 10 drops. The procedure is carried out at night.

Recipes for the treatment of tonsillitis, pharyngitis and laryngitis

• Lemon. Eat one lemon at once with the peel, before that cut it. You can add sugar or honey.
• Herbal collection is used for gargling. It is necessary to take pharmacy chamomile - 2 tablespoons, eucalyptus leaves - 2 tablespoons, lime blossom - 2 tablespoons, flaxseeds - a tablespoon. Means to insist for half an hour. Gargle up to 5 times a day.
• Propolis infusion. Crushed propolis - pour 10 grams in half a glass of alcohol. Leave everything for a week. Rinse three times a day. When treating, drink tea with honey and herbs.
• Egg yolk remedy. It is necessary to take the yolk - 2 eggs, beat it with sugar until foam forms. With the help of the tool, you can quickly get rid of a hoarse voice.
• Dill seeds. It is necessary to take 200 ml of boiling water and brew dill seeds in it - a tablespoon. Leave for about 30 minutes. Drink after eating no more than two tablespoons.
• Curd compress on the throat will help relieve inflammation, irritation from the throat. After a few procedures, you will feel better.

So, in order to avoid the inflammatory process of the respiratory organs, it is necessary to treat a cold in a timely manner. Do not think that the disease will go away on its own. If you start a runny nose, the bacteria from your nose will start to descend. First they will be in the nose, then in the pharynx, then in the larynx, trachea and bronchi. Everything can end with pneumonia (pneumonia). To prevent complications, it is necessary to take measures at the first symptoms, and do not forget to consult a doctor.

The defeat of the upper respiratory tract infection very often finds manifestation in tracheitis. Moreover, this disease most often occurs during epidemics of influenza and SARS.

Tracheitis is manifested by inflammation of the tracheal mucosa and can occur in both acute and chronic forms. According to doctors, infections are the main cause of inflammation of the trachea.

Trachea looks like a cartilaginous tube, consisting of one and a half dozen segments - rings. All segments are interconnected by bundles of fibrous tissue. The mucous membranes of this tube are represented by ciliated epithelium. Mucous glands are present in large numbers on the membranes.

With inflammation of the trachea, its mucous membranes swell. There is infiltration of tissues and the release of a large amount of mucus into the tracheal cavity. If the source of the disease is an infection, then clearly visible pinpoint hemorrhages can be seen on the surface of the mucosa. When the disease passes into the chronic stage, then the mucous membrane of the organ first hypertrophies and then atrophies. With hypertrophy, there is a release of mucopurulent sputum. With atrophy, there is very little sputum. Moreover, the mucous membranes dry up and may even become covered with crusts. Against this background, the patient develops a persistent dry cough.

1. Infectious way of development. Various viruses and bacteria enter the upper respiratory tract and cause inflammation, which then passes to the trachea. The disease can be caused by the influenza virus, pneumococci, streptococci, staphylococci and fungi.
2. Non-infectious way of development. Inflammation of the trachea can develop due to hypothermia of the upper respiratory tract or exposure to dust, chemicals, steam.

The likelihood of earning tracheitis is much higher if a person is exposed to the following factors:

infectious infection, due to which inflammation of the trachea develops, usually occurs upon contact with a sick person or an infected object. By the way, the carrier of the infection may not even suspect that he is infected. He may not have any clinical manifestations illness.

Infection can occur by airborne and contact-household routes. For this reason, almost all people in their lives at least once encounter inflammation of the trachea.

Symptoms of the disease

Tracheitis can be acute and chronic. Each form of the disease has its own symptoms and characteristics.

Acute inflammation of the trachea

The disease manifests itself on the 3rd day after the onset of symptoms of inflammation of the nasopharynx and damage to the larynx. The first symptom of acute tracheitis is subfebrile hyperthermia. Less commonly, body temperature can rise to a value of 38.5 ° Celsius. Followed by signs of intoxication. The patient begins to complain of weakness, pain throughout the body, sweating. Often the patient's nose is blocked.

A characteristic symptom of the disease is a strong dry cough that does not bring relief at night, and a morning cough with a large amount of sputum.

In children, inflammation of the trachea is manifested in coughing fits, which can be triggered by laughter, a sudden movement, a breath of cold air.

Regardless of age, a person with tracheitis begins to feel a sore throat and soreness in the sternum. Because deep breaths provoke painful bouts of coughing, the patient begins to breathe shallowly.

When in acute inflammation the larynx is involved in the trachea, then the patient has a barking cough.

When listening to the patient's breathing with a phonendoscope, the doctor can hear dry and wet rales.

The disease passes into this form when the patient has not received timely treatment for acute tracheitis. However, it is not uncommon for chronic inflammation trachea develops without an acute stage. As a rule, such a pathology is observed in people who smoke a lot and drink large amounts of alcohol. It can also happen with patients who have other chronic diseases of the respiratory system, heart and kidneys. These diseases can provoke stagnation of blood in the upper respiratory tract, which provokes the development of chronic tracheitis.

The main symptom of chronic tracheitis is cough. In the chronic form of the course of the disease, it is painful and comes in the form of severe attacks. During the day, a person may not cough at all, but at night the attacks will prevent him from falling asleep. Sputum with such a cough is often purulent.

Chronic inflammation of the trachea always occurs with periods of exacerbation, during which its symptoms become similar to those of acute tracheitis.

Complications of inflammation of the trachea

In most cases, with an isolated course, this disease does not cause any complications. However, if the disease proceeds in combination, then various, quite dangerous complications. For example, stenosis of the larynx. It is usually detected in small patients with laryngotracheitis. Adult patients with tracheobronchitis may develop upper airway obstruction.

If you start treating tracheitis on time, then it can be dealt with in just a couple of weeks.

Diagnosis of the disease

The diagnosis is made on the basis of anamnesis and instrumental research methods. Initially, the doctor listens to the patient's complaints, identifies concomitant diseases, and finds out the patient's living conditions. After additional auscultation, the doctor can already make a primary diagnosis, but for clarification, he conducts several additional studies. In particular, he doing laryngoscopy. With such a study, he can determine the degree of change in the tracheal mucosa: the presence of mucus, hemorrhages, infiltrates.

The patient may be prescribed x-ray of the lungs, sputum for bacanalyses and spirometry.

A complete blood count completes the diagnosis of inflammation of the trachea.

Treatment begins with medication. The fact is that in most cases this disease is caused by an infection. Therefore, medications can quickly eliminate the cause of the disease. In most cases, when drug treatment broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed. The drugs from the group of natural penicillins show themselves best.

If tracheitis complicates bronchitis, then natural penicillins are added semi-synthetic antibiotics last generation.

In cases where infectious tracheitis is not complicated in any way, the following drugs are used in the treatment of the disease:

• Antitussives.
• Antiviral.
• Immunomodulators.
• Antihistamine medicines.

The most effective way to use the above drugs in the form of aerosols. In this case, they quickly penetrate into all parts of the trachea and bronchi.

With tracheitis, the most effective drugs are:

• Sumamed.
• Lazolvan.
• Berodual.
• Synekod.
• Bioparox.

If the patient has hyperthermia, then antipyretics are prescribed for treatment. But he can use them only under the supervision of a doctor.

Tracheitis can also be treated by inhalation. For that treatment, you need to use a nebulizer. This device sprays drugs, but at the same time provides a concentrated effect directly on the affected area.

According to doctors, it is inhalations that are the most effective remedy home treatment tracheitis.

Tracheitis can be treated at home with the following drugs:

Antibiotics in treatment inflammation of the trachea are used in the following cases:

• There are signs of pneumonia.
• Cough does not go away within 14 days.
• Hyperthermia is noted for several days.
• Enlargement of the tonsils and lymph nodes in the area of ​​the nose and ears.

Not bad in the treatment of tracheitis show themselves folk remedies. They can be combined with traditional therapies, but cannot be used as a standalone therapy.

With tracheitis, a hot drink is very effective, consisting from milk with honey. To prepare it, you need to heat a glass of milk and add a teaspoon of honey to it, and add a little soda to the loan.

Also, the treatment of inflammation of the trachea can be carried out using solutions for rinsing based on decoctions of sage, chamomile and calendula.

With tracheitis, physiotherapy can effectively fight. It includes UHF, massage and electrophoresis.

Prevention

To never encounter tracheitis, you need follow simple rules:

• Strive for a healthy lifestyle.
• Regularly harden the body.
• Try not to overcool.
• To refuse from bad habits.
• Treat diseases of the upper respiratory tract in time.

Attention, only TODAY!