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Diseases of the oral cavity in adults. Treatment of diseases of the oral mucosa

Various diseases of the oral mucosa are often pestered by their painful symptoms and ulcers. Since the course of the disease and its first manifestations have almost the same symptoms, determining an accurate diagnosis and further treatment requires special skills and abilities. The oral cavity often suffers from various kinds stomatitis, but do not forget about the rarer, but no less serious lesions of the oral mucosa, which bring the patient a lot of inconvenience and possibility of complications.

Causes and types of stomatitis

What can be the causes of diseases of the oral mucosa:

diseases of the cardiovascular system;
problems with the gastrointestinal tract;
any allergies;
metabolic disease;
violations at work immune system;
poor hygiene;
damage to the teeth with subsequent long-term development of bacteria;
poor quality dental care;
external factors that affected the mucous membrane (chemical burn, puncture by a fish bone, etc.).

Often these reasons cause stomatitis., but in isolated cases they can become the beginning of another series of diseases.

Allergic stomatitis

Such stomatitis, as a rule, cannot be considered a separate type of disease. It is caused by an allergy to external irritants of any origin. Its main characteristic is reddening of the mucous membrane or white spots, which subsequently turn into blisters and bleeding scars.

Aphthous stomatitis

The disease is characterized by a superficial lesion of the oral membrane with erosions and manifestations, which acquire a clear stroke and a round shape. Their diameter is usually small, but without an instant reaction to the first symptoms of aphthae, they bring painful discomfort, raising the patient's body temperature. Traces of the disease on the oral mucosa may disappear on their own in a week, but later make themselves felt again. Treatment prescribed by a doctor and, as a rule, consists of a complex of aseptic preparations, vitamin complexes for immunity and pain relief.

Stomatitis Vincent

Such stomatitis manifests itself as passive form of infection: pathological microorganisms are waiting for the weakening of the body, for example, with reduced immunity or beriberi. This gives the bacteria a significant advantage and they begin to attack. The disease most often affects men under 30 years of age.

This form of the disease is always accompanied by fever and bleeding ulcers on the gums. Temperature range and the depth of ulcers depends on the stage and complexity of the disease. Treatment is carried out by a doctor and the same drugs as aphthous stomatitis. In the later stages, when the temperature can rise to 40 degrees, antipyretics are also prescribed.

Traumatic or bacterial stomatitis

It appears as a result of damage of a different nature that affects the mucosa oral cavity. Sheath injury may occur due to mechanical impact, for example, a blow to the face, poor-quality dental surgery, a fall, or inaccurate or intensive teeth cleaning.

Herpetic stomatitis

It is caused by a common herpevirus, so usually small children under three years of age suffer from the disease. Babies experience throughout the period symptoms similar to signs of intoxication:

elevated temperature;
general weakness;
increase lymph nodes;
nausea;
irritable bowel syndrome.

Thrush or fungal stomatitis

The disease occurs when there is insufficient oral hygiene or when it is injured. Most often get sick children with weakened immune systems.

Catarrhal stomatitis

It is much more widely distributed than all other varieties. The most common causes of its occurrence:

Disease develops quite quickly and begins with increased swelling of the mucosa, then it becomes covered with a yellowish or whitish coating, provokes salivation, bleeding gums and a sharp smell of rot from the mouth.

Ulcerative stomatitis

It can develop as a continuation of the catarrhal form, and as a separate disease. As a rule, people with enteritis, ulcers, CCC diseases, poisoning or infectious diseases suffer from it. Ulceration reaches incredible scale in breadth and depth.

Signs of ulcerative stomatitis:

feeling of weakness;
increase in body temperature;
headache;
enlarged lymph nodes;
severe aching pain when eating.

Ulcerative stomatitis requires immediate medical attention.

Often stomatitis is an external warning about diseases present inside the body. To a greater extent this endocrine system problems, gastrointestinal tract, hematopoiesis.

Problem ratio with symptoms of the disease:

Since in such cases the problem lies not only in the soreness of oral ulcers, but also in serious violations of the functionality of body systems, these ailments should be treated exclusively through the doctor's office, and in no case at home. At home, the maximum that can be done is to suppress the symptoms of the disease, but not the disease itself.

Stomatitis and medicines

Depending on the form of stomatitis, medications are usually prescribed. There are several groups of drugs prescribed by doctors, depending on the etiology of the disease of the oral cavity membrane:

antiseptic;
antibacterial;
anesthetics;
antiviral;
wound healing (usually prescribed for the healing of sores after the main treatment);
restoring immunity.

Medicines are prescribed by a doctor in combination, as single remedy will not give the desired results and will not remove the symptoms.

Prevention of stomatitis

At the first signs of stomatitis, it is best to immediately seek help from a clinic that works according to modern methods and has the appropriate equipment. Specialist restore balance mucosa, eliminate unpleasant symptoms and destroy the bacteria that caused the disease. This will happen, of course, not in one visit, so the patient should be patient.

If the patient does not abuse sweet and starchy foods, as well as lead the right way of life, he will not be afraid of stomatitis. Timely and constant cleaning of the teeth and oral cavity, both at home daily and professionally, will help get rid of harmful bacteria, preventing them from developing. Alcohol and smoking reduce the body's defense mechanisms, so giving up such bad habits will undoubtedly help as disease prevention oral mucosa.

Less common oral diseases

If most often it is stomatitis that is the culprit of unpleasant and painful sensations on the mucosa, in some cases the presence of diseases of a different etiology is also possible, respectively, with other methods of treatment.

Glossitis

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the tongue. Usually the disease affects only the mucosa, not reaching the muscle tissue of the tongue, but under certain conditions, for example, ignoring treatment or more trauma, swelling and abscess may develop. With a severe degree of the disease, the patient has a fever, it becomes difficult to swallow food. If you visit the dentist in time, the disease will not reach such a state. Self-treatment of glossitis most often does not give results, but leads to complications and further development illness.

Gingivitis

Inflammation of the gums of a chronic, acute or recurrent form.

Causes of gingivitis:

malocclusion;
violation of the rules of oral hygiene;
old fillings;
dental stone.

Gingivitis in pregnant women and adolescents can develop due to hormonal imbalances. Also, gingivitis may indicate a malfunction in any of the internal systems of the body.

The main symptoms of gingivitis are:

puffiness;
redness of the gums;
bleeding;
the severity of the contour;
soreness;
difficulty chewing and swallowing;
sensitivity.

If the first signs appear, you should immediately seek help from a specialist.

cheilite

Cracks in the skin on the lips or oral mucosa. It develops, as a rule, with preliminary tissue injury due to hypothermia (in severe frost) or with prolonged exposure to UV rays.

Varieties of cheilitis:

angular infectious. Often strikes in childhood under the influence of fungi and staphylococcus aureus. The causes of the disease are infections of the nasopharynx, a lack of riboflavin in the body and malocclusion. Patient complaints with this form of the disease, they consist in painful sensations when opening the mouth, since cracks form in its corners, often with suppuration. Cracks can grow to the chin and affect the entire skin around the mouth;
actinic cheilitis expressed by the formation of a red border on the lips with prolonged exposure to sunlight. This form of cheilitis has 2 forms: exudative (hyperemia, edema, cracks, erosion and ulcerative vesicles) and dry (bright red border with white scales). Even after treatment possible spring-summer recurrence;
apostematous cheilitis affects only the lower lip. The disease is expressed by swelling, inflammation of the salivary glands, hyperemia, purulent discharge from the salivary glands. The inflammation is easily palpated;
riboflavian cheilitis affects in the absence of the required amount of riboflavin (vitamin B). You can determine this form by the pale mucosa, but the bright red border of the lips. At the same time, the tissues of the lips crack, secrete exudate and bleed. The shell is covered with scales and exfoliates. Characterized by the defeat of the corners of the mouth erosion with crusts of a yellowish tint. The patient feels pain when closing the jaws and burning sensation in the mouth;
fungal cheilitis occurs mainly in the elderly and is manifested by peeling of the lips, their redness, cracking and swelling. Such cheilitis is easily confused with eczema;
catarrhal cheilitis manifested by inflammation of the border of the lips and occurs under the influence of the external environment. Catarrhal cheilitis is characterized by frequent complications in the form of ulcers and inflammation, as well as peeling and swelling of the skin;
cheilitis Balta-Uina or purulent grandular cheilitis affects the salivary glands and occurs most often with relapses. The salivary glands are covered with erosions and growths, the lips are covered with sores of infectious etiology;
penicillin cheilitis appears with the abuse of drugs containing penicillin. After passing the first stage of the disease, swelling, the lip border may begin to separate from the lips. In the absence of treatment, damage to the oral mucosa is characteristic, disturbing the patient with a burning sensation on the inside of the cheeks, tongue and palate;
exfoliative cheilitis determined initially by swelling of the lips. Because of the pain, the patient cannot close his mouth completely. The lesion occurs not only on the surface of the lips, but also on the mucous membrane. With the development of the disease, large scales appear on the lips, when removed, red inflamed tissues open. This form proceeds, as a rule, chronically and is complicated by problems with thyroid gland;
eczematous form of cheilitis is the result of various allergies and can even be caused by lipstick or powder. At the same time, the lips and mucous membranes swell strongly, the scales of dry skin are separated, revealing manifestations and erosion, which later form crusts and cracks.

How to treat cheilitis

Cheilitis is not recommended to be treated at home, therefore, at the first symptoms, you should contact a multidisciplinary clinic. Since the main cause of the development of the disease is inability to close lips completely and breathe only through the nose, the doctor must first eliminate this particular problem. The upper and lower lip should meet completely along the border line.

What should the dentist do?

help the patient correct malocclusion;
normalize nasal breathing by stopping oral breathing, which leads to overdrying of the oral mucosa;
restoration of the circular muscle of the mouth with the help of myotherapy.

The problem usually lies in the type of breathing. That is why, first of all, the patient himself must monitor his breathing and try to breathe only through his nose. You can get rid of cheilitis on your own only with such careful self-control and only in the early stages.

Prevention of diseases of the oral mucosa

According to dentists, the following rules will undoubtedly help to avoid problems with the oral mucosa:

a consultation with a dentist should be held at least 2 times a year, even if there is no cause for concern;
oral hygiene should not be ignored;
it is important to avoid injury to the mucosa with hot and cold food, as well as external factors such as frost or dry heat;
it is advisable to adhere to proper nutrition and do not forget to control the intake of vitamins to maintain the functions of the immune system;
Allergy sufferers should avoid contact with prohibited products.

Nowadays, dental clinics offer a wide range of services and are able to cure any known dental disease. With the help of tests and other diagnostic methods, you can find out in detail about your illness and, together with your doctor, find suitable treatment methods. When choosing a clinic, you need to pay attention to

Each of us dreams of beautiful snow-white teeth, but, unfortunately, not everyone can boast of a Hollywood smile. Today, more and more dentists are diagnosing various diseases in adults. The most common types of ailments, as well as their causes and methods of treatment, will be considered in the article.

Causes

The human oral cavity performs a variety of specific functions. Almost all pathological processes in it are closely interconnected with diseases of various systems and human organs.

And oral cavities can develop due to:

uncontrolled antibiotic treatment;

eating too spicy and hot food, alcoholic beverages, smoking;

various infections;

dehydration of the body;

avitaminosis of various types;

pathologies internal organs and systems;

hormonal fluctuations;

genetic predisposition.

The picture below shows an example of an oral disease (the photo shows what stomatitis looks like).

In the normal state, the oral cavity is inhabited by microorganisms, which are classified as opportunistic pathogens. Under the influence of negative factors, certain types of microflora increase their virulence and become pathogenic.

Oral diseases: classification and treatment

Diseases that occur in the human mouth can be divided into infectious-inflammatory, viral and fungal. Let us consider in more detail each of the types of pathology and the main methods of therapy.

Infectious and inflammatory diseases

Infectious diseases of the oral cavity in adults are the most common problem today, which leads to the dentist, otolaryngologist or general practitioner. Pathologies related to this type are:

Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the throat. Basically, the disease is manifested by symptoms such as discomfort, perspiration and severe sore throat. Pharyngitis can develop due to inhalation of cold or dirty air, various chemicals, tobacco smoke. Also, the cause of the disease is often an infection (pneumococcus). Often the disease is accompanied by general malaise, fever.
The disease is diagnosed by a general examination and a throat swab. Antibiotics for the treatment of pharyngitis are used in rare cases. As a rule, it is enough to follow a special diet, do hot foot baths, apply on the neck, inhalations, rinses, drink warm milk with honey.

Glossitis is an inflammatory process that changes the structure and color of the tongue. The cause of the disease are infections of the oral cavity. Glossitis can develop as a result of a burn of the tongue, trauma to the tongue and oral cavity, all this is a “pass” for infection. Also at risk are lovers of alcoholic beverages, spicy foods, mouth fresheners. Of course, the risk of glossitis is higher for those who neglect the rules of hygiene and do not take good care of the oral cavity. At the first stage, the disease is manifested by burning, discomfort, later the tongue becomes bright red, salivation increases, taste sensations become dull.
must be prescribed by a dentist. Therapy is to take medications, the main ones are such drugs as "Chlorhexidine", "Chlorophyllipt", "Actovegin", "Furacilin", "Fluconazole".

Gingivitis is manifested by inflammation of the gum mucosa. This disease is quite common among adolescents and pregnant women. Gingivitis is divided into catarrhal, atrophic, hypertrophic, ulcerative necrotic. Catarrhal gingivitis is manifested by redness and swelling of the gums, their itching and bleeding. With atrophic gingivitis, a person reacts sharply to cold and hot food, the level of the gums decreases, the tooth becomes exposed. Hypertrophic gingivitis is characterized by enlargement of the gingival papillae, which begin to cover part of the tooth, in addition, the gums are painful and bleed slightly. A sign of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis is the appearance of ulcers and necrotic areas, and the disease is also manifested by bad breath, severe pain, general weakness, fever, swollen lymph nodes.
With timely contact with a medical institution, the doctor will prescribe effective treatment which will help to get rid of this problem in a short time. In addition, the specialist will give recommendations regarding oral hygiene, following which you can avoid the occurrence of such a disease in the future. For the treatment of catarrhal gingivitis, decoctions of medicinal plants (oak root, sage, chamomile flowers) are used. In atrophic gingivitis, treatment involves the use of not only medications (vitamin C, B vitamins, hydrogen peroxide), but also physiotherapeutic procedures such as electrophoresis, darsonvalization , vibration massage Therapy of hypertrophic gingivitis consists in the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Salvin, Galascorbin) and antibacterial agents natural origin("Tanin", "Heparin", "Novoimanin"). In the treatment of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, antihistamines and such medicines as "Panheksavit", "Trypsin", "Terrilitin", "Iruksol" and others.

Stomatitis is the most common infectious disease of the oral cavity. The causes of infection in the body may be different, for example, mechanical trauma. Penetrating, the infection forms characteristic ulcers. They affect the inner surface of the lips and cheeks, the root of the tongue. Ulcers are single, shallow, round, with smooth edges, the center is covered with a film, the wounds are usually very painful.
Often develops stomatitis in the throat. The disease is manifested by painful sensations when swallowing, itching, swelling, perspiration. A disease can occur due to a variety of reasons: a burn of the mucous membrane, poor-quality processing of the seal, taking certain medicines(hypnotics, anticonvulsants, some types of antibiotics). Stomatitis in the throat can be confused with manifestations of the common cold. But on examination, white-yellow sores formed on the tongue or tonsils are found.
Treatment of the disease involves the use of special toothpastes and mouth rinses that do not contain sodium lauryl sulfate. Anesthetics are used to relieve soreness of ulcers. For gargling, a solution of hydrogen peroxide, an infusion of calendula or chamomile is used using medicines such as Tantum Verde, Stomatidine, Givalex.

Drug treatment of diseases of the oral mucosa must be combined with a special diet, which is based on semi-liquid food, in addition, it is recommended to refuse to eat spicy, too salty and hot food.

Viral diseases

Viral diseases of the oral cavity in adults are caused by the human papillomavirus and the herpes virus.

Herpes is one of the most common ailments. According to scientists, 90% of all inhabitants of our planet are infected with herpes. Quite often, the virus in the body is located in a latent form. In a person with strong immunity, it can manifest itself as a small pimple on the lip, which dies off within 1-2 weeks without any outside help. If a person has weakened the body's defenses, herpes manifests itself much more significantly. The virus can be activated by stress, surgery, colds, lack of sleep, cold, wind, menstruation.
Herpes develops gradually. Initially, there is itching and a tingling sensation on the lips and adjacent tissues, after the lips swell, become red, there is soreness that interferes with speaking or eating. Further, single bubbles or their whole groups appear. After some time, these bubbles begin to burst and turn into small ulcers, they are covered with a hard crust that cracks. Gradually, the ulcers disappear, the pain and redness subside.
At the first manifestations of herpes, it is recommended to moisten the lips with special balms and apply ice to them. The bubbles that appear should be lubricated with a special ointment that can be purchased at a pharmacy, for example, Penciclovir.

Papillomas can occur on different parts of the body. A certain type of virus causes the development of papilloma in the oral cavity. White plaques appear in the mouth, looking like cauliflower. This disease can be localized in the throat and cause hoarseness and difficulty breathing. Unfortunately, it is impossible to completely get rid of the human papillomavirus, therapy is aimed only at eliminating the clinical manifestations of the disease.

fungal diseases

Oral cavities are quite common. Half of the world's population are inactive Candida carriers. It is activated when the body's defenses are weakened. There are several types of candidiasis (a disease caused by Candida).

The disease manifests itself with dryness and white bloom on the inside of the cheeks and lips, on the back of the tongue and palate. Also, the patient feels a burning sensation and severe discomfort. Children endure candidiasis in the mouth much easier than adults. The most painful type of candidiasis is atrophic. With this ailment, the oral mucosa becomes bright red and dries up very much. Hyperplastic candidiasis is characterized by the appearance of a thick layer of plaque, when you try to remove it, the surface begins to bleed. Atrophic candidiasis in the mouth develops as a result of prolonged wearing of lamellar prostheses. The mucous membrane of the palate, tongue, corners of the mouth dries up and becomes inflamed. Treatment of candidiasis in the mouth involves the use of antifungal drugs such as Nystatin, Levorin, Decamine, Amphoglucomin, Diflucan.

Diseases of the teeth and gums

Dental diseases of the oral cavity are very diverse. Consider the most common dental pathologies.

Caries

This disease, in varying degrees of development, occurs in more than 75% of the total population. Only a specialist can accurately determine the causes of caries, since many different factors influence the development of the disease: the patient's age, lifestyle, diet, habits, the presence of concomitant dental pathologies and other ailments.

Caries develops due to:

Poor oral hygiene. Persons who do not carry out hygiene procedures of the oral cavity after eating, in 90% of cases, face the problem of caries. With insufficient or irregular brushing of the teeth, persistent plaque forms on their surface, which eventually turns into stone and leads to the loss of trace elements from the enamel.

Irrational nutrition. As a result of adherence to strict diets with a low content of microelements and proteins, the absence of foods that contain calcium in the daily diet, the quality of the balance of the microflora of the oral cavity changes and, as a result, the destruction of hard tooth tissues may begin.

Enamel pathology. With inadequate development of tooth tissues, an insufficient amount of minerals from saliva enters the enamel, as a result, the tooth is not able to form, develop and function normally.

When examining the oral cavity, the dentist will choose the most appropriate method of treatment. If the caries is in the stain stage, remineralization (restoration of the amount of the mineral) will be sufficient. In the case of the formation of a carious cavity, a filling is required.

Periodontitis

Periodontitis is inflammatory disease tissue surrounding the tooth. This disease is characterized by a gradual destruction of the connection between the root and bone tissue, an increase in tooth mobility and its subsequent loss. Periodontitis is caused by an infection that, penetrating between the gum and the tooth, gradually breaks the connection between the bone and the root of the tooth. As a result of this, it increases in place, and over time, the connection between the bone and the root weakens.

Once an infection is identified, it will not be difficult to eliminate it. But in this case, the danger is the consequences of periodontitis. After the infection is eliminated, the restoration of soft tissues occurs faster, and not the ligaments that hold the tooth root in the bone, which can cause its loss. Therefore, the treatment of periodontitis consists not only in the destruction of the infection, but also in the restoration of bone tissue and ligaments that hold the tooth in the bone.

periodontal disease

This ailment is quite rare and mostly in older people. What is periodontal disease, how to treat such a pathology? Periodontal disease is which is characterized by:

bleeding and swelling of the gums, pain in the gums;

periodic swelling of the gums;

suppuration from periodontal pockets;

exposure of the surface of the roots and necks of the teeth;

fan-shaped divergence of teeth;

tooth mobility.

If periodontal disease has developed, what to treat and what methods are used, the dentist will tell you after examining the oral cavity. First of all, it is necessary to remove dental deposits and plaque, which are the cause of inflammation in the gums and destruction of the dentogingival attachment. Drug therapy consists in rinsing the mouth with the Chlorhexidine preparation, and applications on the gums with Cholisal-gel are also carried out.

Prevention of oral diseases

Hygiene is the basis for the prevention of oral diseases. Teeth must be brushed not only in the morning, but also in the evening, before going to bed, using high-quality toothpastes and brushes, it is also recommended to use dental floss once a day.

Balanced diet and healthy lifestyle. To maintain healthy teeth, avoid eating too hot or cold foods. It is recommended to include foods rich in calcium and phosphorus in the daily diet: fish, dairy products, green tea. Yellow-brown plaque on the teeth is an unpleasant sight, therefore, such a bad habit as smoking must be completely abandoned.

Regular visits to the dentist. The above measures are extremely important for maintaining dental health. However, this is not enough. Independently detect a developing pathological process, especially on initial stage, very difficult. Therefore, a check-up at the dentist should be carried out regularly - once every six months.

Any diseases of the oral cavity in adults are always unpleasant, but, unfortunately, they occur quite often. To prevent the development of ailments, follow the above rules of prevention, and if the pathology still occurs, take appropriate measures.

Oral diseases are a very common problem. There is hardly a person who has not encountered certain diseases in his mouth at least once in his life. The causes of diseases, like the diseases themselves, are very diverse. Let's try to identify the most common of them and understand the symptoms and how to treat diseases of the oral cavity.

Disease symptoms

The symptoms depend on the underlying disease. Here are some common pathologies and their symptoms:

caries. Symptoms are the direct destruction of the enamel and the tooth itself;
stomatitis. It is characterized by the formation of one or more ulcers in the oral cavity, they are painful, there is a burning sensation. Stomatitis delivers a lot of negative sensations;
flux is an inflammation of the gums near the tooth, the accumulation of pus in it. There are pains when chewing or pressing on the tooth. In some cases, the cheek and chin swell, the lymph nodes increase;
ulcers on the tongue - the appearance of painful sores on the tongue. Wounds are painful, do not heal for a long time;
gingivitis - bleeding gums.

Causes

The causes of oral diseases can be as follows:

poor dental health, late visits to the dentist;
improper use of antibiotics;
diseases of internal systems;
spicy, acidic foods, alcohol, tobacco use;
hormonal disruptions in the body;
poor oral hygiene.

This list is not complete, other unknown causes may serve as diseases.

Inflammation and gum disease

Gum disease most often provokes untimely dental treatment and the use of inappropriate oral hygiene products (toothpastes, powders, brushes, dental floss). Inflammation occurs during the life of harmful microorganisms that can destroy the oral cavity.

Remember! Properly selected hygiene products and proper oral care will significantly reduce the risk of various diseases.

Among the main diseases are:

gingivitis. Symptoms are bleeding gums, they become soft and painful. There is an unpleasant smell from the mouth;
periodontitis. The gum in this disease becomes inflamed and moves away from the tooth, thereby exposing it. In a severe form, the gum bleeds heavily, the teeth become shaky, the root is destroyed;
periodontitis. Inflamed tissue around the root of the tooth. Symptoms - rapidly growing toothache. The patient's temperature rises, the lymph nodes in the chin area increase.

All diseases are characterized by inflammation. This is a dangerous process that can lead to complications. When not passing painful sensations you should visit a dental clinic.

What are toothaches

One of the most unpleasant pains is definitely a toothache. Dentists are afraid of fire, both adults and children. Depending on the disease, there are different types of pain. Sometimes the pain is sharp, unbearable, sometimes aching, haunting. Let's try to highlight a few of them:

with caries, the toothache is not too sharp, it appears and disappears. It occurs as a result of taking too cold, hot, spicy, sour food. Such pain is temporary and passes quickly;
if a flux has formed, the pain is of a moderate nature, manifested by pressing on the aching tooth;
if a disease such as periodontitis occurs, the pain is acute, throbbing. You clearly feel the aching tooth. Such pain does not go away on its own, relief comes after taking an anesthetic.

Caries

Caries is a process of tooth decay due to demineralization and softening of tooth enamel. A small hole appears in the tooth, over time it increases and can completely destroy the tooth. If you do not take action, the disease spreads to healthy teeth. Occurs due to a violation of the pH balance.

The reasons for this violation are:

cariogenic microbes;
improperly selected hygiene items;
excessive consumption of carbohydrates;
violations of the functions of salivation;
lack of fluorine in the body;
poor oral hygiene.

This disease has stages of development:

spot stage. A small stain appears on the surface of the tooth. The disease does not manifest itself in any way, proceeds without symptoms. At the initial stage, the stain is difficult to see and is diagnosed by a dentist;
superficial, middle stage. It is characterized by the appearance of a more noticeable spot. Bacteria affect not only enamel, but already dentin;
deep caries. A cavity is formed in the tooth. Enamel, dentin are destroyed, the disease affects the pulp.

Stomatitis

This is an inflammatory process in the oral cavity. The main reason for the occurrence is the lack of proper oral hygiene. But hygiene is not the only reason. Among the main ones are the following:

candidiasis or fungal stomatitis. In the words of the people - thrush. Appears due to the action of fungal bacteria Podacandida;
herpetic stomatitis - the result of the action of the herpes virus;
anaphylactic stomatitis. called allergic reactions organism.

The symptoms are as follows:

the temperature rises to high levels;
poor appetite, irritability;
if it is a child, capriciousness, poor sleep;
white plaque on the oral mucosa;
the appearance of sores in the mouth (sores).

Important! Many people do not pay attention to the formation of wounds in the mouth. This is unacceptable and leads to complications such as bleeding gums, tooth loss and even laryngitis.

Flux

Flux is one of the most serious diseases in the field of dentistry. It leads to very undesirable consequences, up to blood poisoning. Let's take a closer look at the main causes of flux:

past illnesses, such as tonsillitis and furunculosis, can provoke a flux;
in case of damage to the gums (solid food, toothbrush, cutlery), gum flux may appear;
filling removed at the wrong time. It irritates the pulp and the result is the appearance of inflammation;
the introduction of microbes, for example, through an injection.

The main symptoms in the event of a disease: fever, severe pain in the area of inflammation when chewing and pressing on the tooth. The flux itself is a purulent bump on the gum, it can be easily seen. It quickly grows and becomes inflamed, the pain can be transmitted to the eye, chin, ear. In some cases, the cheek, lip and chin are very swollen.

Ulcer on the tongue

Ulcers can be both an independent disease and a consequence of other diseases. Consider the cases in which ulcers most often appear:

stomatitis. As a result of this disease, wounds can occur on the surface of the tongue. These unpleasant phenomena are accompanied by pain and burning;
tongue injury. Every day, the tongue is mechanically affected. Ulcers can be caused by hard food, bones, tongue biting, damage to a prosthesis or braces, or medical exposure. As a result of these injuries, wounds appear in the form of ulcers or erosions.
as a result of such serious diseases as tuberculosis, syphilis, ulcers in the mouth and tongue also form;
tongue cancer is a malignant tumor in the tongue.

It is very important to seek the advice of a dentist when sores appear on the tongue. Timely treatment will help prevent serious diseases and maintain your health.

Oral diseases in children

Children's mouth diseases are similar to those of adults. Let's try to classify them:

Divided by:

chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis. This disease is characterized by the appearance of ulcers, several or a large number. They have a white coating, painful. Also characterized by relapses of the disease;
herpetic stomatitis. Can be light, medium and heavy. The disease is characterized by such symptoms as the appearance of temperature, inflammation of the mucous membrane, the appearance of wounds on the mucous membrane and tongue. Such complications are characteristic - bleeding gums, tooth loss, bad breath;
catarrhal stomatitis is a disease that occurs on the basis of medications. The reasons are taking antibiotics and some other drugs.

Pediatric pyoderma

This is a streptostaphylococcal disease. It manifests itself on the mucous membrane, lips in the form of wounds and cracks. Often this disease affects children with weakened immune systems. Children who do not receive proper nutrition and vitamins also suffer.

Illness due to injury

Traumatic mucosal injury. Children often injure the oral cavity, it can be toys that they put in their mouths, inexperienced use of cutlery, the inability to properly use a toothbrush, and other factors.

Thrush (candidiasis)

A fungal infection causes this unpleasant disease. Most often occurs in infancy due to the inability of the children's mucosa to resist infection.

Oral diseases in the elderly

Nature is arranged in such a way that the human body ages, age-related changes occur in it. Metabolism deteriorates, immunity weakens. This is one of the important factors in the occurrence of various diseases, including diseases of the oral cavity. These include:

Xerostomia (feeling of dry mouth)

A symptom of the disease is a decrease in saliva production. Appears as a result of taking certain medications, chemical exposures. The decrease in protective functions leads to a decrease in protection against microbes and bacteria and leads to various diseases, such as caries, periodontitis;

Darkening and abrasion of teeth.

Long-term consumption of foods that can change the color of the enamel, and some other factors lead to pathological yellowness of the teeth. Teeth become sensitive to cold, hot, easily destroyed.

Root caries is a common disease leading to tooth decay.
Change in taste sensations. This pathology is caused by age, taking drugs, wearing a prosthesis, and some other diseases.
Periodontitis. A common disease in the elderly. In addition to age, it is caused by factors such as poor hygiene, untimely access to the dentist. This disease occurs in a severe form most often in the elderly.

Interesting to know! Many people, observing the rules of hygiene, manage to maintain healthy teeth until very old age. This makes them look younger.

Treatment at home

Most often, if there are no complications, oral diseases are treated at home. After visiting the doctor, you need to carefully follow the treatment regimen. The doctor prescribes drugs and procedures aimed at combating microbes and viruses, lowering the temperature and increasing the local immunity of the oral cavity.

The dentist prescribes a number of manipulations, the observance of which is important for a cure. It can be various ointments, rinses, adherence to a certain diet. To improve the result, you can use folk remedies.

Add a tablespoon of salt to a glass of warm water. Rinse your mouth with the solution for 1-2 minutes. You can repeat 5-6 times a day;
apply camphor alcohol on a bandage or cotton wool, apply for 5-10 minutes to the affected tooth. Alcohol is recommended to lubricate the gums;
tooth cleaning solution laundry soap. This solution should be used in the morning and evening, only freshly prepared.

Mix a leaf of crushed aloe with olive oil (1 tbsp. Spoon). Apply this ointment for stomatitis 2-3 times a day;
chop the burdock root, add 100 grams of sunflower oil. Insist for 12 hours, then boil and boil over low heat for 20 minutes. Lubricate the affected areas of the mucosa with ointment;
dilute fresh carrot juice with boiled water, rinse your mouth with this drink 5-6 times a day.

mix equal amounts of salt and baking soda. Dilute with a glass of warm boiled water. Rinse your mouth with this solution 4-5 times a day;
mix oak bark, sage, St. John's wort in equal parts, brew with boiling water (1 liter). Rinse your mouth as often as possible, at least 6 times a day;
Add a tablespoon of salt to a glass of green tea. Rinse your mouth with this solution every hour.

Remedies for ulcers on the tongue and mouth

calendula grass (2 tbsp. Spoon) pour a liter of boiling water, cook over low heat for 15-20 minutes. Rinse your mouth 5-6 times a day;
elecampane leaves (2 tablespoons) pour a liter of boiling water, leave for 3-4 hours, rinse your mouth every 2-3 hours;
mix honey with chopped almonds, treat mouth ulcers with the resulting mixture 4-5 times a day.

Prevention

Among the preventive measures to combat diseases of the teeth and oral cavity, the following should be highlighted:

daily brushing of teeth, at least 2 times a day;
hygiene of toothbrushes and other accessories for the mouth;
choose the right toothbrush and paste;
follow proper nutrition, do not abuse foods that lead to the destruction of tooth enamel. Give up strong tea, coffee, too sour, salty foods. Nicotine is also bad for your teeth;
be careful when chewing solid foods.

Take care of the health of your teeth, keep oral hygiene, and a beautiful smile will stay with you for many years.

Extraction of any tooth is a rather problematic procedure, as it brings long-term pain as a result. Therefore, after this procedure, many patients are concerned about the question: ...

Teething of wisdom teeth is a painful phenomenon for almost every adult. This process causes inflammation of the gums, thereby violating the comfortable state of the oral cavity. What to do,...

Among all the health problems that arise in the life of every person, diseases of the oral cavity occupy a separate place. Traditionally, many people treat them quite lightly, neglecting not only prevention, but even timely treatment. Knowledge of the main probable diseases of the mouth and their features will allow the patient to receive the necessary therapy in time and avoid complications.

Given the density of the location of various functional areas in the oral cavity and their high vulnerability due to constant contact with a variety of pathogens, it comes to the fore differential diagnosis. This is due to the fact that many diseases of the oral cavity have a similar set of clinical manifestations, which is why often the final diagnosis can only be made on the basis of microscopic studies samples taken from affected areas.

The most simple and obvious classification of this group of diseases distributes them according to the principle of localization into three main types:

periodontal disease;
diseases of the rest of the mucosa (including the tongue).

Diseases of the teeth.

The first type is considered the most common, because every person faces plaque, caries or tooth loss, starting from the early years of his life. Periodontal diseases are somewhat less common, as they represent a rather narrow range of diseases that affect the tissues around the teeth.

Pathologies of the rest of the oral mucosa and tongue, on the contrary, have dozens of possible options. various etiologies, while some of them can pose a threat to life - for example, malignant tumors.

Additionally, diseases of the oral cavity can be considered in terms of their endogenous or exogenous nature, biological or mechanical causes.

Important! In a separate category, it is necessary to single out those few diseases that are congenital in nature and cannot be completely cured, as well as pathologies that have arisen in infants (due to the structural features of their body).

Diseases of the teeth

The most common dental disease is caries.

All oral diseases associated with teeth can be divided into two large groups: carious and. The first ones are well known to every person, because there are hardly any adults who have never encountered a problem. This process is slow and complex, taking place in the hard tissues of the tooth: in the early stages, local demineralization of the enamel begins, which can subsequently develop into the destruction of the dentin and the formation of a cavity in it.

Lack of dental treatment directly leads to a worsening of the situation up to inflammation of the pulp of the tooth and the periodontium surrounding it. Carious destruction of enamel is a consequence of its weak resistance to changes in the pH (acidity) level on the tooth surface. These fluctuations occur as a result of the fermentation of carbohydrates (sugars) in dental plaque, which occurs through the fault pathogenic microorganisms- mainly streptococci and some lactobacilli.

For their active reproduction and functioning, a number of conditions are necessary, which can be called risk factors for the development of caries:

oral hygiene with the use of toothpastes and rinses, involving the timely removal of plaque;
the saturation of the enamel with fluorine, which prevents the effects of an acidic environment;
human diet, namely, the balance between the amount of carbohydrates and the amount of vitamins;
anatomical features of the dentition: the accuracy of the arrangement of the teeth, the size of the gaps between them, their possible curvature;
the quantity and quality of saliva, which acts as an active barrier to the spread of bacteria;
heredity;
general health.

Fluorosis refers to non-carious lesions of the teeth.

Note! Milk teeth are much more susceptible to the destructive effects of caries due to the thin layer of enamel on them and its weak saturation with fluoride. It is also worth adding to this the craving of babies for sweets, carbohydrates in which create a nutrient medium for pathogenic microflora in the mouth.
Non-carious lesions include a number of pathologies of completely different origin and with different symptoms. They were divided into two groups: arising before and after teething. The first group should include hypoplasia and hyperplasia, fluorosis, hereditary and drug-induced developmental disorders. The first two deviations, as their names imply, are characterized by insufficient or excessive development of dental tissues, respectively.

Fluorosis involves a supersaturation of the child's body with fluoride as a result of excessive consumption of water containing it, since an excess of this mineral can be as harmful as a deficiency. As a result, various spots and defects form on the enamel, which, if the situation develops unfavorably, can lead to the loss of teeth that have not yet erupted.

Drug lesions occur as a result of a negative effect on the baby's body of drugs, and hereditary disorders include a number of specific diseases:

As for non-carious diseases that occur after teething, the most common representatives are pathological abrasion, wedge-shaped defect, erosion, trauma and hyperesthesia.

Note! Rarely, teeth can be affected, which are called ameloblastomas, odontomas, and cementomas.

Periodontal disease

The most common oral disease that affects the periodontium (tissues surrounding the tooth) is called gingivitis. It is an inflammation of the gums that does not violate the integrity of the periodontal junction. This is a very common pathology, which is the result of excessive activity of harmful microbes that live in plaque.

Periodontal tissue diseases develop most often against the background of poor oral hygiene.

For this reason, poor oral hygiene is the first step towards the development of gingivitis, which, if left untreated, can “evolve” into periodontitis. This disease is characterized by the destruction of the normal structure alveolar processes jaws, causing gums to bleed and teeth to loosen. Added to these symptoms is a putrid odor from the mouth, purulent discharge from periodontal pockets, and the likely development of abscesses and fistulas in the gums.

In addition to the microbial factor, periodontitis can be a consequence of the course of diseases such as diabetes, HIV or blood diseases.

Periodontal disease is often confused with periodontitis - a significantly rarer disease, which differs from the first in the absence of inflammatory symptoms and loosening of the teeth. In this case, the tooth necks are exposed as a result of sclerotic and atrophic processes in the bone tissue. It is believed that the root cause is hereditary predisposition.

There are also periodontal diseases such as pericoronitis and. In the first case, the soft tissues of the gums that surround the erupting or just erupted tooth become inflamed. The most common manifestation of this pathology is the incomplete eruption of the wisdom tooth, leading to inflammation of adjacent tissues.

As for periostitis, it is customary to designate this term as a connective tissue film surrounding the jaw bones. In everyday life, periostitis is also called flux, and often it has to be treated by surgical intervention. Characteristic features this disease are:

Diseases of the oral mucosa and tongue

The enumeration of diseases of the oral cavity would be incomplete without mentioning those pathologies that directly affect the oral mucosa and such an important organ as the tongue. The most common among them is the well-known stomatitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane as a result of exposure to one or another provoking factor. Usually, this role is played by infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, but in some cases, stomatitis can be a symptom of another internal disease.

Aggravating factors are mechanical injuries (sharp teeth and dentures), thermal and chemical burns of the mucous membrane, allergies to food or drugs. Depth of tissue damage clinical manifestations It is customary to divide stomatitis into the following types:

catarrhal;
ulcerative;
necrotic;
aphthous.

Stomatitis is manifested by the formation of plaque and painful sores on the mucosa.

In the event that stomatitis turned out to be an independent disease, and not a symptom of something else, its treatment consists in a number of symptomatic measures, including the use of antibiotics, antiseptics, antiviral or antibacterial drugs. A healing effect is provided by rinsing with various herbal decoctions, as well as a professional one carried out by a dentist.

Another probable disease oral cavity is leukoplakia - a lesion of the mucous membrane as a result of its reaction to various irritants, which in 90% of cases are gastrointestinal pathologies. The likelihood of developing this disease increases if there is an appropriate genetic factor and vitamin A deficiency. If left untreated, some forms of leukoplakia can transform into cancer.

Inflammation of the salivary glands is called sialoadenitis, which in most cases is the result of infection with viruses or bacteria. Often this leads to the formation of stones in the salivary ducts, which provoke their partial or complete obstruction. This is a rather painful process, accompanied by symptoms of fever, dry mouth and some suppuration of the inflamed gland.

Additional Information. The development of sialadenitis can lead to the formation of a cyst in the affected area, the only treatment for which is its surgical removal.

Glossitis interferes with chewing and talking.

It is worth highlighting a separate group - inflammatory, causing, depending on their type, its swelling and soreness, the appearance of plaque, ulcers, rashes, erosions and other damage on it. Glossitis in acute form can seriously interfere not only with chewing, swallowing and speech, but even with breathing. The reasons for its appearance, in general, are the same as those characteristic of stomatitis, and the fundamental difference between the two diseases lies in their localization: on the entire mucosa or only on the tongue.

The digestive tract begins with the oral cavity. This is not only its anatomical beginning - the digestion of food begins already in the oral cavity. In addition, the oral cavity has a number of additional functions not related to digestion.

Its boundaries are the oral fissure in front and the pharynx behind. The oral fissure, in turn, is limited by the upper and lower lips.

Conventionally, the oral cavity is divided into two sections. The anterior section - the vestibule of the mouth - is limited by the lips and cheeks in front and the teeth and jaws behind. The vestibule is shaped like a horseshoe. The posterior section - the actual oral cavity - is limited in front and from the sides by the teeth and jaws, behind - by the opening of the pharynx, which is the beginning of the pharynx. From above, the boundary of the oral cavity is a hard and partially soft palate, from below - a muscular frame, which is called the bottom of the oral cavity.

The soft palate ends with a palatine uvula, which takes part in the formation of the voice, and hangs down in a calm state. The oral mucosa, passing from soft palate down, forms palatine arches on the sides of the palatine uvula - between which there are accumulations of lymphoid tissue - palatine tonsils.

In the oral cavity, the central place is occupied by the tongue. From it to the bottom of the oral cavity there is a frenulum - a fold of the oral mucosa. On the sides of the frenulum, you can see the outlet openings of the ducts of the salivary glands.

Functions of the oral cavity

The digestive process begins in the mouth - food is crushed with teeth, moistened with saliva to form a food lump, warmed or cooled to the desired temperature.

Saliva performs a number of important functions:

Enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates;
Cleansing the oral cavity from food debris, neutralizing acids formed after eating and protecting teeth from caries;
Specific and non-specific immune protection;
Contains biologically active substances regulating metabolism;
Participates in the formation of sounds.

The oral cavity takes part in breathing, speech formation and articulation.

The palatine tonsils play an important role in the body's immune defense against infections. They are part of the so-called "lymphopharyngeal ring", which is a protective "gate" at the border of the respiratory tract.

Microorganisms are always present in the mouth - permanent and non-permanent. Their number changes regularly, and largely depends on oral hygiene. The permanent microflora is represented mainly by anaerobic bacteria and fungi that can live without air. By binding to receptors on the surface of the epithelium, they play the role of a biological barrier, as they do not allow pathogenic microbes to multiply. In addition, its own microflora contributes to the self-cleaning of the oral cavity, and all the time stimulates local immunity. Changes in the composition of the microflora can lead to oral diseases.

Methods for examining the oral cavity

Identification of pathology begins with asking a person about his complaints. Most often, with diseases of the oral cavity, people complain of pain and disturbances when eating, talking, swallowing. For example, when a person complains of a constant feeling of dry mouth, this may be a sign of a decrease in the function of the salivary glands. Bad breath is a sign of periodontitis, caries or gingivitis. Defects in diction can contribute to improperly selected dentures, cleft palate.

During the examination, the relief of the mucous membrane, its color, the presence of erosions and ulcers, imprints of teeth on the tongue, and the health of the teeth themselves are assessed.

To identify diseases accompanied by excessive keratinization of the mucosa, it is irradiated with the fluorescent rays of a Wood's lamp. Sometimes a bacteriological, cytological, immunological examination or allergy testing is required. Clinical Analysis blood tests for diseases of the oral cavity is the minimum necessary diagnostic test.

Oral diseases

The oral cavity is affected by a variety of diseases. Congenital malformations are formed in utero, and are mainly represented by:

cleft upper lip(single or double sided);
Cleft of the lower lip;
cleft palate;
Absence of lips (Acheilia);
Fusion of the lips on the sides (synchelia).

Treatment of the oral cavity with such defects is surgical. A thickened and shortened frenulum of the tongue is referred to as a stigma of dysembryogenesis.

A very extensive group of diseases of the oral mucosa - these are infectious, and allergic, and tumor processes. Inflammatory processes on the oral mucosa are called stomatitis. The health of the whole organism is reflected in the condition of the oral mucosa.

Caries is a damage to the tissues of the tooth caused by a violation of the acidity of the oral cavity and the activation of its microorganisms. In its occurrence, oral hygiene disorders and hereditary factors that determine the stability of tooth tissues in an aggressive environment play a role. Treatment of the oral cavity with caries and other dental diseases is the task of the dentist.

When, as a result of a decrease in local or general immunity, fungi of the genus Candida actively multiply in the mouth, which are always present there, oral candidiasis develops. This pathological process in the oral cavity is most often found in newborns, the elderly and HIV-infected. It is manifested by unpleasant painful sensations, a burning sensation, and on the affected surface you can see a white curdled coating, under which, after removing the plaque, a bright red erosion is exposed. In most cases, oral candidiasis is effectively treated with topical antifungal agents in the form of solutions or sprays. The appointment of antifungal drugs inside in capsules and tablets is required only with severe immunodeficiency.

Injuries and mechanical damage to the oral cavity heal quickly due to the high regenerative capacity of the mucous membrane.