Deciphering the general clinical blood test in women. Complete blood count - interpretation of results and norms

General analysis blood test (KLA) is a medical study that almost every person had to deal with. People have an inherent curiosity that they try to satisfy, especially when it comes to their health. In polyclinics it is not uncommon to see a sympathetic therapist explain in detail to the patient all the implications of his analysis.

How to decipher without the help of a specialist a general clinical blood test obtained from a hematological analyzer? It is not enough to read Latin letters and digital symbols - knowledge is needed in order to decipher such information. Fortunately, there is the Internet and it contains everything you need to decode any information. Online decryption is available on many resources of the World Wide Web, it can be used by a person who does not have special knowledge.

General (clinical) blood test

What is a complete blood count and why is it called clinical? Complete blood count - diagnosis of the patient's health status using laboratory methods for studying blood parameters - white and red cells. Such a blood test is called clinical because this examination is included in the group of general clinical research methods.

When is clinical analysis prescribed?

The purpose of the general analysis is to provide generalized information about the physiological state of the patient. When a person complains about his state of health, the doctor examines the patient. The examination procedure is the first stage in the diagnosis of the patient. Based on the data obtained, the doctor forms the primary clinical picture the health status of the patient. The second stage is diagnostics based on physiological parameters - blood, feces, urine tests.

The interpretation of the results by the general practitioner is compared with the findings of the initial examination and, as a result, the treatment and regimen are prescribed. In cases where the doctor has doubts, he may prescribe additional examinations, for example, biochemical analysis blood, ultrasound diagnostics, serological analysis, hormone analysis thyroid gland.

With the help of a general analysis, a diagnostician can identify such ailments as:

• leukemia;
• anemia of various types;
• problems with viscosity and blood clotting;
• infectious invasions various etiologies;
• inflammatory process.

Even a child can describe the procedure for taking blood - a laboratory assistant pierces a finger bundle with a scarifier (a needle for piercing the skin), brushes off the first drop of blood with a cotton swab, then draws blood into test tubes with a glass adapter. In some cases, the laboratory assistant can take the material using a vacuum or closed scarifier - such tools are already found in laboratory practice.

Attention! A detailed clinical analysis involves actions that require blood of a special quality and in a larger volume, so blood for it can be taken from the cubital (ulnar) vein.

How to prepare for a general blood test?

In many first-aid posts and polyclinics, thematic posters and wall newspapers hang - it is always useful to read them for self-educational purposes. They contain the rules for visiting a doctor on the eve of blood sampling. Usually people sitting in line to the doctor, trying to somehow occupy themselves, read this information. While the patient has read everything, the queue approaches and time passes unnoticed.

Does the age and gender of the patient play a role in deciphering the complete blood count?

Deciphering the general blood test, in addition to common values takes into account additional factors - age and gender.

When deciphering the values ​​​​in the general blood test, be sure to pay attention to the age of the person - the indicators of the child are seriously different from the adult. Children have a different metabolism, different digestion, different immunity, and their blood has a different composition. With age, the situation changes. A child ceases to be considered as such after a hormonal restructuring of the body: in girls, this happens at 11-13 years old; for boys - at 12-14 years old. Moreover, a sufficient period of time is needed for the child's body to form completely. The period of life of children before hormonal changes is called prepubertal in medicine, after - puberty.

The norms of general analysis for women also have their own characteristics, their difference from men's is not very significant, but there are some nuances: a) menstrual cycle; b) gestation (pregnancy).

Attention! Menstruation is a limiting factor for donating blood for a general analysis. The doctor must be informed about monthly cycle and wait for his decision.

Deciphering a blood test using a table

Decryption clinical analysis blood is based on normal indicators, thanks to which you can find out about the presence pathological changes in the patient's body. The norms of a clinical blood test are indicated in the table. Separately, a table is given for adults (for women and men) and for children.

Attention! The information in the tables is published for informational and self-educational purposes only. It is approximate and cannot be a reason for starting self-treatment. If a person is sick, he should see a doctor!

Attention! In the tables, the most common units of measurement for the results of a general blood test were given. Some research medical centers may vary these values, which are indicated in relation to the qualitative and quantitative component of the study. Because of this, it is necessary to decipher the results carefully.

Parameters of the general clinical blood test

Indicators of a general blood test can be conditionally divided into three groups: leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets. Each of these groups has its own subgroups: in the first - granulocytic (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils) and agranulocytic (lymphocytes and monocytes); in the second - erythrocytes plus ESR, hemoglobin plus hematocrit and color indicator; in the third - platelets plus thrombocrit.

Leukocytes

Erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, ESR, color index

Erythrocytes are red blood cells. Visually, these are scarlet plates, concave in the middle. The form of erythrocytes that we have described is the form of normal erythrocytes; there are forms that indicate pathological abnormalities in the structure of red blood cells as a result of severe hereditary diseases, infection lesions (sickle red blood cells - a symptom of the development of malaria), abnormalities in the metabolism. The red color of erythrocytes is given by the pigment protein hemoglobin, its main property is the retention of iron atoms in its structure. Thanks to iron, hemoglobin is able to bind oxygen and oxygen oxide - this ability allows you to carry out metabolic processes in cells. Oxygen is an important participant in many biochemical processes in the body.

General analysis, studying the state of erythrocytes, is interested, first of all, how much hemoglobin is in an erythrocyte. For this, methods of ESR and color index have been developed. ESR - which means "erythrocyte sedimentation rate." Hemoglobin is a heavy protein, and if you collect blood in a test tube, then, after an hour, the red blood cells will descend in relation to the interstitial fluid. By the rate of sedimentation and the depth of subsidence of red cells, one can conclude how much hemoglobin is contained in erythrocytes and what quality it is - normal or with a defect. There are no clear standards in this procedure - further diagnosis will depend on the interpretation of other clinical data.

Attention! The mass fraction of red blood cells relative to a unit volume of blood is called hematocrit.

The color indicator also examines the hemoglobin content in red blood cells. The laboratory assistant, studying erythrocytes under a microscope, looks at the center of the red cell (hemoglobin is concentrated there): if the erythrocyte has a transparent center, this will be evidence of the absence of hemoglobin in the cell or dysfunction of the peptide chain (hypochromia); if the center is orange, hemoglobin is normal (normochromia); if the center of the cell merges in color with the body of the erythrocyte, hemoglobin is in excess (hyperchromia).

Platelets, thrombocrit

Platelets are cells that play an important role in the blood clotting process. Platelets do not have a nucleus. Structurally, platelets are a piece of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes, so their study provides a lot of information about the state of the bone marrow. The number of platelets in the blood, their qualitative composition is an important clinical marker of the bone marrow.

The norms of a general blood test for platelets are 180-320 in 10 9 cells per liter. The total number of platelets, as well as erythrocytes, is measured in absolute terms relative to a unit of blood volume. This parameter is called "thrombocrit".

First, let's remember a few important things.

First: You don't have to take tests "just like that". There must always be a good reason for this - an illness or a screening period. Each skin puncture is a stress for a child, especially a small one. Any stress slows down the development of the baby and leads to metabolic disorders, albeit for a short time.

Second: test results are just numbers that tell you and the doctor that on such and such a day and time the baby's blood looked like this. Everything. Now, perhaps, in the blood of the baby, everything is completely different. Blood is a liquid that does not have a constant composition. It changes every minute, if not a second. When you see a result that goes beyond the norm, do not panic right away. Perhaps this is an accident or a response to some short-term impact. For example, a child was very afraid to donate blood and cried. As a result, he developed a lot of stress hormones that affected the overall composition of the blood. Or the day before, the baby ate a decent portion of sweet, or maybe fatty. Everything matters. Therefore, the doctor, having seen the deviation of the tests from the norm, will definitely prescribe an additional examination, at least a second blood test in 2-3 weeks. And if the situation does not change, then he will think what to do.

Third: take the blood sample as comfortably as possible for the child. So that there is no fear, tears and screams. Prepare him for this event, cite as an example the courage of friends and favorite movie characters, relatives. Then there will be more chances for the reliability of the results.

Now let's get acquainted with the indicators of a clinical blood test.

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin captures from the lungs and carries oxygen to human organs and tissues. Consists of protein and iron. If there is not enough iron, they talk about iron deficiency anemia and fix a decrease in the level of hemoglobin in the blood.

Hemoglobin in the results can be designated as:

• hemoglobin,

Table No. 1: Hemoglobin norms in children of different ages according to WHO

The World Health Organization considers a fairly wide range of data for children even of the same age to be normal.

In children who are only breastfeeding, hemoglobin is usually lower than that of their artificial peers. The nature of this phenomenon has not been fully studied, however, such a decrease in the level of hemoglobin in the blood of infants is no longer considered a pathology.

Reading the result:

red blood cells

Erythrocytes are human blood cells (red blood cells), resembling balls strongly flattened on both sides. They contain the same hemoglobin that carries oxygen.

Erythrocytes in the results indicate:

• red blood cells,

Table number 2: The content of erythrocytes is normal

From two months to about two years, the content of erythrocytes is slightly lower due to the characteristics of the child's body.

Reading the result:

Color (color) indicator of blood

The color index (CP) of blood shows the relative content of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. That is, how much hemoglobin is in the erythrocyte compared to normal values.

To determine the CP, the formula is used: 3x hemoglobin (g / l) / eri, where eri is the first three digits in the number showing the number of red blood cells in the blood.

Example: the child has hemoglobin = 100 g / l, and erythrocytes 3.0x1012 / l, then his CP = 3x100/300 = 1.0.

The norm is the CPU from 0.85 to 1.15. A decrease in CP indicates anemia or a hereditary disease.

Now in large laboratories this indicator is not determined. Instead, erythrocyte indices are used.

Erythrocyte indices

MCV

MCV (Mean Cell Volume) is translated as the average volume of an erythrocyte. This is, in fact, the size of an erythrocyte. It can be measured in micrometers (µm), but more often in femtoliters (fl).

Table No. 3: MCV Norms

Based on their size, erythrocytes are called:

• normocytes - if the sizes are within the normal range;
• microcytes - less than normal;
• macrocytes - more than normal.

Reading the result:

MCH

MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin) shows how much hemoglobin is contained in each average red blood cell. This is a modern, more accurate analogue of the color indicator. There is only one difference: the results of the color index are determined in arbitrary units, and MCH - in picograms.

Table #4: MCH Norms

An increase in MSI is called hyperchromia, and a decrease is called hypochromia.

Reading the results:

MCHC

MCHC shows the average concentration of hemoglobin in all red blood cells at once. The indicator is calculated by the analyzer, which may be incorrectly configured.

Table #5: MCHC in Children

Attention! The results of determining this index may vary in different laboratories. Check the standards of your laboratory!

Decryption:

platelets

Platelets are also red blood cells. They look like small plates. Their main goal is normal blood clotting.

Platelets in the test results indicate:

• platelets.

Table number 6: platelet norms in children

Distinguish:

• Thrombocytopenia - when platelets in the blood are less than normal;
• Thrombocytosis - if more than normal.

Deciphering the results:

In modern laboratories, platelet indices are also determined.

Platelet indices

Platelet indices are determined only when blood is taken from a vein in modern laboratories.

MPV

MPV - from the English "mean platelet volume", which means "average platelet volume". Young platelets are larger. They are born and live no more than two weeks, becoming smaller with age. It is considered normal when: 90% of platelets are medium, and 10% are smaller or larger. The analyzer builds a curve. If it shifts to the left, immature platelets (large) predominate in the blood, if to the right, old (small) platelets predominate.

Normal MPV values ​​are 7.4 - 10.4 fl.

What does increasing and decreasing MPV mean:

PDW

PDW is the relative width of platelet distribution by volume. That is, the volume of platelets is measured and they are distributed into groups. The vast majority of platelets should have a standard volume.

“Non-standard” is allowed for 10-17%.

PDW above and below normal:

Pct

Pct, from the English platelet crit, means "thrombocrit", that is, how many platelets are in whole blood. The result is given as a percentage.

Normal values ​​are in the range of 0.15-0.35%.

If there are deviations:

P-LCR

P-LCR is an index indicating the number of large platelets in a blood test. Defined as a percentage.

Normally, its limits are 13-43%.

It matters only together with the analysis of all platelet coefficients. Standards vary by laboratory.

Leukocytes

Leukocytes are a whole group of cells that differ in shape, size and properties. All of them protect our body from infections caused by bacteria, viruses and other foreign agents. Therefore, the total number of leukocytes is of significant diagnostic value.

Simplified, leukocytes can be considered soldiers standing guard to the death on guard against the boundaries of our body. Preventing the penetration of the enemy, they die, existing for only 10-12 days. The body constantly replenishes these losses by producing new cells in the bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and tonsils.

In analyzes, leukocytes are designated as:

• leukocytes;
• lake;
• white blood cells.

Norms of leukocytes in children:

What does it mean if leukocytes are increased or decreased:

Leukocytes are heterogeneous, so doctors always take into account not only their number, but also the indicators of the so-called leukocyte formula, in which they distinguish: eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes.

Eosinophils

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that doctors use to judge the presence or absence of an allergic reaction in a child. Eosinophils are part of the leukocyte formula, and therefore they are counted as a percentage. That is, how many percent of white blood cells (out of all) are eosinophils.

The laboratory means:

• eosinophils;
• eoz.;

The norms of eosinophils in the blood of a child

Usually, doctors do not count eosinophils to units, but argue like this:

• up to 5 - normal;
• 5-10 - doubtful;
• above 10 - there is an allergy.

What diseases cause an increase in eosinophils in a child?

Basophils

Basophils are leukocytes and play an important role in the human body. They are the first to react to the appearance of strangers, trying, if not to neutralize them, then at least to stop them until "reinforcements" arrive. Basophils “pounce” on allergens and poisons, go to the places of the inflammatory reaction, helping to restore blood flow.

Laboratories designate basophils as:

• basophils;
• base;

Normally, the number of basophils in children ranges from 0.5 to 1% or, in absolute numbers, 0.01 billion / l.

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are also a type of leukocytes. There are many of them and they do several things at once:

1. participate in the synthesis of antibodies that quickly cope with the infection;
2. destroy other people's and their own bad (inferior, mutated) cells;
3. accumulate in places of injury: wounds and cuts to block the path of pathogenic microbes.

Lymphocytes are divided into:

• B-lymphocytes, which, in contact with microbes, remember them and form the very specific immunity that a child can develop after having had a certain infection or having been vaccinated against it.
• T-lymphocytes are engaged in the direct destruction of abnormal or foreign cells:
  • T-killers destroy harmful cells;
  • T-helpers help T-killers;
  • T-suppressors make sure that their own healthy cells are not accidentally damaged.

Lymphocytes in laboratory analysis are designated as:

• lymphocytes;
• lim.;
• LYM%;

Norms of lymphocytes in children of different ages:

Lymphocytes are counted as a percentage of the total number of leukocytes, but sometimes absolute numbers can also be seen in analyzes. In this case, the interval from 1 to 4 billion per liter is considered the norm.

You can calculate the absolute number of lymphocytes yourself (if you are concerned about the fact that the percentage is above the age norm). There is a formula for this: LK x LF% \u003d LF. That is, you look at how many leukocytes the child has in the analysis and multiply this number by the percentage of lymphocytes (multiply by the number of lymphocytes and divide by 100), you get how many lymphocytes the child has in absolute numbers now. And if this value is within the norm - there is no need to worry much.

Example: the child has 4.0 billion leukocytes, and 40% of lymphocytes. So we multiply 4 billion by 40 and divide by 100, we get 1.6 billion. This fits into the norm.

What does it mean if lymphocytes are more or less than normal?

The analysis may indicate atypical lymphocytes. Normally, they should be no more than 6%.

Monocytes

Monocytes are also representatives of the leukocyte group. These are very interesting cells that live in the blood for only 2-3 days, and then turn into tissue macrophages, where they acquire the ability to move independently, resembling large amoebas. They do not just move, but, like janitors, cleanse the tissues of all unnecessary and alien - damaged and degenerate (tumor) cells, bacteria and viruses. And they also produce interferon - a tool that helps to cope with pathogens of various diseases.

In analyzes, monocytes are designated as:

• monocytes;
• monocyte;
• MON%;

Most often, the results of the analyzes are given as a percentage.

Monocyte norms in children:

Reasons for the increase and decrease in monocytes in children

Sedimentation rate of erythrocytes

A very simple test that is used by almost all laboratories. Blood is drawn into a narrow test tube, which is placed vertically. Almost immediately, the liquid is divided into two fractions: heavy red blood cells fall down. How many millimeters they fall in an hour - such a result will be written in the analysis.

In the analysis, this indicator is denoted as:

ESR norms in children

ESR: reasons for the decrease and increase in children

This is a must know!

A complete blood count is an important step in monitoring the health of the child and correct diagnosis. However, blood is a dynamic, ever-changing fluid. She sensitively reacts to all changes in nutrition, physical activity and even the well-being of the child. Therefore, donating blood for analysis should be in compliance with the following rules:

• the day before, do not give the child too fatty, spicy or salty foods;
• exclude active physical activity in the evening and in the morning;
• 20-30 minutes before the test to be at rest;
• exclude the influence of stress;
• the baby must be breastfed on demand;
• do not be nervous!

What to do if there are deviations in the general blood test of the child?

• No indicator is considered in isolation!
• The doctor analyzes all the indicators in the complex and what seems to you a pathology may turn out to be the norm for your child.
• The results of a test from a vein differ from a blood test taken from a finger.
• The results of the analysis of adults differ from the analyzes of children.
• Children of different ages have different norms.
• Children of different sizes have different results.
• No conclusions are made on a single blood test!
• A blood test is an auxiliary diagnostic method, the diagnosis is established only by a doctor on the basis of a comprehensive examination, examination and questioning.

Did you know that in some laboratories there are special queues for 20 minutes so that the children sit quietly and the tests are more reliable?

From the article, the reader will learn what the general blood test shows, in what cases it is prescribed, what indicators the general analysis includes. How to prepare for the analysis procedure, and what factors can affect the results. Learn the normal values, how they change in various conditions and diseases of the body.

A blood test is an important step in the examination and diagnosis. Hematopoietic organs are susceptible to physiological and pathological influences. They change the picture of the blood.

As a result, the general analysis (GAC) is the most popular method of analysis, which helps the doctor to judge the general condition of the body. For a detailed examination, in addition to the KLA, a biochemical analysis and a general urine test (OAM) are prescribed. about what it shows general Analysis of urine, a separate article has already been written. If you are interested, you can read.

What does a general blood test show, detailed, main indicators

Let's find out what a general blood test shows, why it is taken. A general hematological blood test is an important diagnostic criterion that reflects the response of the hematopoietic system to the action of physiological and pathological factors.

KLA is of great importance in establishing the diagnosis, especially in diseases of the hematopoietic organs. UAC covers the study of such indicators:

• hemoglobin level (Hb)
• erythrocytes
• leukocytes
• platelets
• color index
• leuco formula calculation
• sedimentation rate of erythrocytes

If necessary, examine the clotting time, the duration of bleeding. In many laboratories, the analysis is carried out on hematological automatic analyzers. They define up to 36 parameters at once.

Hemoglobin, functions and clinical significance

Hb - blood pigment, is the core component of the erythrocyte. Its role is to transport O 2 from the lungs to organs, tissues and remove carbon dioxide.

The level of hemoglobin performs the main function in the diagnosis of anemia of various etiologies. At the same time, his performance is declining.

An increase in Hb concentration occurs with erythremia, symptomatic erythrocytosis, congenital heart disease, cardiopulmonary insufficiency. An increase in Hb is combined with an increase in the number of red blood cells.
In acute blood loss, there is a significant decrease in Hb to 50 g/l. The minimum pigment content in the blood that is compatible with life is 10 g/l.

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Red blood cells, physiological role in the body

Erythrocytes occupy the main share in the mass of blood cells, they contain hemoglobin in their composition. The main function is the transfer of O 2 with the assistance of Hb. In addition, erythrocytes are involved in:

• in the absorption of lipids, amino acids, toxins
• in enzymatic processes
• when regulating the acid-base balance of the body
• in the regulation of the ionic equilibrium of the plasma

A decrease in the number of red blood cells is one of the signs of anemia. In addition to anemia, red blood cells decrease with an increase in blood volume in the bloodstream, for example during pregnancy.

An increase in the number of red blood cells (erythrocytosis) is characteristic of erythremia. CBC in newborns will show erythrocytosis during the first 3 days of life. In adults, erythrocytosis is observed during starvation, profuse sweating, climbing to a height.

Leukocytes their physiological role in the body

The number of leukocytes (L) in the bloodstream is an important diagnostic criterion. They perform important functions - protective, trophic and others. An increase in the number of leukocytes over 10 × 10 9 /l (G / l) is called leukocytosis.

Most often, leukocytosis occurs as a result of acute infections generated by cocci. Therefore, the KLA will definitely show inflammation, pneumonia, blood cancer. Leukocytosis is typical for:

1. leukemia of various course, malignant tumors
2. inflammatory, purulent, acute infectious processes
3. uremia
4. myocardial infarction
5. toxic poisoning, severe blood loss, shock conditions, extensive burns

KLA in acute appendicitis will show an increase in the amount of L. Leukocytosis is characteristic of tubal pregnancy, rupture of the spleen, and acute gout.

A decrease in the number of leukocytes below 3.5 g / l is called leukopenia. The tendency to leukopenia occurs among the healthy population and is often hereditary, but may depend on the influence of external environmental factors (solar radiation).

Sometimes occurs during fasting, with a decrease in tone, in a dream. Leukopenia is typical for:

1. infections caused by viruses and bacteria - typhoid fever, endocarditis, salmonellosis, measles, influenza, rubella
2. lupus erythematosus
3. hemoblastoses
4. and children (read more by clicking on the link)

The appearance of leukopenia is associated with inhibition of cell maturation and the release of L from the hematopoietic organs and their redistribution in the vascular bed.

The diagnostic value of counting the leukoformula is enormous for many pathological conditions. It can be used to judge the severity of the situation, the effectiveness of the prescribed therapy.

Leukocytes include cells of the lymphocytic, monocytic, granulocytic series. To find out their number, use counting. leukocyte formula -% content different types leukocytes:

• stab and segmented neutrophils
• eosinophils
• monocytes
• basophils
• lymphocytes

Neutrophils carry out bactericidal and virucidal functions. They are capable of phagocytosis in capillaries and are involved in all stages of inflammation. Therefore, an increase in the number of neutrophils will show inflammation in the body. Neutrophilia (above 8×10 9 /l) is present in any suppurative process, sepsis.

Eosinophils have a detoxifying effect. In large quantities, they are found in tissue fluid, intestinal mucosa, and skin.

Eosinophilia accompanies disease connective tissue- polyarteritis, rheumatoid arthritis, tumors, especially with metastases and necrosis.

Eosinopenia (decrease) is typical for an infectious-toxic process in the postoperative period. And indicates the severity of the condition.

Basophils have anticoagulant properties. Involved in inflammatory and allergic processes. Basophilia occurs when an allergic reaction to food, drugs, foreign protein. With oncology - chronic myeloid leukemia, myelofibrosis, erythremia, lymphogranulomatosis.

Characteristic for ulcerative colitis, estrogen treatment. Basophilia is likely during ovulation and pregnancy, with lung cancer, anemia of unknown origin, iron deficiency.

Monocytes have the ability to phagocytosis. They actively phagocytize (absorb) cell debris, small foreign bodies, malaria Plasmodium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

With tuberculosis, monocytosis is observed in the blood - an increase in the number of monocytes. Monocytopenia is observed with hematopoietic hypoplasia.

Lymphocytes important for immunity. In addition, lymphocytes take part in the fight against infection, and also carry out a trophic function at the sites of inflammation and wounds. Lymphocytosis is possible with infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis, syphilis.

Platelets - physiological role, clinical significance

The formed element of blood is involved in the processes of hemostasis. thrombocytosis(an increase in the number tr) can be observed under physiological conditions after physical activity due to arousal nervous system. Thrombocytosis occurs when:

1. muscle injury injuries
2. burns, asphyxia, after blood loss and removal of the spleen
3. leukemia - erythremia, myeloid leukemia

Thrombocytopenia(decrease in the number tr) in physiological conditions occurs during menstrual blood loss in women, after histamine. In pathological conditions, thrombocytopenia occurs when:

In this case, the autoimmune factor is of great importance - the formation of antibodies to one's platelets.

Sedimentation rate of erythrocytes

An increase in ESR can occur under physiological conditions - during pregnancy, during fasting when taking dry food, after vaccination, when taking certain medications.

The change in ESR in pathology has diagnostic and prognostic meaning. And it serves as an indicator of the effectiveness of the ongoing healing. ESR increases with:

• infections and inflammation
• purulent processes
• rheumatism
• kidney disease, liver disease including at)
• myocardial infarction, malignant tumors, anemia

Reduced ESR values ​​occur during processes accompanied by blood clotting. Sometimes observed with neuroses, epilepsy, anaphylactic shock, with erythremia.

Total volume of red blood cells (hematocrit)

Hematocrit (Ht) is the ratio of plasma to formed elements. An increase in Ht occurs with heart defects and is accompanied by cyanosis, with erythrocytosis.

A decrease in hematocrit is typical for various anemias in the second half of pregnancy.

color index

Color or color indicator - the relative amount of Hb in the erythrocyte. A decrease in this value occurs with iron deficiency.

An increase in the color index is observed with anemia, deficiency of Vit B 12 (cyanocobolamine), folic acid. It accompanies liver cirrhosis, thyroid disease, occurs during cytostatic therapy, contraceptives, and the use of anticonvulsants.

Normal laboratory blood tests

An important step in evaluating the result of the CBC is to establish the difference between the pathology and the norm. To do this, it is necessary to define normal indicators - these are indicators found in healthy people. They may vary by gender.

When evaluating the results of the tests, it must be remembered that deviations from the norm do not necessarily indicate the presence of a disease.

When interpreting the results, it is necessary to find out if the deviations are physiological in nature. We should not forget about the variability of the norm associated with personal characteristics.

When interpreting the results, many factors need to be taken into account: age, gender, comorbidities, intake medicines, living conditions and much more. Therefore, this should be done by a doctor.

Place of blood sampling for research: from a vein or from a finger

The place and technique of taking biological material has a significant impact on the results of laboratory studies. In medical practice, blood is often used from capillaries. Usually it is taken from the pulp of the ring fingers, in difficult cases - from the earlobe.

The puncture is made on the side, where the capillary network is thicker. The blood must flow by gravity so that there is no admixture of tissue fluid, which will lead to a distortion of the result. For the study of capillary blood should be taken:

1. with extensive burns of the body, especially the hands
2. if small or inaccessible veins, with obesity
3. in patients prone to thrombosis
4. in newborns

Currently, blood from the venous bed is considered the best material for general clinical analysis. This is due to the use of hematological analyzers. With their help, KLA is carried out in our time. They are designed and standardized for the processing of venous blood.

When taking blood from a vein, you also need to follow some rules. The best place to take blood is the cubital vein. It is not necessary to apply a tourniquet for more than 2 minutes, this will lead to an increase in cellular elements in the bloodstream.

When evaluating test results, it is necessary to take into account a number of factors that affect them. Let's name the most significant:

• intake and composition of food, diet
• physical stress has a transient and lasting effect on results
• nervous stress increases leukocytosis
• medications
• body position during the procedure of taking
• place and technique for taking blood
• time and conditions of delivery of the biomaterial to the laboratory

Among other factors influencing the results, the age of the patient, gender, and ambient temperature make sense. Harmful inclinations - smoking and alcohol - have a great influence. They lead to an increase in the concentration of Hb and the number of red blood cells. The number of leukocytes, on the contrary, decreases.

Basic rules for preparing for the UAC

1. cancel in consultation with the doctor medicines one day before the test
2. do not donate blood after physiotherapy, X-ray examination
3. do not donate blood immediately after mental and physical exertion
4. 1 hour before the procedure, refrain from smoking
5. refuse fatty and spicy foods, alcohol 48 hours before the procedure
6. go to bed at the usual time, get up no later than one hour before blood sampling

Repeated examinations should be carried out at the same hours, since the morphological composition of the blood is prone to daily fluctuations.
I suggest watching a video of how a general blood test is done:

Do not neglect the rules of preparation for the research procedure, and you will not be afraid of false results!

So, now the reader knows what the general blood test shows, the purpose of its appointment, what indicators the general analysis includes. How to prepare for the analysis procedure, and what factors affect the results. We learned the normal values, how they change in various conditions and diseases of the body.

Do you have any questions? Ask in the comments.

Red blood

1. red blood cells- red blood cells involved in the transfer of oxygen with the help of its main component - hemoglobin. A decrease in the level of red blood cells is called erythropenia (most often it is identical to anemia), and an increase is called erythrocytosis.
2. Hemoglobin is a complex protein capable of transporting oxygen to tissues due to its reversible binding. Its decrease is called anemia, and is the most common abnormality in a blood test. An increase in hemoglobin is rare and usually not associated with pathology.
3. Reticulocytes are the precursor cells of erythrocytes in the process of hematopoiesis. A decrease in reticulocytes (reticulocytopenia) usually indicates insufficient renewal of blood cells. Their increase (reticulocytosis) is observed when the regeneration of erythrocytes is accelerated.
4. Hematocrit- the volume of all formed elements of blood (mainly erythrocytes) in relation to the volume of blood. A decrease in hematocrit indicates dilution of the blood (hemodilution), while an increase in hematocrit indicates a thickening of the blood.
5. Color Index (CPU)- this is the ratio between the amount of hemoglobin in the blood and the number of red blood cells, that is, the degree of saturation of red blood cells with hemoglobin. A decrease in CP (hypochromia) indicates a deterioration in the ability of the blood to carry oxygen. And hyperchromia indicates a supersaturation of red blood cells with hemoglobin.
6. The mean volume of erythrocytes (MCV) is an indicator that characterizes the size of blood cells.
7. The mean hemoglobin content (MHC) is an indicator that is almost identical to the CPU. From reflects the saturation of the erythrocyte with hemoglobin.
8. The average hemoglobin concentration reflects how much hemoglobin is contained in each red blood cell.
9. Coefficient of variation (RDW-CV) - shows the heterogeneity of erythrocytes. When it is exceeded, there are many too small or large erythrocytes in the blood. If it is underestimated, it is recommended to retake the analysis, since this result is recorded only in case of analyzer errors.
10. The standard deviation (RDW-SD) shows how different the cells are in size and volume, that is, the average difference between the largest and smallest erythrocyte.

platelets

1. platelets- these are platelets responsible for blood clotting and nutrition of blood vessels. Their decrease (thrombocytopenia) usually leads to bleeding, and their increase (thrombocytosis) - to the formation of blood clots.
2. Average platelet volume (MPV) - evaluates the qualitative state of platelets.
3. Platelet anisocytosis (PDW) is an abnormal size of platelets. This parameter is similar to RDW-CV, but for platelets.
4. Thrombocrit (PCT) is the proportion of platelets in the entire volume of blood.

White blood

1. Leukocytes it is a heterogeneous group of colorless blood cells, responsible to a greater extent for immunity. An excess of leukocytes (leukocytosis) often indicates the presence of an infectious process, and their deficiency (leukopenia) indicates a lack of immunity.
2. Neutrophils is one of the types of granulocytes that play a key role in the fight against bacterial infections. An excess of neutrophils (neutrophilosis) usually indicates the development of a bacterial disease, and their decrease (neutropenia) indicates immunodeficiency.
3. Young and young neutrophils are early forms of neutrophil differentiation, which are practically not found in peripheral blood. An increase in their number indicates the active maturation of new neutrophils during infection or leukemia.
4. Stab neutrophils are incompletely differentiated neutrophils. A change in their number indicates an increase (rejuvenation) or a decrease (aging) in the rate of neutrophil regeneration.
5. Segmented neutrophils are highly differentiated neutrophils that fully perform their immune functions.
6. The shift of the leukocyte formula is the percentage of young and mature forms of neutrophils. With the predominance of young neutrophils, they speak of a shift of the leukogram to the left (hyperregeneration), and with a decrease in the number of rods, a shift of the leukogram to the right (hyporegeneration).
7. Eosinophils A type of granulocyte staining with eosin. They are primarily responsible for allergic reactions and antiparasitic immunity. Increase in eosinophils -

- one of the most popular research methods for patients and doctors. If you clearly know what a biochemical analysis from a vein shows, you can early stages identify a number of serious ailments, including - viral hepatitis , . Early detection of such pathologies makes it possible to apply proper treatment and heal them.

The nurse collects blood for examination for several minutes. Each patient must understand that this procedure does not cause discomfort. The answer to the question of where blood is taken from for analysis is unequivocal: from a vein.

Speaking about what a biochemical blood test is and what is included in it, it should be noted that the results obtained are actually a kind of display general condition organism. Nevertheless, trying to understand on your own whether the analysis is normal or there are certain deviations from the normal value, it is important to understand what LDL is, what is CPK (CPK - creatine phosphokinase), to understand what urea (urea), etc.

General information about the analysis of blood biochemistry - what it is and what you can learn by doing it, you will receive from this article. How much it costs to conduct such an analysis, how many days it takes to get the results, you should find out directly in the laboratory where the patient intends to conduct this study.

How is the preparation for biochemical analysis?

Before you donate blood, you need to carefully prepare for this process. For those who are interested in how to properly pass the analysis, you need to take into account a few fairly simple requirements:

• you need to donate blood only on an empty stomach;
• in the evening, on the eve of the upcoming analysis, you can not drink strong coffee, tea, consume fatty foods, alcoholic beverages (it is better not to drink the latter for 2-3 days);
• do not smoke for at least an hour before the analysis;
• a day before the test, you should not practice any thermal procedures - go to the sauna, bath, and a person should not subject himself to serious physical exertion;
• you need to take laboratory tests in the morning, before any medical procedures;
• a person who is preparing for analysis, having come to the laboratory, should calm down a little, sit for a few minutes and catch his breath;
• the answer to the question of whether it is possible to brush your teeth before taking tests is negative: in order to accurately determine blood sugar, in the morning before the study, you need to ignore this hygiene procedure, and also do not drink tea and coffee;
• should not be taken before blood sampling, hormonal drugs, diuretics, etc .;
• two weeks before the study, you need to stop taking drugs that affect lipids in the blood, especially statins ;
• if you need to take a full analysis again, this must be done at the same time, the laboratory must also be the same.

If a clinical blood test was performed, the decoding of the indicators is carried out by a specialist. Also, the interpretation of indicators of a biochemical blood test can be carried out using a special table, which indicates the normal indicators of analyzes in adults and children. If any indicator differs from the norm, it is important to pay attention to this and consult a doctor who can correctly “read” all the results obtained and give his recommendations. If necessary, blood biochemistry is prescribed: an extended profile.

Table for decoding a biochemical blood test in adults

Thus, a biochemical blood test makes it possible to conduct a detailed analysis to evaluate the work internal organs. Also, decoding the results allows you to adequately "read" which macro- and microelements, the body needs. Blood biochemistry allows you to recognize the presence of pathologies.

If you correctly decipher the obtained indicators, it is much easier to make any diagnosis. Biochemistry is a more detailed study than the KLA. After all, deciphering the indicators of a general blood test does not allow obtaining such detailed data.

It is very important to conduct such studies with. After all, a general analysis during pregnancy does not provide an opportunity to obtain complete information. Therefore, biochemistry in pregnant women is prescribed, as a rule, in the first months and in the third trimester. In the presence of certain pathologies and poor health, this analysis is carried out more often.

In modern laboratories, they are able to conduct a study and decipher the obtained indicators for several hours. The patient is provided with a table in which all the data are indicated. Accordingly, it is even possible to independently track how blood counts are normal in adults and children.

Both the table for deciphering the general blood test in adults and biochemical analyzes are deciphered taking into account the age and gender of the patient. After all, the norm of blood biochemistry, as well as the norm of a clinical blood test, can vary in women and men, in young and elderly patients.

Hemogram - This is a clinical blood test in adults and children, which allows you to find out the amount of all blood elements, as well as their morphological features, ratio, content, etc.

Since blood biochemistry is a complex study, it also includes liver tests. Deciphering the analysis allows you to determine whether liver function is normal. Liver parameters are important for diagnosing pathologies of this organ. The following data make it possible to assess the structural and functional state of the liver: ALT, GGTP (GGTP norm in women is slightly lower), alkaline phosphatase, level and total protein. Liver tests are performed when necessary to establish or confirm the diagnosis.

Cholinesterase is determined to diagnose the severity and condition of the liver, as well as its functions.

Blood sugar determined to assess the functions of the endocrine system. What is the name of the blood test for sugar, you can find out directly in the laboratory. The sugar designation can be found on the results sheet. How is sugar defined? It is denoted by the concept of "glucose" or "GLU" in English.

The norm is important CRP , since a jump in these indicators indicates the development of inflammation. Indicator AST indicates pathological processes associated with tissue destruction.

Indicator MID in a blood test is determined during a general analysis. The MID level allows you to determine the development, infectious diseases, anemia, etc. The MID indicator allows you to assess the condition immune system person.

ICSU is an indicator of the average concentration in . If MCHC is elevated, the reasons for this are due to a lack or folic acid , as well as congenital spherocytosis.

MPV - the average value of the volume of measured .

Lipidogram provides for the determination of indicators of total, HDL, LDL, triglycerides. The lipid spectrum is determined in order to identify disorders of lipid metabolism in the body.

Norm blood electrolytes indicates the normal course of metabolic processes in the body.

Seromucoid is a fraction of proteins, which includes a group of glycoproteins. Speaking about seromucoid - what it is, it should be noted that if the connective tissue is destroyed, degraded or damaged, seromucoids enter the blood plasma. Therefore, seromucoids are determined for the purpose of predicting development.

LDH, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) - this is involved in the oxidation of glucose and the production of lactic acid.

Research on osteocalcin carried out for diagnosis.

Analysis for ferritin (protein complex, the main intracellular depot of iron) is carried out with suspicion of hemochromatosis, chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases, tumors.

Blood test for ASO important for diagnosing a variety of complications after a streptococcal infection.

In addition, other indicators are determined, as well as other investigations are carried out (protein electrophoresis, etc.). The norm of a biochemical blood test is displayed in special tables. It displays the norm of a biochemical blood test in women, the table also provides information on normal indicators in men. But still, it is better to ask a specialist who will adequately evaluate the results in the complex and prescribe the appropriate treatment about how to decipher the general blood test and how to read the biochemical analysis data.

Deciphering the biochemistry of blood in children is carried out by a specialist who appointed the study. For this, a table is also used in which the norm for children of all indicators is indicated.

In veterinary medicine, there are also norms for biochemical blood parameters for dogs and cats - the corresponding tables indicate the biochemical composition of animal blood.

What some indicators mean in a blood test is discussed in more detail below.

Protein means a lot in the human body, as it takes part in the creation of new cells, in the transport of substances and the formation of humoral.

The composition of proteins includes 20 main ones, they also contain inorganic substances, vitamins, lipid and carbohydrate residues.

The liquid part of the blood contains approximately 165 proteins, moreover, their structure and role in the body are different. Proteins are divided into three different protein fractions:

• globulins (α1, α2, β, γ);
• fibrinogen .

Since the production of proteins occurs mainly in the liver, their level indicates its synthetic function.

If the conducted proteinogram indicates that there is a decrease in total protein in the body, this phenomenon is defined as hypoproteinemia. A similar phenomenon occurs in the following cases:

• with protein starvation - if a person observes a certain, practices vegetarianism;
• if there is an increased excretion of protein in the urine - with kidney disease,;
• if a person loses a lot of blood - with bleeding, heavy periods;
• in case of severe burns;
• with exudative pleurisy, exudative, ascites;
• with the development of malignant neoplasms;
• if protein formation is impaired - with hepatitis;
• with a decrease in the absorption of substances - with , colitis, enteritis, etc.;
• after prolonged use of glucocorticosteroids.

Increased levels of protein in the body hyperproteinemia . There is a difference between absolute and relative hyperproteinemia.

The relative increase in proteins develops in case of loss of the liquid part of the plasma. This happens if you are worried about constant vomiting, with cholera.

An absolute increase in protein is noted if there are inflammatory processes, multiple myeloma.

The concentration of this substance changes by 10% with a change in body position, as well as during physical exertion.

Why do the concentrations of protein fractions change?

Protein fractions - globulins, albumins, fibrinogen.

The standard bioanalysis of blood does not involve the determination of fibrinogen, which reflects the process of blood clotting. - analysis in which this indicator is determined.

When is the level of protein fractions increased?

Albumin level:

• if fluid loss occurs during infectious diseases;
• with burns.

Α-globulins:

• in systemic diseases of the connective tissue ( , );
• with purulent inflammation in acute form;
• with burns during the recovery period;
• in patients with glomerulonephritis.

β-globulins:

• with hyperlipoproteinemia in people with diabetes,;
• with a bleeding ulcer in the stomach or intestines;
• with nephrotic syndrome;
• at .

Gamma globulins are elevated in the blood:

• with viral and bacterial infections;
• with systemic connective tissue diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, scleroderma);
• with allergies;
• with burns;
• with helminthic invasion.

When is the level of protein fractions lowered?

• in newborns due to underdevelopment of liver cells;
• with lungs;
• during pregnancy;
• with liver diseases;
• with bleeding;
• in case of accumulation of plasma in the body cavities;
• with malignant tumors.

In the body, not only the construction of cells occurs. They also break down, and nitrogenous bases accumulate at the same time. Their formation occurs in the human liver, they are excreted through the kidneys. Therefore, if the indicators nitrogen metabolism elevated, it is likely a violation of the functions of the liver or kidneys, as well as excessive breakdown of proteins. The main indicators of nitrogen metabolism - creatinine , urea . Less commonly, ammonia, creatine, residual nitrogen, and uric acid are determined.

Urea

• glomerulonephritis, acute and chronic;
• poisoning different substances- dichloroethane, ethylene glycol, mercury salts;
• arterial hypertension;
• crash syndrome;
• polycystic or kidneys;

Reasons for the downgrade:

• increased urine output;
• the introduction of glucose;
• liver failure;
• decrease in metabolic processes;
• starvation;
• hypothyroidism.

Creatinine

Reasons for the increase:

• renal failure in acute and chronic forms;
• decompensated;
• acromegaly;
• muscle dystrophy;
• burns.

Uric acid

Reasons for the increase:

• leukemia;
• vitamin B-12 deficiency;
• acute infectious diseases;
• Wakez disease;
• liver disease;
• severe diabetes mellitus;
• pathology of the skin;
• carbon monoxide poisoning, barbiturates.

Glucose

Glucose is considered the main indicator of carbohydrate metabolism. It is the main energy product that enters the cell, since the vital activity of the cell depends on oxygen and glucose. After a person has taken food, glucose enters the liver, and there it is utilized in the form glycogen . They control these processes of the pancreas - and glucagon . Due to the lack of glucose in the blood, hypoglycemia develops, its excess indicates that hyperglycemia occurs.

Violation of the concentration of glucose in the blood occurs in the following cases:

hypoglycemia

• with prolonged fasting;
• in case of impaired absorption of carbohydrates - with, enteritis, etc .;
• with hypothyroidism;
• with chronic liver pathologies;
• with insufficiency of the adrenal cortex in a chronic form;
• with hypopituitarism;
• in case of an overdose of insulin or hypoglycemic drugs taken orally;
• with, insuloma, meningoencephalitis, .

hyperglycemia

• at diabetes the first and second types;
• with thyrotoxicosis;
• in case of tumor development;
• with the development of neoplasms of the adrenal cortex;
• with pheochromocytoma;
• in people who practice treatment with glucocorticoids;
• at ;
• with injuries and tumors of the brain;
• with psycho-emotional arousal;
• if carbon monoxide poisoning has occurred.

Specific colored proteins are peptides that contain a metal (copper, iron). These are myoglobin, hemoglobin, cytochrome, ceruloplasmin, etc. Bilirubin is the end product of the breakdown of such proteins. When the existence of an erythrocyte in the spleen ends, bilirubin is produced due to biliverdin reductase, which is called indirect or free. This bilirubin is toxic, so it is harmful to the body. However, since it quickly binds to blood albumins, poisoning of the body does not occur.

At the same time, in people who suffer from cirrhosis, hepatitis, there is no connection with glucuronic acid in the body, so the analysis shows a high level of bilirubin. Next, indirect bilirubin binds to glucuronic acid in the liver cells, and it turns into bound or direct bilirubin (DBil), which is not toxic. Its high level is noted at Gilbert's syndrome , biliary dyskinesia . If liver tests are performed, transcribing them may show a high level of direct bilirubin if the liver cells are damaged.

Rheumatic tests

Rheumatic tests - a comprehensive immunochemical blood test, which includes a study to determine the rheumatoid factor, an analysis of circulating immune complexes, and the determination of antibodies to o-streptolysin. Rheumoprobes can be carried out independently, as well as as part of the research that provides for immunochemistry. Rheumoprobes should be performed if there are complaints of pain in the joints.

conclusions

Thus, a general therapeutic detailed biochemical blood test is a very important study in the diagnostic process. For those who want to conduct a complete extended BH blood test or UAC in a polyclinic or in a laboratory, it is important to consider that a certain set of reagents, analyzers and other devices are used in each laboratory. Consequently, the norms of indicators may differ, which must be taken into account when studying what a clinical blood test or biochemistry results show. Before reading the results, it is important to make sure that the standards are indicated on the form that is issued in the medical institution in order to decipher the test results correctly. The norm of KLA in children is also indicated in the forms, but the doctor should evaluate the results.

Many are interested in: a blood test form 50 - what is it and why take it? This is an analysis to determine the antibodies that are in the body if it is infected. F50 analysis is done both for suspected HIV and for the purpose of prevention in a healthy person. It is also worth preparing properly for such a study.

Education: Graduated from Rivne State Basic Medical College majoring in Pharmacy. Graduated from the Vinnitsa State Medical University. M.I. Pirogov and an internship based on it.

Work experience: From 2003 to 2013 she worked as a pharmacist and head of a pharmacy kiosk. Awarded with certificates and distinctions for long-term and conscientious work. Articles on medical topics were published in local publications (newspapers) and on various Internet portals.