Fibrocystic mastopathy of the left mammary gland. What is fibrocystic mastopathy? Varieties of fibrocystic mastopathy

Discomfort and pain in the mammary glands are familiar to many women firsthand. But few people immediately turn to a mammologist with complaints. Someone does not want to spend time and money on diagnostics, while someone pessimistically builds the worst assumptions and is afraid to find out the cause of the ailment. And thus delay the timely treatment of one of the most common diseases of the breast.

Let's see if it's worth worrying about having received a diagnosis of fibrocystic mastopathy, what symptoms and causes are typical for it, and how favorable is the outcome with timely detection?

To understand the issue, you need to briefly explain what a mammary gland is.

The mammary gland is a paired organ on the surface of the pectoral muscle. It consists of three types of tissues - glandular, connective and adipose. Glandular tissue is found not only in the chest, but throughout the body. It lines the inner surface of some organs and performs the function of secreting secretory fluids, which include breast milk. The glands are divided into smaller lobes and lobules by connective tissue, or stroma. And the third - adipose tissue - forms a kind of "cushion" in which the glands and stroma are located.

The chest is not a static organ. During the life of a woman, it undergoes changes controlled by hormones. For example, in the period after childbirth, the ducts of the glands increase, accumulating milk. And after the cessation of feeding, the stroma is replaced by adipose tissue. With age, hormonal changes also occur in the breast, only glandular tissue is replaced by adipose tissue.

It is failures in the proper functioning of hormones - estrogen, progesterone and prolactin - that can lead to the development of FCM 1.

What is fibrocystic mastopathy

So, hormonal disruptions change the natural balance between epithelial and connective tissue. The connective tissue grows, leading to a benign neoplasm, which is called fibrocystic mastopathy. It is these changes that cause various pain sensations, which we will talk about later 2.

Risk group

We have already found out that the cause of FKM is hormonal disbalance. Accordingly, at risk are women with diseases that disrupt the production of sex hormones - estrogen, progesterone, prolactin. Most often, such changes overtake women aged 18 to 40 years. Much less often - men. Long term treatment hormonal drugs also increases the risk of developing fibrocystic mastopathy, as well as a large number of births, abortions. Hormonal disruption can lead to breastfeeding, prolonged absence of pregnancy (after 30 years).

Secondary factors can be considered everything that indirectly relates to hormonal imbalance. These are diseases thyroid gland, adrenal glands, disturbances in the work of the pituitary gland. Heredity, including if fibrocystic mastopathy was detected in the next of kin. And of course, nutrition problems, bad habits and regular stress. All this negatively affects women's health in general and the health of the mammary glands in particular.

It is also important for women to protect themselves from injuries of the mammary glands. For example, squeezing her breasts with a tight bra can have a very negative impact on her health 3 .

Symptoms

The first signs that a woman can notice on her own are as follows:

  • pain in the chest, which give to the shoulder or armpit;
  • increased sensitivity of the nipples;
  • swelling, distension and painful tension of the glands shortly before menstruation;
  • seals that are found on palpation;
  • discharge from the nipples.

Any of these signs is a reason to visit a mammologist. And it must be said that fibrocystic mastopathy in the early stages of development can be detected, even if the woman did not notice any of the above signs at all. That is why doctors insist on regular check-ups 1 .

What can be FCM?

In total, more than 50 forms are known. But in clinical practice, most often fibrocystic mastopathy is divided into diffuse and nodular. Diffuse is characterized by the formation of many formations in all mammary glands. Education can be:

  • cystic;
  • fibrotic;
  • glandular;
  • mixed.

The nodular form is characterized by the appearance of one large seal of different origin:

  • it could be a fibroadenoma
  • cyst
  • lipoma
  • papilloma, which is formed inside the duct, etc. 2

Diagnostics

As mentioned, in the early stages, the disease rarely manifests itself as severe discomfort. Therefore, a woman needs to be regularly examined by a mammologist.

The survey is carried out in the first phase of the cycle. At the appointment, the doctor will collect an anamnesis, find out previous complaints, the prerequisites for the occurrence, and determine whether the woman is at risk.

Then a visual examination of the chest and palpation are performed in two positions: standing and lying down. Palpation includes checking the axillary and supraclavicular nodes, compressing the nipples for the presence of secretions.

Then the doctor can prescribe instrumental diagnostics. This includes:

1. Mammography is an x-ray examination that is indicated for women at risk and after 35 years. The method allows you to identify even those seals that could not be determined by palpation.

2. Ultrasound of the mammary glands is the safest method that can be performed for pregnant and lactating women. However, its functionality is limited.

3. Needle biopsy - is prescribed if the doctor has found a suspicious area. By means of a fine needle puncture, material from the pathological focus is taken for examination.

4. The study of hormonal status - these are tests for the level of major hormones.

5. Biochemical analysis blood - the analysis is carried out to exclude concomitant extragenital pathologies.

6. Additionally, an MRI, a study of the milk ducts, a study of a cavity formation, digital and laser mammography 2 are prescribed.

Treatment of mastopathy

If mastopathy is detected, treatment is mandatory. The basis of therapy is hormonal or non-hormonal treatment, in some cases surgical. Tactics depends on several factors that the doctor must take into account:

  • the presence of a pathology that accompanies or became the cause of the disease
  • whether pregnancy is planned
  • whether the woman is interested in contraception.

Hormonal treatment of mastopathy

The goal of hormone therapy for mastopathy is to reduce the action of male hormones (androgens) and female hormones (estrogens). At the same time, the action of the progestogen component of female sex hormones (progesterone) increases.

Non-hormonal treatment of mastopathy

1. Vitamin supplements. Interest in this sense are vitamins A, E, B6, PP, P, ascorbic acid. They are able to act in a complex way: to have an anti-estrogenic effect, reduce the production of prolactin, while simultaneously enhancing the effect of progesterone and reducing swelling of the mammary glands due to a strengthening effect on blood vessels.

2. Phytopreparations. Similar to vitamin supplements, they positively affect hormonal balance and reduce prolactin production.

3. NSAIDs. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed for severe pain, relieve swelling and discomfort.

4. Iodine preparations. If there is a deficiency of thyroid hormones, these drugs normalize its work.

5. Stimulants of immunity. Otherwise, these drugs are called adaptogens.

6. Sedative drugs. They have a positive effect on the psycho-emotional state of a woman.

7. Diuretics are designed to reduce swelling in the mammary glands and reduce the pain caused by it.

Surgery

Represents the removal of the focus of nodular mastopathy, or exfoliation (enucleation) of a tumor or cyst 3.

Prevention

How to properly check?

1. To begin, stand in front of a mirror with a bare torso and lower your arms down. Remember for future inspection how symmetrical the glands are, whether their shapes, contours and sizes are correct. Skin color should be natural and uniform, the same goes for the color and shape of the nipples.

2. Lean to the sides and evaluate how evenly the breasts move, whether there are any sinking and elevations, and whether there are any discharges.

3. On palpation in the supine and standing position, pay attention to whether there are seals, roughness.

Since the appearance of mastopathy is associated with hormonal changes, it is not always possible to prevent it. However, some measures are quite feasible and necessary to maintain overall health:

  • eliminate constant stressful conditions;
  • avoid injuries to the mammary glands, do not wear tight and uncomfortable underwear;
  • lead a healthy lifestyle, give up bad habits;
  • be aware of the potential health risks of abortion;
  • adhere to the principles of breastfeeding 2 .

FAQ

What are the consequences of mastopathy?

It must be remembered that FKM is a benign formation. Women with mastopathy have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. Hormonal disorders against which it develops can adversely affect the reproductive system. And yet on early stages detection and treatment of mastopathy gives almost a 100% guarantee of a cure, which is why it is so important to visit a doctor regularly 2 .

Do I need to change my lifestyle with mastopathy?

With a diagnosis, the doctor, in addition to prescribing treatment, will recommend that the woman adhere to certain rules. For example, it is undesirable to carry out any thermal procedures - tanning, solarium, baths, saunas, hot baths.

Due to the high content of substances that contribute to the deterioration of the condition, chocolate, coffee, tea and cocoa are excluded. With a concomitant iodine deficiency, any seafood will not be superfluous on the table 2.

Are folk methods mastopathy treatment?
The treatment that was prescribed by the doctor based on the results of the diagnosis will be truly effective. Self-treatment is an attempt to act at random, while you can immediately act on the cause and save priceless health.

  • 1. Mammology. National leadership / Ed. HELL. Kaprina, N.I. Rozhkova. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2016 - 496. ISBN 978-5-9704-3729-2
  • 2. Zaitsev V. F. Mastopathy (diagnosis and treatment) / V. F. Zaitsev, V. V. Moiseenko. - Mn.: MZ RB, 2009. - 72 p.
  • 3. Letyagin V.P. Treatment of benign and malignant diseases mammary gland / V. P. Letyagin [and others] - M .: Rondo, 1997. - 287 p.

Fibrocystic breast disease (FCM) is a benign disease of the breast, which is diagnosed in 30-40% of women. At fibrous mastopathy proliferation occurs connective tissue(stroma), the appearance of seals. With cystic breast tissue, fluid-filled cavities form. A fibrocystic is characterized by a combination of fibrous and cystic components. This type of disease is typical for women over 30 years old.

According to the latest scientific research in the field of medicine, fibrocystic mastopathy refers to precancerous conditions.

Therefore, women need to know its signs, if alarming symptoms appear, consult a doctor, follow the recommendations. Along with treatment, lifestyle changes and diet are necessary. Patients are concerned about whether it is permissible to sunbathe during FCM, visit a bath, sauna, play sports, whether pregnancy, breastfeeding are possible. Find answers to these questions in our article.

The mechanism of development of fibrocystic mastopathy

Mastopathy of the mammary glands develops against the background of hormonal imbalance, insufficient production of progesterone, excess estrogen and prolactin. Estrogens act on receptors in the mammary gland and provoke pathologically active division of glandular or connective tissue cells. And prolactin causes an increase in the number of milk ducts, their lengthening, the production of a secret that is released from the nipples. Gynecological, endocrine diseases, stress, unsatisfactory sex life, abortions, late (after 30 years) pregnancy and childbirth are common causes of hormonal imbalance.

The proliferation of functional (glandular) breast tissue is called adenosis, a diffuse proliferation of connective tissue, which gradually replaces the glandular tissue - fibroadenosis. As fibroadenosis progresses, connective tissue seals appear in the form of rounded, oval nodes with clearly defined boundaries. In this case, a diagnosis of fibroadenoma is made. mammary gland. If the milk ducts increase, the body tries to limit their growth, at the site of the expansion, capsules filled with secretions with walls of connective tissue - cysts are formed.

Varieties of fibrocystic mastopathy

With FCM, fibrous and cystic components are combined. Depending on whether pathological phenomena are observed in one or both glands, unilateral or bilateral fibrocystic mastopathy is diagnosed. According to the degree of development, mastopathy is divided into mild, moderate and severe. There are 4 types of the disease with different combinations of symptoms:

  • diffuse - against the background of proliferation of connective tissue, cysts form;
  • nodular (focal) - dense nodes of connective tissue are adjacent to cysts, which are palpable in the form of soft elastic seals;
  • non-proliferative - against the background of swelling of the mammary glands, cysts are probed, but there is no active cell division and pronounced pathological tissue growth. This variety is best treated, the prognosis is favorable;
  • mixed - there are signs of several forms of mastopathy: diffuse proliferation of glandular, connective tissue, cystic formations, focal seals.

Diffuse fibrocystic mastopathy precedes the development of nodular, it can be cured medications. Nodular fibrocystic mastopathy on early stage also amenable to conservative treatment, and with the formation of multiple or single, but large, nodes and cysts, surgical intervention is indicated. The diagnosis of mixed fibrocystic mastopathy is made when the pathological process is running, such a disease requires a long complex treatment. Nodular and mixed FCM is dangerous because in 32% of cases it degenerates into carcinoma - a malignant tumor. If you sunbathe in the sun or in a tanning bed, expose your chest to high temperatures, mechanical injuries, use products with carcinogens, you can provoke this rebirth.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Signs of FCM can be detected by self-examination of the mammary glands, which is recommended to be carried out monthly. Warning symptoms:

  • pain in the mammary glands, a feeling of heaviness, engorgement;
  • changes in the size and contour of the breast, the appearance of bumpy, sunken areas, skin folds, swelling;
  • discharge from the nipples, spontaneous or appearing with pressure;
  • detection on palpation of dense and elastic formations ranging in size from a grain to a chicken egg.

On the initial stage symptoms appear during PMS and become mild after menstruation. As the disease progresses, the symptoms become permanent. Pain can occur spontaneously or in response to touching the gland, radiate to the shoulder, under the shoulder blade, or be felt only in the chest. In 10% of women, fibrocystic mastopathy is painless. The color of the discharge varies from transparent to brownish-greenish, purulent discharge indicates the attachment of an infection, and bloody discharge indicates oncology.

Having discovered such phenomena, you need to contact a mammologist or gynecologist-endocrinologist who will conduct a survey, examination, prescribe instrumental and laboratory tests:

  • mammography reveals non-palpable formations, allows you to distinguish the cystic form of mastopathy from non-cystic;
  • Ultrasound is used to assess tissue density, detect fibrotic changes, cystic formations, expansion of the ducts;
  • if layer-by-layer examination of tissues is necessary, MRI is prescribed;
  • biopsy (aspiration puncture of cysts) followed by histological examination of samples is performed for differential diagnosis with malignant neoplasms;
  • recommended to have an ultrasound internal organs and endocrine glands, to establish the causes of the disease;
  • To select medications to correct hormonal imbalance, a blood test for hormones is performed.

Based on the results of the examination, the doctor makes a diagnosis and prescribes treatment. In addition, the specialist gives the patient recommendations: what diet to follow, what loads are indicated and which are contraindicated, is it possible to sunbathe, bathe.

Treatment Methods

With fibrocystic mastopathy, etiotropic (direction to eliminate the cause) and symptomatic (alleviating the manifestations of the disease) treatment are prescribed. If mastopathy has developed against the background of another disease (dysfunction of the thyroid gland, ovaries, liver disease, adrenal glands, obesity), its treatment is necessary. In the early stages, therapy with non-hormonal drugs is sufficient:

  • to improve the functioning of internal organs, endocrine and immune system homeopathic, herbal, vitamin preparations are used;
  • iodine preparations are indicated if the thyroid gland produces hormones in insufficient quantities;
  • sedatives help with stress, psychological problems;
  • non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs relieve pain and reduce swelling;
  • diuretics are used to reduce swelling;
  • with intense pain, analgesics are indicated.

For severe disorders, hormonal preparations, depending on the cause of the disease, hormone therapy has the following goals:

  • suppression of the production of estrogen, prolactin;
  • stimulation of progesterone production;
  • blocking breast receptors sensitive to estrogen and / or prolactin.

Drug treatment is long, it must be continued until residual effects persist.

Surgical intervention

With a diffuse and non-proliferating form of FCM, only drug therapy is carried out. An operation is required if there are more than 2 seals of the stroma (connective tissue), the size of nodular seals and cysts exceeds 2-2.5 cm. An indication for surgical intervention is an increase in formations twice or more in 3 months, suspicion of oncology. With fibrocystic mastopathy, the following types of operations are performed:

  • nodular seals are excised;
  • cysts are subjected to aspiration puncture - the cyst is pierced with a thin needle and its contents are pulled out. Then, sclerotizing preparations are introduced into the cavity to glue the walls of the cyst;
  • the cyst is husked and removed entirely (enucleation);
  • with extensive, multiple changes, a partial resection of the mammary gland is prescribed, its tissues are removed with an indent of 1-3 cm from the border of the tumor.

The removed tissues are necessarily subjected to histological examination. The operation does not eliminate the causes of mastopathy, therefore, to prevent recurrence, conservative treatment of the underlying disease is carried out.

With minor interventions, the patient can be discharged on the same day, with large-scale interventions, after a few days, and the stitches are removed after a week. In the postoperative period, it is necessary to avoid stress, you can not sunbathe, undergo thermal procedures.

Treatment with folk methods

With cystic-fibrous mastopathy, home-made herbal preparations can be taken orally:

  • tincture of cedar shells or walnut partitions on vodka (half a glass per half liter) improves the functioning of the immune and circulatory systems;
  • elixir of aloe juice and honey (1:2) - immunostimulant;
  • a decoction of burdock root (2 tablespoons in 3 cups of water) has a decongestant, analgesic effect.

In addition, all these compounds prevent the formation and growth of tumors. Compresses from cabbage leaves, burdock, masks from a mixture of honey and lemon juice and castor oil can stimulate cell growth and provoke cancer, so they should not be done without the approval of a doctor. Medication treatment traditional medicine It is carried out only as an auxiliary, it cannot replace drug therapy.

Lifestyle with cystic-fibrous mastopathy

In any form of mastopathy, it is necessary to avoid injuries to the mammary gland, to dose physical activity. Patients need to correct their diet. Useful foods containing fiber, iodine, vitamins. The use of fats must be limited, since adipose tissue is involved in the production of estrogens. Spicy dishes, smoked meats and other foods with preservatives are contraindicated.

Solar radiation in precancerous conditions and benign tumors with high risk malignancy is dangerous. Therefore, with a pronounced FCM, it is strictly forbidden to sunbathe both on the beaches and in the solarium. With diffuse mastopathy of moderate degree without a cystic component and non-proliferating forms, it is permissible to sunbathe, observing the following restrictions:

  • cover the chest from direct sunlight;
  • do not go to the beach between 11 am and 4 pm;
  • drink water, alternate sunbathing with water procedures;
  • do not sunbathe for more than half an hour without breaks.

Fans of baths, saunas will have to agree on the possibility of visiting it with doctors, remember about the restrictions. The chest should be covered with a sheet, towel, protecting from direct contact with hot air. It is forbidden to bathe with a broom. It is necessary to limit the duration of procedures and the temperature in the steam room.

Physical exercises aimed at combating excess weight are recommended as a prevention of mastopathy and as an element of complex treatment. But when doing exercises, you can injure the chest, provoking the development of cystic-fibrous mastopathy or aggravating its course. Therefore, caution is required, you can not squeeze the gland, you need to protect it from bruises. Yoga classes are useful for combating stress and depression.

Mastopathy, pregnancy and lactation

If a woman is diagnosed with fibrocystic mastopathy, she can become pregnant and bear a child. Hormonal restructuring of the body during pregnancy has a beneficial effect on the mammary glands, it is possible to stop the development of the disease. If pregnancy occurs during a course of hormonal therapy, a transition to alternative methods treatment. Patients with fibrocystic mastopathy it is undesirable to undergo IVF, since the procedure involves hormonal stimulation, but mastopathy is not an absolute contraindication to in vitro fertilization.

Moderate FCM does not prevent the development breast milk and feeding the child, in severe forms of the disease, the possibility of breastfeeding is determined by the doctor. During lactation, breast cells produce antibodies that inhibit the growth of tumors. Therefore, with prolonged breastfeeding, the symptoms of mastopathy become less pronounced, the risk of complications and relapses decreases. Among the drugs for drug treatment mastopathy is allowed during lactation, so therapy can be continued. If a woman with fibrocystic mastopathy is breastfeeding, her condition should be regularly monitored and measures taken to prevent milk stasis (lactostasis).

Fibrocystic mastopathy is a common pathology in women. Asymptomatic in the early stages, pathology leads to unpleasant consequences.

It is important to identify the disease as early as possible and undergo treatment.

What it is?

A diagnosis of fibrocystic mastopathy of the mammary glands was made - what is it? The disease is pathological condition female breast in the form of the appearance of cysts and seals of various shapes and sizes.

Fibrocystic mastopathy: causes

One of the main causes of fibrocystic mastopathy is problems with the hormonal balance in a woman's body. The hormones estradiol and progesterone influence the development of formations.

Possible causes of hormonal imbalance:

  • early puberty: there are sharp jumps in the growth of sex hormones, as a result of which the body does not have time to rebuild., the process is reflected in the structure of mammary gland tissues;
  • late menopause: here the “fault” lies in the long-term influence of sex hormones on the breast;
  • frequent abortions;
  • absence of pregnancy and childbirth;
  • failure to breastfeed or insufficiently long lactation;
  • problems with the endocrine system;
  • gynecological diseases;
  • reproductive disorders;
  • self-administration of inappropriate hormonal contraceptives.

Symptoms

Folk remedies

Treatment of fibrocystic mastopathy folk remedies possible only with a mild course of the disease, mild symptoms. Before use, it is better to consult a doctor.

The following methods of folk therapy are effective:

  • Cabbage leaves. Apply whole leaves to the chest or make a compress.
  • Burdock leaves. They should be washed and applied to the affected areas overnight. The action of the plant is resolving.

Popular methods of treatment based on medicinal plants:

  • Boron mother. Preparation of tincture: pour 50 g of grass 0.5 vodka, insist in a dark place for 2 weeks. Take 1 teaspoon three times a day before meals.
  • Red brush. An infusion of herbs is also used. Take half a teaspoon, which should be diluted in half a glass of water. Recommended infusion to be taken with meals for a month. During menstruation, you should take a break.
  • Collection of motherwort, yarrow and string. Preparation - pour a liter of boiling water over a mixture of herbs (2 tablespoons each). Strain and take a glass of decoction. Divide into three doses, drink before meals.

Diet

Fibrocystic is an important component of complex therapy. Proper nutrition makes it possible to reduce the intensity of the symptoms of the disease.

Any disease is better to prevent than to treat it.

There are certain preventive measures, following which, you can prevent the development of mastopathy:

  • Monthly breast self-examination.
  • Regular visits to the gynecologist and mammologist.
  • Passage of ultrasound of the mammary glands or mammography (depending on age).
  • Timely treatment of chronic diseases.
  • Refusal of nicotine and alcoholic beverages.
  • Compliance with the regime of day and night.
  • Constant physical activity.
  • Compliance with the principles of proper nutrition.
  • Regular sex life.
  • Avoidance of chest injury.

Mastopathy is not a dangerous disease in itself. However, the lack of competent therapy contributes to the transition of pathology into cancerous forms. Therefore, upon discovery characteristic symptoms a woman should not postpone a visit to the doctor.

On the video about the pathology

Moderate fibrous mastopathy (fibroadenomatosis) is a disease of the mammary glands, characterized by structural changes in their tissues with the growth of fibrous and glandular components. As a result of these rearrangements, multiple small cysts, fine-grained and stranded seals can form, the functional breast tissue is partially replaced by adipose tissue.

A moderate degree of mastopathy is characterized by a more or less uniform change in the mammary gland without the formation of large nodes and cysts. Consider the factors that lead to the development of this pathology, symptoms, diagnostic methods and principles of treatment of mastopathy.

Causes of moderate fibroadenomatosis

The main cause of diffuse fibroadenomatosis of the mammary glands are hormonal disorders. As you know, the state of the mammary gland is regulated by many hormones, the main ones among which belong to sex steroids (estrogen and progesterone) and prolactin. Luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones, corticosteroids, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, as well as insulin and some other bioactive substances also have an indirect effect.

Therefore, almost any factors accompanied by dysfunction of the endocrine glands may predispose to the development of fibroadenomatosis. Here is a list of diseases and conditions that most often cause moderate fibrous mastopathy :

diseases of the genital area (cysts and tumors of the ovaries, polycystic ovary syndrome, chronic salpingo-oophoritis, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, etc.);

an unfavorable gynecological history (medical abortions, spontaneous miscarriages, early or late menarche, sexual infantilism, late delivery, refusal to breastfeed or short-term lactation, lack of sexual activity, etc.);

pathologies of the pituitary gland (adenomas, hemorrhages, brain injuries, infections nervous system- encephalitis, meningitis);

diseases of the thyroid gland (thyroiditis various etiologies, hypothyroidism, nodular, endemic, diffuse goiter, cancer);

diseases of the adrenal glands;

· diabetes(especially type 2, in which there is abdominal obesity);

liver disease, accompanied by its functional insufficiency (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis);

Obesity.

Unfavorable environmental conditions, malnutrition, bad habits such as smoking and alcohol abuse, frequent overwork, lack of proper sleep and rest can lead to disruptions in the hormonal sphere. More often than not, all these factors act together, exacerbating the existing situation.

Symptoms

Moderate fibrous mastopathy is often hidden and is accompanied by only minor symptoms. Therefore, many women do not pay enough attention to slight discomfort in the chest or associate unpleasant phenomena with premenstrual syndrome. However, this is wrong, because without treatment, structural changes can progress, which leads to the development of a more severe stage of the disease and increases the risk of breast cancer. Below we list those signs that may indicate the development of fibroadenomatosis:

Moderate soreness, increased sensitivity and discomfort in the mammary glands;

Clear or brown discharge from the nipples

swelling of the mammary glands;

pain in the armpits, sometimes a slight increase in axillary lymph nodes.

These phenomena are usually more pronounced a few days before menstruation, with its onset, the symptoms subside or completely cease to disturb. A woman with self-examination of the breast may find the appearance of small seals, especially in the upper outer quadrants of the glands, in the form of small nodules and dense strands. The skin on the chest often stretches and loses its elasticity.

Diagnosis of the disease

In order to determine the exact diagnosis, the doctor first finds out the specific complaints of the patient, and also asks her about the accompanying symptoms, past diseases. Particular attention during the survey is paid to the gynecological history. Important data are information about the age of onset of menstruation, the number of pregnancies and childbirth, their complications, gynecological diseases, etc. This suggests the cause of the appearance diffuse changes in the chest. Next, they examine and palpate the mammary glands, evaluate their symmetry, the presence of secretions, consistency, and the shape of the seals. At the next stage in the diagnosis of moderate fibrous mastopathy, various instrumental and laboratory methods are used.

Instrumental diagnostics

Ultrasound scanning and mammography are considered the most informative. They allow you to evaluate the structure of the mammary glands, their uniformity, determine the presence of seals, the ratio of fibrous, glandular and cystic components. Features of the morphology of the mammary glands determine the different informativeness of these methods in different age periods of a woman. Thus, ultrasound is the most informative among patients under 35-40 years old, and mammography - after 40-45 years. In some cases, it is necessary to combine both methods to establish a reliable diagnosis.

In the presence of discharge from the nipples, ductography can be used. This is a radiation diagnostic method in which a contrast agent is injected into the milk ducts. With the help of ductography, it is possible to diagnose various deformations of the lactiferous ducts, the presence of intraductal papillomas and other proliferative formations in them, and to suspect the development of malignant tumors.

Laboratory diagnostics

With moderate breast fibroadenomatosis, laboratory tests are used as additional diagnostic methods. As a rule, the doctor prescribes the following laboratory tests:

general clinical tests of urine and blood (usually the indicators are within the normal range);

a blood test for glucose (for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus);

Enzyme immunoassay or immunochemical study of hormonal status (determination of the concentration of estrogens, progesterone, prolactin, folliculotropin, lutropin, thyroid hormones, etc.);

Indicators of the functional state of the liver (enzymes ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, total protein);

Cytological and histological analyzes of breast biopsy specimens and fluid secreted from the nipples.

The study of the hormonal composition of the blood is necessary to determine the causes of the disease and select the optimal medical tactics. A biopsy of the breast with subsequent histological and cytological analysis is performed to exclude the malignant nature of the pathology.

Methods for the treatment of moderate mastopathy

The mainstay of treatment for moderate fibrotic mastopathy is hormonal therapy. Depending on the results of laboratory tests, the doctor may prescribe the following drugs:

gestagens (for systemic and local application);

combined contraceptives;

antiestrogen drugs mabustin;

drugs that inhibit the production of prolactin;

iodine-containing thyroid hormones;

Insulin or Metformin (for diabetes).

Since with fibroadenomatosis of the breast, relative or absolute hyperestrogenism is most often observed, progesterone preparations and its analogues are most often prescribed. This hormone limits the proliferative effect of estrogens on breast cells. The use of systemic gestagens in the form of injections or tablets is associated with some difficulties, since therapy requires regular monitoring of hormonal status. Therefore, gels and creams with progestogen effects for external application have recently begun to be used (for example, Progestogel). This method of treatment allows you to act directly on the target organ - the mammary gland.

The next most popular group of drugs are hormonal combined contraceptives, which are taken orally on certain days. menstrual cycle. They not only help to avoid unwanted pregnancy, but also maintain optimal concentrations of sex steroids in the blood. The composition of hormonal contraceptives contains the ideal dose of progesterone and estrogens, due to which the production of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones is inhibited in the pituitary gland. This leads to a temporary cessation of hormone production in the ovaries.

Less commonly, if indicated, antiestrogenic agents are used. They bind to estradiol receptors located on the surface of breast cells, so the effect of these sex steroids is limited. If the examination revealed an increased content of prolactin, good results can be achieved with the help of drugs that slow down its production in the pituitary gland.

In cases where moderate fibrous mastopathy has arisen against the background of thyroid insufficiency, replacement therapy with synthetic thyroxine is used. If, on the contrary, an increased level of thyroid hormones is found in the blood, drugs are used that suppress the synthetic function of the thyroid gland.

Non-hormonal agents

Of the drugs that do not have hormonal activity, the following groups are used to treat moderate fibroadenomatosis medicines:

vitamins and mineral complexes;

preparations of iodine;

hepatoprotectors;

non-steroidal analgesics;

diuretics;

various homeopathic and herbal preparations;

Immunomodulators;

antidepressants and sedatives;

general strengthening drugs.

These funds, when used correctly, improve liver function, reduce the effects of mastopathy, strengthen the body's immune defenses and normalize the functions of various organs and systems. The goal of both hormonal and non-hormonal conservative therapy is the normalization of the hormonal background of the body and the elimination of endocrine pathologies.

Disease prevention

To prevent the development of mastopathy, you should adhere to a healthy lifestyle, stop smoking, and establish a proper and balanced diet. The menu should include more plant foods in the form of fruits, vegetables and various cereals, dairy products. It is also necessary to devote sufficient time to moderate physical activity. In particular, frequent walks, cycling, swimming, skiing, morning exercises are useful. If work is associated with a sedentary lifestyle, breaks should be taken whenever possible. Often hormonal changes are associated with stress. To increase stress resistance, you need a full sleep of at least 7-8 hours a day.


At the first signs of mastopathy, you should contact a specialist for examination. All women over the age of 40 should have an annual mammogram or breast ultrasound. At established diagnosis mastopathy, you must strictly follow medical recommendations and regularly visit a doctor to monitor the dynamics of the disease.

self-examination

Self-diagnosis is an integral measure for the prevention of moderate fibrous mastopathy and other pathologies of the mammary glands. Every woman who cares about her health should independently examine and palpate her breasts at least once a month. In this case, the symmetry of the mammary glands should be assessed, attention should be paid to the appearance of any deformations, seals in the structure of the breast. The body of each woman is individual, and often only she herself can notice changes in the breast and consult a doctor in time. You should not hope that the seals will disappear on their own, because mastopathy can become a favorable background for the occurrence of a malignant tumor.


Mastopathy is a benign disease of the mammary gland, characterized by abnormal growth of its tissues, pain, and sometimes pathological secretion.

From Greek, mastopathy means breast disease. And the term fibrocystic disease means a lesion of the mammary glands, which is characterized by the growth of pathological tissue, which is accompanied by pain.

According to statistics, this disease affects women aged 30 to 55 years, in a ratio of 55-85%.

The main role in the development of mastopathy is played by a deficiency of the hormone progesterone and an increase in the level of such a hormone as estrogen. This is what leads to an increased development of the epithelium of the alveoli, tissue, ducts. Prolactin also plays an important role, which is responsible for the growth and proper development of the mammary glands.

Types of mastopathy

There are 2 types of mastopathy.

diffuse- proliferation of connective tissue, where small nodules form. Can be divided into subgroups

  • cystic;
  • fibrous;
  • glandular;
  • mixed (fibrocystic disease).

nodal- continuation of the development of the diffuse form, in which the nodes become hard and increase in size up to 3-6 cm.

Diffuse fibrocystic mastopathy

This type of disease is characterized by the growth of point cysts, which contain fluid. This disease is mainly diagnosed in women aged 25-45 years in a ratio of 35-65%. In menopausal women, the incidence varies in the region of 22%.

The main indicator of this disease is the hormone estrogen. With its low amount or absence, diffuse fibrocystic mastopathy develops.

There are 2 types of this mastopathy: proliferative, non-proliferative.

The causes are:

  • a sharp hormonal failure;
  • heredity;
  • menopause;
  • mammary gland injuries;
  • malfunction of the thyroid gland;
  • improper use of hormonal contraceptives.

Nodular fibrocystic mastopathy

One of the forms of the disease of mastopathy. As practice shows, every third woman is faced with this type of disease. The causes are:

  • hormonal disbalance;
  • hereditary factor;
  • violation of the metabolic process;
  • not constant sex life;
  • disruption of the reproductive system;
  • diseases of the endocrine system;
  • diseases of the genitourinary system;
  • frequent stressful condition;
  • influence of external factors;
  • alcohol, drug addiction, smoking;
  • malnutrition;
  • breast injury;
  • abortions more than 2 times;
  • hepatitis.

Mixed fibrocystic mastopathy

The disease is characterized by the presence in the mammary glands of different structures, numerous nodules. Thus, at clinical trial you can see cystosis, fibrosis and adenosis at the same time. This species is characterized as benign tumor, which is completely removed during the operation. This type of mastopathy is clearly visible on mammograms. The reasons are the following factors:

  • mammary gland injuries;
  • hormonal failure in the body;
  • disease of the pelvic organs;
  • heredity.

Bilateral fibrocystic mastopathy

In this pathology, the glandular component predominates. The disease spreads from two directions. It is a consequence of a complication of mastopathy, which did not respond to medications. As practice shows, this disease is often fixed in women under the age of 40 years. Also, this form of mastopathy can often be found during pregnancy (III trimester). One of the main reasons is a large lack of the hormone progesterone, or vice versa, high levels of the hormone estrogen.

Causes of fibrocystic disease

The main reason is hormonal failure. Other factors contributing to the development of the disease are also distinguished:

  • early menstruation (before 12 years), which leads to early puberty;
  • menopause after 60 years;
  • no pregnancy before the age of 40 (or no pregnancy at all);
  • the number of abortions more than 3 times;
  • if the woman did not breastfeed (or fed little);
  • age (over 40 years);
  • frequent stressful situations;
  • improper metabolism (diabetes mellitus, obesity);
  • liver pathology;
  • pathology of the endocrine system;
  • violation of the reproductive system;
  • long-term constant use of hormonal drugs (more than 5 years).

Symptoms of fibrocystic mastopathy

Fibrocystic mastopathy is recognized by palpation at a routine preventive examination. With the development of the disease, mastopathy makes itself felt. Mostly, given form mastopathy manifests itself:

  • pain sensations;
  • noticeable compaction of the mammary glands;
  • secretion of fluid from the nipples;
  • skin color (burgundy) changes at the site of compaction.

The nature of the pain

Pain can be like touching mammary gland and be permanent. It can come on quickly and let go just as quickly. The nature of the pain syndrome is strictly individual and depends: on the woman's body and the work of her endocrine system. The pain can be both squeezing in nature, and pulling, aching, dull, sharp. Often the pain radiates to the armpits or shoulder joint. Basically, in all women with this disease, the pain intensifies before the onset of menstruation.

As practice shows, 13% of women with this diagnosis may not experience pain.

The nature of the discharge

Colostrum is usually secreted from the nipples, and the discharge may also be yellowish or greenish in color. The liquid can be released both when pressed, and spontaneously. The discharge may contain a specific odor and an admixture of blood. In terms of volume, the discharge can be either a very small amount or quite plentiful.

Do not forget that any discharge from the milk ducts (except for the lactation period) is a pathology, you should immediately consult a doctor. This is especially true of secretions that have at least a little blood impurity.

What is dangerous fibrocystic mastopathy

If this disease is not treated, it can turn into very unpleasant consequences. Pathological neoplasms in such cases continue to grow, which can lead to the formation of a malignant tumor. Mastopathy cannot be treated at home on its own, without medical help.

Methods for diagnosing mastopathy

To make an accurate diagnosis, the doctor conducts a comprehensive examination of the woman. Initially, the doctor takes a detailed history. Then he conducts a thorough examination - palpation. At the same time, the doctor evaluates:

  • breast symmetry;
  • the presence of edema;
  • the position of the nipples;
  • the presence of discharge from the nipples;
  • looks at the lymph nodes.

At the slightest suspicion of a disease, the doctor may prescribe:

  • mammography (assigned to all women after 35 years of age every two years);
  • Ultrasound of the mammary glands (treatment is prescribed only after passing the ultrasound);
  • puncture for biopsy;
  • blood chemistry;
  • a blood test for hormones (determination of indicators of hormones: estrogen, progesterone, prolactin).

Sonographic signs of fibrocystic mastopathy

Sonography (ultrasound) is one of the safest, most accurate and modern methods breast research.

All signs are strictly individual. Depends on:

  • the degree of development of the disease,
  • woman's age,
  • general condition of the body.

On ultrasound, the cystic wall is studied directly in the section, which makes it possible to determine the location, size, and presence of the tubercle.

Treatment of fibrocystic mastopathy

Used to treat mastitis complex therapy. To do this, use a conservative or surgical approach. At an early stage of the development of the disease, a complex of medicinal substances is usually prescribed, which contain: hormones, antibiotics, homeopathic remedies.

Self-treatment of any mastopathy is dangerous for your health.

Medical treatment of the disease

The treatment regimen includes:

  • Hormonal preparations: Duphaston, Jeanine, Fareston, Utrozhestan.
  • Non-hormonal drugs, these include: vitamins (they use vitamins: E, A. Alphabet), anti-inflammatory drugs (Progestogel, Mastodinon), diuretics.
  • Sedatives: Persen, Novopassit, Afobazole, Dufolac.
  • Preparations containing iodine: Iodomarin, Klamin.
  • Phytopreparations: Mamoklam, Fitolon, Mastopol, Cyclodinone.
  • Hepatoprotectors: Karsil, Essentiale.
  • Painkillers.
  • Antibiotics.
  • Preparations local action: gels, ointments, suspensions - Healer, Progestogel.

Also, the complex of therapy includes massage and diet.

Diet for mastopathy

  • coffee, tea;
  • salty;
  • alcohol;
  • fried;
  • pickled vegetables;
  • spicy food;
  • carbonated drinks.
  • cabbage and products containing fiber;
  • fruit;
  • berries of mountain ash, wild rose;
  • raspberries, cherries.

Massage for mastopathy

Massage is aimed at restoring the function of the mammary gland, eliminating edema, softening the seal. Also, massage can prevent the development of mastopathy. Massage is canceled if after several sessions there is no positive effect. Other Benefits of Massage:

  • normalizes the work of the sebaceous glands;
  • normalizes hormonal balance;
  • gives a tightened effect of the mammary glands;
  • improves lymph flow and blood flow;
  • improves collagen production;
  • prevents the transition of the disease to a cancerous form.

Surgical method of treatment

With the surgical method of treatment, the main task is to remove the affected area. The operation usually consists of two stages:

  • removal of pathological tissue;
  • removal of fatty tissue around the vein.

In extremely rare cases, it may be a question of removing part of the breast.

Currently, 3 types of operations are used:

  • Enucleation is a gentle method of removal. Small areas of the lesion are removed through a small incision.
  • Sectoral resection of the mammary gland - occurs with large areas of damage. In this case, both the affected tissue and the mammary gland are removed.
  • Laser ablation - burns out pathological cells, while not affecting healthy tissue. It takes place on an outpatient basis, while the woman is not prescribed a course of rehabilitation.

Treatment with folk remedies

All folk remedies are just an addition to the main treatment.

Also, do not forget that many herbs are contraindicated and allergic. Before use, be sure to consult a specialist.

Treatment with folk remedies should not exceed a course of more than 2 weeks. The goals of this treatment are:

  • normalize hormone levels
  • reduce compaction,
  • reduce soreness
  • boost immunity.

Compress Recipes

A decoction of bergenia root and oak bark. For preparation: 30 g of roots (or bark), 200 ml of water. Boil until exactly half of the water has evaporated. Use as a compress on the affected area of ​​the skin.

So for compresses use:

  • 30 g of propolis, 500 ml of vodka - leave for 2 weeks.
  • A porridge-like mixture of boiled pumpkin and carrots in equal amounts.
  • Melt yellow wax (do not boil) and pour into lids (for example, from under mayonnaise), let it harden. Placed in a bra around the entire perimeter of the chest at night.

Herbs

Tinctures from cinquefoil, horse chestnut - relieve inflammation. They can be bought ready-made at the pharmacy.

Herbal tea: calendula, yarrow, nettle leaves. Each type of grass 100gr. To prepare, take 12 tablespoons of a mixture of herbs, 0.5 liters of boiling water. Insist 30 minutes. During the day, drink 1-1.5 liters.

Mastopathy during pregnancy

This form of mastopathy, as practice shows during pregnancy, is often diagnosed. As we said earlier, mastopathy directly depends on the level of hormones in the blood. At the beginning of pregnancy, there is a sharp jump in estrogen, which contributes to an increase in symptoms. With the development of pregnancy, the hormonal background is restored, and this is what can contribute to the self-resorption of small lesions and improve the general condition.

The presence of mastopathy does not affect the fetus and the state of the placenta.

The basis for prevention during pregnancy is proper nutrition. Exclusion from the diet: fatty, fried, spicy, soda water. Eat as much as possible: fruits, vegetables, berries.

Complications and prognosis

What complications can arise if you run:

  • relapse of the disease - occurs in advanced cases in the absence of treatment, with inaccurate diagnosis;
  • breast cancer - occurs in the presence of fibroadenoma or undetected cystic FCM.

A positive prognosis of the disease occurs as a result of:

  • timely contact with a specialist;
  • completion of all prescribed procedures;
  • mammography once every two years for women over 35;
  • passing an annual preventive examination by a specialist.

FAQ

Is pregnancy allowed with mastopathy?

If you are planning to become pregnant, it is recommended to undergo an ultrasound of the mammary glands. If you have fibrous or fibrocystic mastopathy, then pregnancy is not contraindicated. But, if the neoplasms are oncological in nature (tumor), then pregnancy is contraindicated until the end of treatment.

Is it possible to breastfeed with mastopathy?

A disease such as mastopathy is not a direct contraindication for breastfeeding in the presence of breast milk.

Is it possible to sunbathe with mastopathy?

Is it necessary to follow a diet?

Yes, you need to follow a diet. Since dieting helps both normalize hormonal levels and prevent complications.